In re the Marriage of: Sarah L. Andrews And Steven C. Andrews
This text of In re the Marriage of: Sarah L. Andrews And Steven C. Andrews (In re the Marriage of: Sarah L. Andrews And Steven C. Andrews) is published on Counsel Stack Legal Research, covering Court of Appeals of Washington primary law. Counsel Stack provides free access to over 12 million legal documents including statutes, case law, regulations, and constitutions.
Opinion
FILED JULY 12, 2022 In the Office of the Clerk of Court WA State Court of Appeals, Division III
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON DIVISION THREE
In re the Marriage of ) No. 37813-6-III ) SARAH L. ANDREWS, ) ) Appellant, ) ) UNPUBLISHED OPINION and ) ) STEVEN C. ANDREWS, ) ) Respondent. )
LAWRENCE-BERREY, A.C.J. — Sarah Andrews, now Sarah Stevens, appeals the
trial court’s denial of her motion to modify a parenting plan. Her central contentions are
the trial court failed to enter a finding whether her former husband committed abuse or
neglect and remand for a finding is required. Alternatively, she argues if the trial court
found she had not met her burden of proof on her contention, insufficient evidence
supports that and reversal is required.
We conclude the trial court found that Ms. Stevens had not proved by a
preponderance of evidence that her former husband committed abuse or neglect and No. 37813-6-III In re Marriage of Andrews
substantial evidence supports this finding. We decline to award attorney fees on appeal
and affirm.
FACTS
Sarah Stevens and Steven Andrews were divorced in 2007. At the time, they had
three children together, T., born in 2002, W., born in 2003, and F., born in 2005.1 Since
their divorce, they have continued to litigate various aspects of their parental
responsibilities. F. is now the only minor child subject to the parenting plan.
2009 parenting plan modification
Shortly after their divorce, Ms. Stevens and Mr. Andrews agreed to amend their
parenting plan. Then, in November 2007, Ms. Stevens and Mr. Andrews cross-petitioned
for modification of the parenting plan. The court found adequate cause had been
established for Ms. Stevens’s modification, but not for Mr. Andrews. The court entered
its final order modifying the parenting plan in April 2009.
The court found that the parties’ conduct and behavior when exchanging the
children was concerning. It found that “the children were being exposed in far greater
1 To protect the privacy interests of minor children, we identify them through the use of initials. General Order of Division Three, In re the Use of Initials or Pseudonyms for Child Victims or Child Witnesses (Wash. Ct. App. June 18, 2012), https://www.courts.wa.gov/appellate_trial_courts/?fa=atc.genorders_orddisp&ordnumber =2012_001&div=III.
2 No. 37813-6-III In re Marriage of Andrews
degree to the conflicts of the parents than was in their best interests.” Clerk’s Papers (CP)
at 29. Rather than protecting the children, the parents were “utilizing these children as
instruments of their own priorities.” CP at 30. The court further found that the original
parenting plan’s division of residential time, in which Mr. Andrews had primary
residential placement of T. and Ms. Stevens had primary residential placement of W. and
F., was not in the siblings’ best interests, as the numerous transfers between the parents
were a continual problem.
The court found that Mr. Andrews used conflict abusively by recording and
surveilling Ms. Stevens. The court found Mr. Andrews’s early litigation activities were
sanctionable for intransigence, but that as the matter progressed that was no longer an
issue. The court ordered restrictions under RCW 26.09.191(3) for Mr. Andrews’s abusive
use of conflict. It declined, however, to order restrictions under RCW 26.09.191(1) and
(2) for emotional abuse. The court ordered all three children would have the same
residential schedule—alternating weekends with Mr. Andrews. It gave Ms. Stevens sole
decision-making for educational decisions, nonemergency health care, and religious
upbringing based on its abusive use of conflict finding for Mr. Andrews.
The court ordered both parents to engage in counseling going forward. The court
also included a unilateral attorney fee provision in Ms. Stevens’s favor:
3 No. 37813-6-III In re Marriage of Andrews
The father shall pay all of the mother’s attorney fees and costs for defending any motion, show cause, or modification of parenting plan action brought by the father, which is unsuccessful, found to be frivolous, or is found to be an abusive use of conflict or in efforts to exert control. The father will pay all of the mother’s fees and costs for any successful action necessarily brought by the mother to address father’s actions.
CP at 26.
2010 appeal and commissioner’s ruling
Mr. Andrews appealed, arguing the court erred by granting Ms. Stevens’s request
to modify the parenting plan, including a restriction that limits his involvement in
decision making, and awarding attorney fees based on intransigence. A commissioner of
this court affirmed after we moved on the merits under RAP 18.14. Comm’r’s Ruling,
In re Marriage of Andrews, No. 28091-8-III (Wash. Ct. App. Oct. 13, 2010) (the “2010
commissioner’s ruling”). The commissioner found there was substantial evidence in the
record of Mr. Andrews’s abusive use of conflict that supported the modification and the
restrictions. The commissioner noted that T. “made several alarming statements to [his
counselor], including telling her that Mr. Andrews told him to lie about physical abuse
from Ms. [Stevens’s] parents, and that, if he did not say that Ms. [Stevens’s] parents were
abusing him, he would never get to see Mr. Andrews again.” CP at 64.
The commissioner also discussed Mr. Andrews’s behavior at exchanges and
incidents where he followed and recorded Ms. Stevens and her parents. The
4 No. 37813-6-III In re Marriage of Andrews
commissioner acknowledged the trial court found concerning behavior from both parties,
but noted the court’s findings and the record showed “Mr. Andrews was the major source
of conflict.” CP at 67. The commissioner found that Mr. Andrews’s “obstructionist”
behavior beyond the trial supported the award of attorney fees for intransigence. CP at
70.
2014 modification petition
In 2014, Mr. Andrews petitioned to modify the parenting plan for all three children
because T. was integrated into his household. The court found there was adequate cause
to modify for T., but not the other children. The court temporarily modified T.’s
residential schedule to reflect the status quo but denied Mr. Andrews’s request for joint
decision making and appointment of a guardian ad litem (GAL). The court awarded fees
to Ms. Stevens under the 2009 parenting plan to the extent they were related to Mr.
Andrews’s unsuccessful modification petition for W. and F.
From the record, it appears Mr. Andrews abandoned the modification after
adequate cause was found and the temporary order remained in place; there are no final
orders on the modification in the record.
5 No. 37813-6-III In re Marriage of Andrews
2017 modification petition
On December 7, 2017, Ms. Stevens petitioned to modify the parenting plan for all
three children because they reported mental and physical abuse by Mr. Andrews, which
was being investigated by Child Protective Services (CPS). She requested the court
further limit Mr. Andrews’s parenting time and participation and adjust the provisions of
the 2009 parenting plan regarding dispute resolution, decision making, and transportation
arrangements.
Free access — add to your briefcase to read the full text and ask questions with AI
FILED JULY 12, 2022 In the Office of the Clerk of Court WA State Court of Appeals, Division III
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON DIVISION THREE
In re the Marriage of ) No. 37813-6-III ) SARAH L. ANDREWS, ) ) Appellant, ) ) UNPUBLISHED OPINION and ) ) STEVEN C. ANDREWS, ) ) Respondent. )
LAWRENCE-BERREY, A.C.J. — Sarah Andrews, now Sarah Stevens, appeals the
trial court’s denial of her motion to modify a parenting plan. Her central contentions are
the trial court failed to enter a finding whether her former husband committed abuse or
neglect and remand for a finding is required. Alternatively, she argues if the trial court
found she had not met her burden of proof on her contention, insufficient evidence
supports that and reversal is required.
We conclude the trial court found that Ms. Stevens had not proved by a
preponderance of evidence that her former husband committed abuse or neglect and No. 37813-6-III In re Marriage of Andrews
substantial evidence supports this finding. We decline to award attorney fees on appeal
and affirm.
FACTS
Sarah Stevens and Steven Andrews were divorced in 2007. At the time, they had
three children together, T., born in 2002, W., born in 2003, and F., born in 2005.1 Since
their divorce, they have continued to litigate various aspects of their parental
responsibilities. F. is now the only minor child subject to the parenting plan.
2009 parenting plan modification
Shortly after their divorce, Ms. Stevens and Mr. Andrews agreed to amend their
parenting plan. Then, in November 2007, Ms. Stevens and Mr. Andrews cross-petitioned
for modification of the parenting plan. The court found adequate cause had been
established for Ms. Stevens’s modification, but not for Mr. Andrews. The court entered
its final order modifying the parenting plan in April 2009.
The court found that the parties’ conduct and behavior when exchanging the
children was concerning. It found that “the children were being exposed in far greater
1 To protect the privacy interests of minor children, we identify them through the use of initials. General Order of Division Three, In re the Use of Initials or Pseudonyms for Child Victims or Child Witnesses (Wash. Ct. App. June 18, 2012), https://www.courts.wa.gov/appellate_trial_courts/?fa=atc.genorders_orddisp&ordnumber =2012_001&div=III.
2 No. 37813-6-III In re Marriage of Andrews
degree to the conflicts of the parents than was in their best interests.” Clerk’s Papers (CP)
at 29. Rather than protecting the children, the parents were “utilizing these children as
instruments of their own priorities.” CP at 30. The court further found that the original
parenting plan’s division of residential time, in which Mr. Andrews had primary
residential placement of T. and Ms. Stevens had primary residential placement of W. and
F., was not in the siblings’ best interests, as the numerous transfers between the parents
were a continual problem.
The court found that Mr. Andrews used conflict abusively by recording and
surveilling Ms. Stevens. The court found Mr. Andrews’s early litigation activities were
sanctionable for intransigence, but that as the matter progressed that was no longer an
issue. The court ordered restrictions under RCW 26.09.191(3) for Mr. Andrews’s abusive
use of conflict. It declined, however, to order restrictions under RCW 26.09.191(1) and
(2) for emotional abuse. The court ordered all three children would have the same
residential schedule—alternating weekends with Mr. Andrews. It gave Ms. Stevens sole
decision-making for educational decisions, nonemergency health care, and religious
upbringing based on its abusive use of conflict finding for Mr. Andrews.
The court ordered both parents to engage in counseling going forward. The court
also included a unilateral attorney fee provision in Ms. Stevens’s favor:
3 No. 37813-6-III In re Marriage of Andrews
The father shall pay all of the mother’s attorney fees and costs for defending any motion, show cause, or modification of parenting plan action brought by the father, which is unsuccessful, found to be frivolous, or is found to be an abusive use of conflict or in efforts to exert control. The father will pay all of the mother’s fees and costs for any successful action necessarily brought by the mother to address father’s actions.
CP at 26.
2010 appeal and commissioner’s ruling
Mr. Andrews appealed, arguing the court erred by granting Ms. Stevens’s request
to modify the parenting plan, including a restriction that limits his involvement in
decision making, and awarding attorney fees based on intransigence. A commissioner of
this court affirmed after we moved on the merits under RAP 18.14. Comm’r’s Ruling,
In re Marriage of Andrews, No. 28091-8-III (Wash. Ct. App. Oct. 13, 2010) (the “2010
commissioner’s ruling”). The commissioner found there was substantial evidence in the
record of Mr. Andrews’s abusive use of conflict that supported the modification and the
restrictions. The commissioner noted that T. “made several alarming statements to [his
counselor], including telling her that Mr. Andrews told him to lie about physical abuse
from Ms. [Stevens’s] parents, and that, if he did not say that Ms. [Stevens’s] parents were
abusing him, he would never get to see Mr. Andrews again.” CP at 64.
The commissioner also discussed Mr. Andrews’s behavior at exchanges and
incidents where he followed and recorded Ms. Stevens and her parents. The
4 No. 37813-6-III In re Marriage of Andrews
commissioner acknowledged the trial court found concerning behavior from both parties,
but noted the court’s findings and the record showed “Mr. Andrews was the major source
of conflict.” CP at 67. The commissioner found that Mr. Andrews’s “obstructionist”
behavior beyond the trial supported the award of attorney fees for intransigence. CP at
70.
2014 modification petition
In 2014, Mr. Andrews petitioned to modify the parenting plan for all three children
because T. was integrated into his household. The court found there was adequate cause
to modify for T., but not the other children. The court temporarily modified T.’s
residential schedule to reflect the status quo but denied Mr. Andrews’s request for joint
decision making and appointment of a guardian ad litem (GAL). The court awarded fees
to Ms. Stevens under the 2009 parenting plan to the extent they were related to Mr.
Andrews’s unsuccessful modification petition for W. and F.
From the record, it appears Mr. Andrews abandoned the modification after
adequate cause was found and the temporary order remained in place; there are no final
orders on the modification in the record.
5 No. 37813-6-III In re Marriage of Andrews
2017 modification petition
On December 7, 2017, Ms. Stevens petitioned to modify the parenting plan for all
three children because they reported mental and physical abuse by Mr. Andrews, which
was being investigated by Child Protective Services (CPS). She requested the court
further limit Mr. Andrews’s parenting time and participation and adjust the provisions of
the 2009 parenting plan regarding dispute resolution, decision making, and transportation
arrangements. She requested a protection order and a restraining order against Mr.
Andrews.
Ms. Stevens’s support for modification
Ms. Stevens’s declaration stated that at the end of October, Mr. Andrews had taken
F. to a well-child exam and orchestrated a false allegation against Ms. Stevens for giving
F. unprescribed pills, which resulted in the doctor making a CPS complaint. Ms. Stevens
said that she had been trying to avoid litigation but decided her approach needed to
change on November 14, the date CPS contacted her. She asked the two younger children
about what was happening at Mr. Andrews’s house and they described incidents of
physical and verbal abuse. Ms. Stevens also stated that T. did not want to go back to Mr.
Andrews’s house and, when Ms. Stevens informed Mr. Andrews that T. would not go to
Mr. Andrews’s house at the scheduled exchange time, Mr. Andrews called the police.
6 No. 37813-6-III In re Marriage of Andrews
Ms. Stevens also included declarations from the children’s counselor, who had
been seeing the children for two years. The counselor stated that the children were afraid
of their father and were reporting physical and emotional abuse. The counselor stated
that between November 18 and 27, all three children had described incidents of abuse by
their father from the previous several years.
Ms. Stevens included a declaration from T., who was then 15 years old, stating he
did not want to live with or spend time with his father. T. stated he wanted his own
lawyer to make sure the judge would know what he wanted. He stated he did not “want
to get in the middle of drama between my mom and dad.” CP at 158. He mentioned it
would not be good for W. or F. to spend time with Mr. Andrews because Mr. Andrews
was causing a fight about F.’s use of medication. He did not mention any mental or
physical abuse by his father. T. retained a lawyer, paid for in part by Ms. Stevens and in
part by a loan from Ms. Stevens’s father.
Mr. Andrews’s response
Mr. Andrews moved for an order to enforce the existing parenting plan. He denied
the reported abuse and claimed Ms. Stevens had a history of reactionary behavior when
concerns were raised about her care of the children. He stated the children’s schools had
discussed issues with Ms. Stevens and her response had always been to change the
7 No. 37813-6-III In re Marriage of Andrews
children’s school. T. and W., who was then 14 years old, had changed schools eight
times, and F., who was then 12 years old, had changed schools nine times. He contended
Ms. Stevens also unilaterally changed the children’s counselors whenever the counselor
said something she did not like, in violation of a court order that the parties select a
counselor together. He argued that Ms. Stevens’s decision to hire an attorney for T. made
it impossible to shield T. from the litigation.
Mr. Andrews included a declaration from T.’s teacher for sixth and eighth grades.
The teacher described Mr. Andrews’s “constant support” of T. that was “integral” to T.’s
success in school. CP at 241.
Mr. Andrews also included a declaration from F.’s doctor.2 The doctor was the
primary pediatrician for both T. and F. The doctor stated that Mr. Andrews had been her
primary contact and she had never seen any concerning interactions to lead her to believe
the children feared their father. The doctor described receiving an angry phone call from
2 Ms. Stevens indicated at trial that the declaration had been struck and apparently provided the transcript of a hearing in which this happened. There is no evidence that the declaration was struck in our record and the court’s rulings on contemporaneous evidentiary objections do not address the doctor’s declaration.
8 No. 37813-6-III In re Marriage of Andrews
Ms. Stevens on November 15 about the doctor’s CPS report.3 The doctor indicated F. had
told her that Ms. Stevens had given F. pills that made F. dizzy and forgetful. Ms. Stevens
told the doctor that she had given F. some of her old attention-deficit/hyperactivity
disorder medication to help her study. The doctor indicated F.’s prescription had expired
and was for a medication that was designed to be given in the morning.
Adequate cause
On December 28, 2017, the court entered an order restraining contact between Mr.
Andrews and the children and suspending his residential time. It ordered that visits must
be supervised “in a therapeutic family setting once the children’s current counselor
recommends a family therapist.” CP at 602.4 The court noted that the family therapist
would need to have contact with both parents. The court also ordered that a GAL should
be appointed. The parties agreed to continue the adequate cause hearing to January 25,
3 The relevant CPS report does not include information about the referrer, but the information is consistent with it coming from F.’s doctor, stating that the referrer “considers father primary as he brings child to all medical appointments.” Sealed Clerk’s Papers at 992. The CPS report was resolved through a family assessment response. 4 The court’s written order is handwritten by Ms. Stevens’s counsel and is not completely legible. Regarding the counselor, it appears to read: “Any visits must be therapeutic at recommendation of [the children’s current counselor] & new family therapist recommended by [the children’s current counselor] to occur at least 1x per week.” CP at 442.
9 No. 37813-6-III In re Marriage of Andrews
2018, at which time the court would also review the order and address visitation with a
counselor if there had not been a recommendation.
The children’s counselor recommended Dr. Lisa Christian for therapeutic
visitations, but Mr. Andrews objected. The adequate cause hearing was struck so the
parties could mediate, but they were unable to resolve their disagreement. Mr. Andrews
wanted to enter an agreed order on adequate cause and move forward to a trial on the
merits. Ms. Stevens did not want to enter an agreed adequate cause order because it could
impact her ability to receive attorney fees under the 2009 parenting plan. The court
eventually held a hearing on adequate cause on May 10, 2018.
The court found there was adequate cause to proceed to trial. The court
additionally found that there were allegations of abusive use of conflict and that there
were existing limitations in the 2009 parenting plan due to abusive use of conflict. It also
found there were allegations the father had physically and emotionally abused the
children that collectively formed the basis for adequate cause. It found that Mr. Andrews
denied the allegations and that the truth of the allegations was for the trial court to decide.
It ordered that the prior orders against Mr. Andrews would remain in effect.
The court also ordered the appointment of a GAL for the children. The parties
agreed on who should serve as GAL, but could not come to an agreement on the language
10 No. 37813-6-III In re Marriage of Andrews
to be used regarding the GAL’s fees. Ultimately, the court appointed a GAL for the
children on August 24, 2018.
GAL’s motion regarding counseling
On January 23, 2019, the GAL filed a motion asking that a counselor be chosen
and court ordered. She noted that the children still had no contact with Mr. Andrews and
while T. did not want to participate in therapy with Mr. Andrews, W. was open to it, and
F. was eager to begin. She noted that the parties seemed to have trouble finding an
appropriate provider, a problem she shared as many counselors did not want to be
involved in a case in litigation or provide therapy for multiple children.
Mr. Andrews filed a declaration in support of the motion indicating he would like
to start counseling right away and that Ms. Stevens had rejected all of his suggested
counselors. Ms. Stevens would not accept any counselor other than Dr. Lisa Christian,
who had been recommended by the children’s counselor sometime between March and
May 2018. She stated that she would not agree to any counselor Mr. Andrews had
previously met with. She argued that Mr. Andrews had not provided any reasoning why
he did not agree with using Dr. Christian and that he therefore could not object.
Mr. Andrews responded that he objected to Dr. Christian because when he spoke
with her, she was “very, very negative” and had a “short on time attitude.” CP at 1565.
11 No. 37813-6-III In re Marriage of Andrews
He indicated he did not think therapy would work if he did not feel at ease with the
therapist. He noted the child psychologist from the parties’ 2009 trial had recommended
three counselors and that he had spoken with one of them with whom he felt very
comfortable. He expressed his belief that Ms. Stevens was pushing for Dr. Christian
because she knew the counseling would not happen if Dr. Christian was the only person
allowed to do the counseling.
The court heard the motion on May 14, 2019. The GAL described her difficulty
finding a counselor and proposed Cortney Rasley, with whom the GAL had worked on a
previous contentious case.
Mr. Andrews noted that Ms. Stevens was objecting to any counselor he had
previously spoken with except Dr. Christian, although Mr. Andrews had also spoken with
her. Mr. Andrews reiterated he was not comfortable with Dr. Christian and noted that his
comfort with the therapist would be important to successful counseling. He was open to
the GAL’s suggestion.
Ms. Stevens argued that Mr. Andrews had not moved to revise, reconsider, or
appeal the children’s counselor’s selection of Dr. Christian and so it was the law of the
12 No. 37813-6-III In re Marriage of Andrews
case.5 She argued that Mr. Andrews’s dislike of Dr. Christian was an insufficient reason
not to have therapy with her.
Mr. Andrews replied that the court’s order allowed the children’s counselor to
recommend a family counselor, but it did not require that the recommended counselor
would be the only counselor the court could appoint. He argued that the recommendation
had never been converted into a court order appointing Dr. Christian.
The court asked Ms. Stevens whether she objected to the other proposed
counselors on any grounds “except for that they aren’t Dr. Christian.” Report of
Proceedings (RP) (May 14, 2019) at 60. Ms. Stevens responded that she did not know
any of the other counselors and thus objected to them all.
The court ruled:
[I]t’s going to be in the children’s best interest to start therapy with dad, I don’t know why people have dug in for sixteen months. That’s probably not in the children’s best interest for either party. But here we are. So I am going to select Cortney Rasley at the recommendation of [the GAL] as somebody who we know can take this case on, and get it moving forward.
RP (May 14, 2019) at 60-61.
5 We note that the counselor’s selection of Dr. Christian was never filed with the court, merely “communicated to counsel” for Mr. Andrews, and accordingly could not have been revised, reconsidered, or appealed. CP at 699.
13 No. 37813-6-III In re Marriage of Andrews
Reunification and recantation
Counseling with Ms. Rasley began in June 2019. After a few months, Mr.
Andrews began seeing the children unsupervised before their weekly session. In March
and April 2020, during the first months of the COVID-19 pandemic, W. and F. lived
exclusively with Mr. Andrews while Ms. Stevens’s husband was working with COVID
patients. The children then began staying with Mr. Andrews on alternating weekends.
Ms. Stevens reported to the GAL that the children were in a good place emotionally and
liked Mr. Andrews’s fiancée. Ms. Stevens also indicated that if anything happened, they
could talk to Ms. Rasley.
The parties attempted mediation on May 20, 2020, which failed. Trial on the
modification was scheduled for June 15, 2020.
On May 27, 2020, W. called the GAL, telling her he needed to clear something up.
He was on speakerphone with F. present in the background, who sometimes commented
but was not entirely audible. W. told the GAL
that there was a video that had been made some time ago in which all three children had said a few things and those things were not accurate as his mother had told them what to say. He told [the GAL] that there was so much talk about his dad in his mother’s home that he started to believe it.
14 No. 37813-6-III In re Marriage of Andrews
Ex. R-104, at 1. W. explained that some of the allegations of abuse were completely
untrue and some were partially untrue. He said that the things T. said happened either did
not happen or were T.’s fault.
W. told the GAL he felt pressure to say the things he did because his mother would
say things over and over at her house. He described her going over things the children
needed to say to the GAL before their meetings. He also indicated she was using or
accessing his e-mail without permission.
W. said he wanted his mother to “just drop all of this and be done.” Id. at 2. He
told the GAL the “court stuff” had been going on his entire life and he just wanted it to
stop. Id. He could tell that things were “‘ramping up’” in the court case and had learned
a lot of wrong things had been said. Id. at 3. He said he had talked to Mr. Andrews and
the family therapist about this, but would not talk about it with Ms. Stevens because it
would not go well.
F. said she had heard everything W. said and agreed with it. W. sent the GAL an
e-mail the same day with more detail about what they had discussed; the e-mail was
signed by both W. and F.
The GAL spoke with Ms. Rasley, who confirmed that the children had told her
similar things in therapy. Ms. Rasley was not sure about the change in what the children
15 No. 37813-6-III In re Marriage of Andrews
were saying, but thought it was possible they were seeing things differently as they got
older. She said that based on what she had seen in therapy, she had no concerns about the
children being with their father.
Ms. Stevens told the GAL she was shocked by the children’s new statements. She
said she never would have chosen to go through lengthy litigation and that it all began
because the children were talking about what went on with their father and wanted her
help. She admitted making a video, but said it depicted things the children were saying of
their own accord, not things she had told them to say. She indicated that W. wanted to
take over Mr. Andrews’s business someday and was concerned Mr. Andrews could lose
the business if the court found abuse. Ms. Stevens was not sure why F. would change her
story but said that F. had recently told her that Mr. Andrews was trying to get her to
change her story.
The GAL spoke with T., who had not participated in therapy or spent time with
Mr. Andrews since the modification began. T. recalled his mother making a video, but
his mother did not tell them what to say, just helped them organize their thoughts. T. said
that Mr. Andrews “would hit him or smack him, usually one time, but did not beat him
up.” Sealed Clerk’s Papers (SCP) at 1946. He said Mr. Andrews harmed W. as well so
W.’s statement that it did not happen was not true. T. stated what he had previously
16 No. 37813-6-III In re Marriage of Andrews
reported was true and he was not sure why W. would say it was not. He stated that maybe
W. and F. now believed these things had not happened, but that they did. He said that Mr.
Andrews was a bad influence who tried to paint Ms. Stevens as “some kind of evil
mastermind.” SCP at 1946.
Pretrial attorney fee award
On May 26, 2020, Ms. Stevens moved for an award of attorney fees and costs to
continue to pursue her modification action at trial, basing her request on the 2009
parenting plan’s attorney fee provision that Mr. Andrews would pay all of Ms. Stevens’s
fees and costs for bringing a successful action.
On June 5, the court heard the motion and ordered Mr. Andrews to pay Ms.
Stevens $10,000 of attorney fees. The court stated that it normally reserved fee awards
for trial, but thought there was enough to award fees based on Ms. Stevens succeeding in
getting adequate cause granted.
Trial
By the time trial began on June 15, 2020, T. had turned 18 years old and was no
longer subject to residential time provisions of the parenting plan.
17 No. 37813-6-III In re Marriage of Andrews
GAL testimony
The GAL testified at length about her contacts with the children. She did not ask
W. if he was lying when he recanted the abuse allegations because he was a child and she
did not believe it was appropriate to put him on the spot. She had asked W. why she was
hearing something now that was different than what he had said before. W. told her that
when he was younger, someone may have told him what to say. The GAL testified that
he said the most important thing included that his dad was innocent and the question of when this was going to end. That was really a continuing theme with [W.], when is this going to end, this needs to end. I think he was the one talking about that he felt like he was an arms dealer and his parents were two warring countries and so he wants this to end.
RP (June 15, 2020) at 87. W.’s desire to have things done resonated with the GAL, and
he seemed “tired of talking to therapists and just wants to be a kid.” RP (June 15, 2020)
at 96.
The GAL recommended that the parties return to the 2009 parenting plan. She
said that Ms. Rasley, who had worked with and seen the children the most, indicated
“they are in a good place. They really want to spend time with their parents and time
with their dad, and I don’t see that it’s in their best interest to have limitations on that.”
RP (June 15, 2020) at 101-02. She noted the children were teenagers, not toddlers, and
recommended
18 No. 37813-6-III In re Marriage of Andrews
that both parties be so, so careful in what they talk about with these kids and around them. They’re bright kids. If you’re talking in another room I guarantee that they’re listening, and, you know, I say that in a lot of my cases, and it’s kind of trite, but just to try to let them just be teens. It’s hard enough.
RP (June 15, 2020) at 102.
The GAL testified she understood that Ms. Stevens did not object to the residential
portion of the 2009 parenting plan. She generally thought it was in the children’s best
interest to have joint decision making, but that the court history indicated to her that Mr.
Andrews and Ms. Stevens “don’t make decisions well” together. RP (June 15, 2020) at
103.
The GAL had “no knowledge” that Mr. Andrews was abusing the children at the
time of trial and was not concerned about abuse in the future. RP (June 15, 2020) at 124.
She noted,
Certainly I have concerns, based on what the kids have said in the past, I think I have to. But I also am in a situation that I have kids that are 15 and 16 that have a therapist that they trust that if something did happen, I feel confident that they would say something and that they would be safe.
RP (June 15, 2020) at 125.
The GAL had served in over 1,000 cases, and “had kids that I believed were
absolutely coached for a number of reasons.” RP (June 15, 2020) at 127. She testified
that she did not know whether the children were being coached in this case. She was
19 No. 37813-6-III In re Marriage of Andrews
concerned “because it was such, I guess an about-face for them that that is, I guess,
uncommon in cases where I have the kind of kids that are mostly saying about the
same things throughout a case, . . . and then all of a sudden, just do an about-face.”
RP (June 15, 2020) at 200. She disagreed that the recantation was suspicious, however,
because there was nothing from which to say the abuse happened in the first place. She
had found the children believable when she talked to them in the past. She was not sure if
she found W. believable when he recanted and described him as “really wanting this
over” and believing his statement would help things be over. RP (June 15, 2020) at 218.
The GAL described the video Ms. Stevens took of W. and F. The video was taken
November 14, 2017, prior to the children meeting with their counselor Ray Hopkins. Ms.
Stevens said in the video the purpose was “[t]o get the facts down from the kids’
mouth[s] for the lady who is coming to the home in a couple of weeks.” RP (June 15,
2020) at 133. It was approximately 35 minutes long and featured Ms. Stevens asking the
children open-ended questions. The GAL testified that in her experience courts are
generally not pleased with parents videotaping their children in family law proceedings.
She noted that while as GAL she was not in the place of making recommendations, as an
attorney she would not have recommended a client make such a video.
20 No. 37813-6-III In re Marriage of Andrews
The GAL described her investigation for the case, including pulling CPS and
police reports and interviewing people who had spent time with Mr. Andrews and the
children. She testified that to her knowledge the only allegations of abuse in the case
came from T., W., and F. at the beginning of the case.
The court questioned the GAL after her testimony, noting the case had been
ongoing since 2017, “The process, based upon the initial allegations, has worked, has it
not, at least from your perspective?” RP (June 15, 2020) at 222. The GAL answered, “I
think it has from where I’m sitting now versus where I was sitting at the beginning of this
case, yes.” RP (June 15, 2020) at 222.
Ms. Stevens’s testimony
Ms. Stevens explained that she took the video of the children because she wanted
to memorialize their conversation and did not think much of doing so because using
phones is so common. She could not explain why she had held onto the video for more
than two years, but said she “didn’t think about it.” RP (June 16, 2020) at 367. She had
not told anyone about it except possibly her parents and current husband. Ms. Stevens
stated that she did not want to be in court again but believed it was necessary to protect
the children after they described abuse to her.
21 No. 37813-6-III In re Marriage of Andrews
She described the difficulty choosing a counselor, “Lisa Christian was first, and
then that was a no, and then it just Mr. Andrews objected, and so it just kind of stalled.”
RP (June 16, 2020) at 271. Once the counseling began, she had no concerns: “I was very
happy to whatever, whatever you guys think, as long as the kids are okay with it, as long
as the counselor’s recommending it. Why not?” RP (June 16, 2020) at 273.
Ms. Stevens acknowledged that the issues that spurred the modification had been
addressed and that the children were once again seeing their father and there was no
indication they were being abused. She agreed about going back to the 2009 parenting
plan. Ms. Stevens noted that she had “a good feeling” about the children being at Mr.
Andrews’s home because the children were “older, they have cell phones, the GAL is
involved, there’s a counselor involved, [Mr. Andrews’s fiancée] is there.” RP (June 16,
2020) at 285-86.
Despite being comfortable with the status quo, Ms. Stevens expressed concern that
the children were “learning to lie” to make life easier. RP (June 16, 2020) at 284. She
asked the court to enter findings that Mr. Andrews engaged in abusive use of conflict and
in physical and emotional abuse. She said that it was important to recognize the
children’s experiences and the difficulty of coming forward to seek protection. She
22 No. 37813-6-III In re Marriage of Andrews
testified that she had hoped not to get to trial at all because she did not want a finding of
abuse on his record, but she wanted to validate the children’s experiences.
Mr. Andrews’s testimony
Mr. Andrews had worked as a nurse and eventually opened two adult family
homes. He testified that he could not legally run the homes if he had a finding of
domestic violence or child abuse against him.
Mr. Andrews testified that T. had primarily lived with him from 2012 until 2017.
He described T.’s attitude beginning to change in September or October 2017. Mr.
Andrews and T. had several conversations about T. spending more time at Ms. Stevens’s
house, but T. never gave the impression he no longer wanted to live with Mr. Andrews.
One week after F.’s doctor made a CPS report, T. refused to go back to Mr. Andrews’s
house.
Mr. Andrews testified that he had attempted to negotiate a counselor other than Dr.
Christian because he had heard from other professionals that she was not very ethical and
“just not a straight-shooter.” RP (June 16, 2020) at 440. He recalled asking his attorney
to make changes, but Ms. Stevens would not agree to any other suggestions. He said that
after a lot of back and forth, the GAL had been helpful in getting the parties to agree to
Ms. Rasley.
23 No. 37813-6-III In re Marriage of Andrews
Mr. Andrews admitted he had “made a lot of mistakes” in the 2009 modification
but could not recall all the details of the court’s findings. RP (June 17, 2020) at 517.
Court’s comments after trial
After closing arguments, the court took the matter under advisement. The court
emphasized that it would be looking at evidence regarding the current petition forward,
which did not necessarily include Mr. Andrews’s conduct from before the 2009 parenting
plan was entered.
The court questioned why the parties were still in court:
[W]hat are we accomplishing with this? Why are we here? And by “here”, I mean trial. . . . I don’t know why this didn’t resolve at mediation, but based upon where we are today, for purposes of what benefits these children, it should have. That’s my position with regards to this.
RP (June 17, 2020) at 557-58. The court opined that while trial generally resulted in a
winner and a loser, its decision would result in both parties losing. The court noted that if
it made a finding of abuse and Mr. Andrews lost his business, Ms. Stevens would lose her
source of child support, the children could lose their home, Ms. Stevens would lose the
ability to pay attorney fees, and possibly more repercussions. On the other hand, if the
court did not make a finding of abuse, it would potentially damage the children and cause
them to disbelieve their mother’s ability to protect them.
24 No. 37813-6-III In re Marriage of Andrews
The court noted that there had certainly been cause to initiate the modification, but
that reunification had been accomplished and everyone agreed that was a good thing. The
court expressed concern that its “decision is potentially going to blow that up, and I don’t
want to blow it up. I want these kids to be done. You’re looking at a lifetime of litigation
here. How horrific is that for your kids?” RP (June 17, 2020) at 559. The court opined:
“Courts don’t fix family problems. . . . [W]e put a Band-Aid on them and hope you two
fix your family problems. We don’t have the capacity to fix family problems. I cannot
fix this.” RP (June 17, 2020) at 559.
The court said it was unsure what decision it would make and expressed hope that
before it issued its decision, the parties could “sit down and figure this out for the children
because I can guarantee you, my decision will not help them through this . . . . That’s
what parents are for.” RP (June 17, 2020) at 560. The court encouraged the parties to
“get out of your positions and come back to what’s good for your children.” RP (June 17,
2020) at 561.
Court’s ruling on modification
The parties did not come to an agreement, and the court delivered its oral ruling on
August 12, 2020. The court discussed the history of the case and highlighted the attorney
fee provision in the 2009 parenting plan, noting it was an “attorney’s fees clause, in
25 No. 37813-6-III In re Marriage of Andrews
essence, for the prevailing party, if you are talking contract law.” RP (Aug. 12, 2020) at
7-8.
The court discussed the children’s differing testimony:
What was apparent from trial is that the children presented concerns about their abuse from their father to begin with. They did then step through the therapeutic process, ending up with contacts that were outside that therapeutic process, and eventually living with him for two months. At the end of the two month time with dad and weekends resuming is when their stories changed. That story change was supposed to, I suppose, be an ah-ha or gotcha moment. I’m not sure that this Court would describe it as such. But that about-face did take the guardian ad litem by surprise. During the June of 2020 coming forth with this changed information, the guardian ad litem also learned that at the beginning of this matter Ms. Stevens had videotaped or recorded the children on her cell phone, recorded their statements. That was the first that [the GAL] had learned of this. In June of 2020 she learns that this video recording occurred in approximately November of 2017. No one had told her, no one had told a counselor, no one had indicated anything to the Court that this was done until right before trial. [T.] . . . and, I believe, [W.] had testified that their mother would remind them of things that they should say during counseling or also direct them how to gather their thoughts for preparation for these things. Again, as I indicated, the guardian ad litem cannot testify as to whether the original story was coached by mom or whether the story, final story was coached by dad. It’s not really her role here. It does become very difficult to make that determination. Ms. Rasley is not a forensic counselor. She was not in the position of making those kinds of determinations and was not tasked with determining the truth. A lot of times in court proceedings the parties think the truth will come out, we will get to the bottom of this. Well, unfortunately, that’s not really what we’re about when you come to court for family law matters. It’s what we’d like to know because it assists the court in making determinations. But ferreting out the truth and
26 No. 37813-6-III In re Marriage of Andrews
determining who’s telling the truth, who’s lying, who’s making things up or fudging borders is not what anybody has the ability to do. Until we get some new wave technology for lie detectors that you have on during testimony, I’m not sure we’ll ever get there. I will also, for purposes of this record, indicate that the guardian ad litem certainly cannot tell whether any type of videotaping by cell phone caused the children to make up the allegations that they made against their father or give any insight as to whether the mother helped the children with their statements.
RP (Aug. 12, 2020) at 14-16. The court noted the GAL had not seen any abusive use of
conflict by Mr. Andrews in the current case nor any evidence of coaching and that there
had been no founded findings of abuse by CPS against either parent.
The court expressed concern that T. was involved in the litigation after turning 18,
[W]hile I don’t have any jurisdiction over [T.], the concern I have is that he was put right back where he was, right in the middle of the conflict. The children shouldn’t be involved in the conflict but they are. Unfortunately, they’ve been there since 2006, 2007 at the latest.
RP (Aug. 12, 2020) at 21. The court noted that conflict between the parents was a theme
throughout the case and that it could not see why that was, “other than the personalities of
the parties that are parenting these children. That needs to get fixed before these children
ostraci[z]e both parents.” RP (Aug. 12, 2020) at 21.
The court discussed the statutory requirements for a parenting plan modification,
noting that Ms. Stevens’s petition was based on RCW 26.09.260(2)(c), but that at the time
of trial she was no longer requesting a change of residential time in the parenting plan.
27 No. 37813-6-III In re Marriage of Andrews
The court declined to make Ms. Stevens’s requested finding of abusive use of conflict by
Mr. Andrews, finding that the acts in the current modification were “nothing like the acts
described in 2009, which warranted the finding of abusive use of conflict by both the trial
court and the [C]ourt of [A]ppeal[s].” RP (Aug. 12, 2020) at 21.
The court discussed Ms. Stevens’s requested finding of abuse, noting that to make
a finding it would have “to be able to determine at what stage in the process the children
were lying, for lack of a better term.” RP (Aug. 12, 2020) at 22. It noted that the GAL
had been unable to assist the court in making the determination and that the court could
not make that determination either with secondhand information. The court noted that
Ms. Stevens made light of the recording of the children and did not appear to understand
its significance.
The court explained that while the GAL had been unable to determine whether the
children were being coached or which version of events was correct,
what she did indicate is that it is apparent to her the children are in conflict. I agree with that. That stands out loudly. They have been dealing with their parents’ conflict for a very long time. They may not have been aware of that conflict when they were younger, but I can guarantee you they have been aware of this conflict for quite some time. And if both parents don’t think that conflict affects their children, neither is thinking as a parent, you are thinking with some other motive, I suppose.
28 No. 37813-6-III In re Marriage of Andrews
RP (Aug. 12, 2020) at 22-23. The court noted it did not have a crystal ball and that it was
being asked to find a very serious allegation. It explained that the burden of proof was
just a preponderance of the evidence, but that the “case is not so black and white as it
appears to be for the parties.” RP (Aug. 12, 2020) at 23. The court declined to make “a
finding of abuse under the circumstances.” RP (Aug. 12, 2020) at 23.
The court noted it had reviewed In re Marriage of Ambrose, 67 Wn. App. 103, 834
P.2d 101 (1992), which held that “where the time between hearings [was] lengthy, the
need to look at current circumstances of both parents is compelling.” RP (Aug. 12, 2020)
at 23. The court summarized, “In other words, the court is not to just rely on the facts that
were in evidence at the time of the petition, the court also looks at the facts at the time of
trial.” RP (Aug. 12, 2020) at 24. The court noted that Mr. Andrews did not have contact
with the children for 18 months, but once they started therapeutic counseling,
[t]he issues in the father’s home were addressed and the children were back and comfortable spending time with their father. That is where we are at the time of trial. It’s as if we came full circle. What was, no longer existed. I was here determining what to do with this case, when we were right back where we started from. Which is why I was asking the question of the parties as I was[:] Why are we here?
RP (Aug. 12, 2020) at 24.
The court expressed concern over the delay in beginning counseling, noting that
neither parent brought a motion to appoint a counselor, “The only people that delay
29 No. 37813-6-III In re Marriage of Andrews
benefited was the mother and potentially the father. It certainly in no way benefited these
children, not at all, not in my perspective.” RP (Aug. 12, 2020) at 25. The court noted
that Ms. Stevens filed the petition for modification and then did not follow through, “You
don’t just get to drop the bomb and then stand back and say I’m out of it. That is, at least
from my perspective, not what a parent does. The follow-through in this case was for the
benefit of the children . . . .” RP (Aug. 12, 2020) at 25. The court noted the GAL’s
testimony that F. and W. wanted to start counseling and opined, “I cannot imagine that
this wasn’t apparent to Ms. Stevens, the children’s need to see their father. Again,
coming back to the length of delay here, this really is baffling to me.” RP (Aug. 12,
2020) at 26.
The court noted that without a finding of abusive use of conflict or abuse, it could
not modify the decree unless it found there had been a substantial change in
circumstances to the children. It considered the circumstances at the time of the petition
through the time of trial and ruled:
I do not find that the children’s present environment with their father, visiting with their father is detrimental to their physical, mental, or emotional health. That was not demonstrated at trial. The guardian ad litem, in fact, indicated that detriment didn’t exist at the time of trial. Neither mom nor dad provided any different information to the Court or evidence to the Court.
RP (Aug. 12, 2020) at 26. The court concluded:
30 No. 37813-6-III In re Marriage of Andrews
The only finding I can make is that these children are now back in a good place and they want court to be over and done with. I do not find that it is in their best interests to modify the parenting plan or to make a finding of abuse against the father; therefore, I’m not going to be doing that.
RP (Aug. 12, 2020) at 27. The court acknowledged that there could have been a different
result had the case not taken so long to resolve.
The court denied the modification and ordered that the 2009 parenting plan would
remain in full force and effect, with no additions or deletions of the existing restrictions
under RCW 26.09.191. It ordered each party to pay its own attorney fees because Ms.
Stevens had not been successful in obtaining a finding of abuse and ordered the return of
the $10,000 Mr. Andrews had paid.
Ms. Stevens timely appeals. During the pendency of this appeal, W. turned 18
years old; F. is now the only child subject to the parenting plan.
ANALYSIS
A. COMPLETENESS OF THE TRIAL COURT’S FINDINGS
Ms. Stevens contends the court’s ruling was incomplete and it must be reversed.
Ms. Stevens specifically points to the court’s failure to enter findings of abuse or abusive
use of conflict under RCW 26.09.191, arguing that the court simply chose not to come to
a conclusion on those issues. We disagree.
31 No. 37813-6-III In re Marriage of Andrews
“The absence of a finding of fact in favor of the party with the burden of proof
about a disputed issue is the equivalent of a finding against that party on that issue.”
Wallace Real Estate Inv., Inc. v. Groves, 72 Wn. App. 759, 773 n.9, 868 P.2d 149, aff’d,
124 Wn.2d 881, 881 P.2d 1010 (1994). Ms. Stevens had the burden to show that abuse or
abusive use of conflict occurred. See In re Welfare of B.R.S.H., 141 Wn. App. 39, 48, 19
P.3d 40 (2007) (“Under Washington statutes, the burden in a modification hearing is
clearly on the moving party . . . .”) (citing RCW 26.09.260(1), (2)). Thus, the absence of
a finding of abuse or abusive use of conflict is the equivalent of a finding there was no
abuse or abusive use of conflict that formed a basis to modify the parenting plan.
In the absence of new restrictions under RCW 26.09.191, the required findings for
denying a parenting plan modification are minimal. To modify the parenting plan, the
court must find “that a substantial change has occurred in the circumstances of the child
or the nonmoving party and that the modification is in the best interest of the child and is
necessary to serve the best interests of the child.” RCW 26.09.260(1). Therefore, to deny
modification, the court need only find that there has not been a substantial change in
circumstances or that the modification is not in the best interests of the child. Ms.
Stevens argued that there had been a substantial change in circumstances in that
Mr. Andrews created an environment that was detrimental to the children under
32 No. 37813-6-III In re Marriage of Andrews
RCW 26.09.260(2)(c). The court found there was no detriment proved at trial. It found
that modification would not be in the children’s best interests. Therefore, there was no
basis to modify the parenting plan. The court’s findings were complete.
B. SUFFICIENCY OF EVIDENCE TO SUPPORT NO FINDING OF PHYSICAL AND EMOTIONAL ABUSE
Ms. Stevens contends the trial court erred in finding there was no abuse or
detriment to the children. We disagree.
We review the trial court’s rulings on children’s welfare for abuse of discretion. In
re Marriage of Horner, 151 Wn.2d 884, 893, 93 P.3d 124 (2004). A trial court abuses its
discretion if its decision is manifestly unreasonable or based on untenable grounds or
reasons. Id.
A court’s decision is manifestly unreasonable if it is outside the range of acceptable choices, given the facts and the applicable legal standard; it is based on untenable grounds if the factual findings are unsupported by the record; it is based on untenable reasons if it is based on an incorrect standard or the facts do not meet the requirements of the correct standard.
In re Marriage of Littlefield, 133 Wn.2d 39, 47, 940 P.2d 1362 (1997). A trial court’s
discretion in parenting plans is guided by statute. In re Marriage of Chandola, 180
Wn.2d 632, 642, 327 P.3d 644 (2014).
33 No. 37813-6-III In re Marriage of Andrews
Application of In re Marriage of Ambrose
Ms. Stevens contends the trial court misread Ambrose and erroneously focused on
the children’s environment at the time of trial instead of reviewing all relevant evidence.
In Ambrose, the noncustodial father filed a petition to modify the parenting plan
after the custodial mother was incarcerated. 67 Wn. App. at 104. The court modified the
decree, finding that the mother’s present environment at the time of the petition for
modification was detrimental to the children. Id. at 105. Division Two of this court
reversed and remanded, concluding that “child’s present environment” as used in
RCW 26.09.260(2)(c) refers to the environment at the time the trial court is considering
the matter. Id. at 107. The court further concluded that the “statutory term requires a
court to consider all relevant evidence about the custodial parent’s performance as a
parent, before it modifies a prior custody decree or parenting plan.” Id. at 108. It noted
that it was “for the trier of fact to determine the relative weight of such evidence.” Id.
The trial court did not misread Ambrose. It correctly summarized:
The trial court must consider any and all relevant evidence from the time the children were removed from a residence as well as circumstances at or about the time of trial. In other words, the court is not to just rely on the facts that were in evidence at the time of the petition, the court also looks at the facts at the time of trial.
34 No. 37813-6-III In re Marriage of Andrews
RP (Aug. 12, 2020) at 23-24. In delivering its ruling, the court explicitly noted it was
“[t]aking into consideration the circumstances of the children at the time of the petition,
as well as at the time of trial . . . .” RP (Aug. 12, 2020) at 26. It did not solely focus on
the time of trial, as Ms. Stevens contends. There was no error.
Avoidance of abuse findings
Ms. Stevens asserts that restrictions under RCW 26.09.191 “must be made.” Br. of
Appellant at 56. She cites In re Parenting and Support of L.H., 198 Wn. App. 190, 194-
95, 391 P.3d 490 (2016), in which the trial court recognized a history of domestic
violence, including police reports, an assault conviction, and a protection order, ordered
domestic violence treatment, but erroneously declined to enter a finding of domestic
violence because of the collateral consequences. L.H. is inapposite. Here, there was
equivocal evidence of abuse from which the court found there was no basis for
restrictions under RCW 26.09.191; it did not simply decline to make findings because of
the consequences of those findings.
Ms. Stevens points to the court’s comments encouraging mediation as evidence
that the court wanted to avoid the collateral consequences of an abuse finding against Mr.
Andrews. Ms. Stevens misreads these comments—they do not reveal any desire on the
court’s part to avoid the abuse finding. The court opined that both parties would “lose”
35 No. 37813-6-III In re Marriage of Andrews
no matter which way it ruled and objectively explained the possible negative
consequences of a ruling in either party’s favor. After discussing the ramifications of
finding abuse, it discussed the ramifications of not finding abuse and expressed no
preference either way. The court’s only expressed opinion was its concern that its
decision would create more upheaval for the children and that it “want[ed] these kids to
be done.” RP (June 17, 2020) at 559.
Substantial evidence of no abuse
The bulk of Ms. Stevens’s argument boils down to a request that we reweigh the
conflicting evidence and find abuse. That is not the role of an appellate court. See Lewis
v. Dep’t of Licensing, 157 Wn.2d 446, 468, 139 P.3d 1078 (2006). Instead, we look to
whether there was substantial evidence “sufficient to persuade a fair minded person of the
truth of the declared premise.” Id.
Here, the parties presented two scenarios to the court. In Mr. Andrews’s account,
Ms. Stevens coached the children to allege the abuse in retaliation for F.’s doctor making
a CPS report against Ms. Stevens. This was supported by the timing of the allegations
after Ms. Stevens learned of the CPS report, Ms. Stevens’s actions of recording the
children and failing to disclose that fact to the GAL or the court, the GAL’s inability to
detect signs of coaching in the recantation, and Ms. Rasley’s opinion that the children
36 No. 37813-6-III In re Marriage of Andrews
may just be seeing things differently as they got older. In Ms. Stevens’s account, Mr.
Andrews coached the children to recant the abuse allegations after they spent two months
living with him. This was supported by Mr. Andrews’s history of coaching, the GAL’s
testimony the children were believable when telling their initial account and the
children’s consistency, and the court finding Ms. Stevens credible.6
We conclude that there was substantial evidence supporting the court’s finding that
Ms. Stevens had not met her burden to show abuse had occurred. Ms. Stevens had the
burden of proving abuse by a preponderance of the evidence, and the truth was uncertain.
A fair-minded person could accept Mr. Andrews’s evidence. That a fair-minded person
could also accept Ms. Stevens’s evidence is not grounds to reverse the trial court on
appeal.
Miscellaneous errors
Ms. Stevens contends the trial court erred by relying on the GAL’s testimony that
the children were older and able to report any abuse in the household. Ms. Stevens seems
to forget that this was her own testimony at trial as well. She expressed no concerns
6 Ms. Stevens also discusses at length the fact that W. and F. recanted their allegations after spending time with Mr. Andrews while T. maintained the original account of events. While this could be consistent with Mr. Andrews coaching the children while they were in his care, it is also precisely the result one would expect if Ms. Stevens was the parent coaching the children.
37 No. 37813-6-III In re Marriage of Andrews
about the children being at Mr. Andrews’s house and testified that they were older, had
cell phones, and a support system in place. It was not error for the court to rely on
uncontroverted evidence.
Ms. Stevens includes a number of assignments of error that are not addressed in
the argument section of her brief. “We do not consider assignments of error unsupported
by argument or authority.” In re Marriage of Angelo, 142 Wn. App. 622, 628 n.3, 175
P.3d 1096 (2008). We similarly do not address the numerous errors Ms. Stevens raises in
footnotes throughout her argument. See State v. Johnson, 69 Wn. App. 189, 194 n.4,
847 P.2d 960 (1993) (“[P]lacing an argument of this nature in a footnote is, at best,
ambiguous or equivocal as to whether the issue is truly intended to be part of the
appeal.”).
C. SUFFICIENCY OF EVIDENCE TO SUPPORT NO FINDING OF ABUSIVE USE OF CONFLICT
Ms. Stevens contends the trial court erred by not finding abusive use of conflict in
this proceeding. We disagree.
ER 404(b) propensity evidence
Ms. Stevens first contends the court limited the past evidence of Mr. Andrews’s
abusive use of conflict under ER 404(b). While there was no discussion of ER 404(b) at
trial, Ms. Stevens cites an exchange at trial when her counsel questioned Mr. Andrews
38 No. 37813-6-III In re Marriage of Andrews
about the contents of the 2010 commissioner’s ruling. After Mr. Andrews testified he did
not remember the content of the ruling, counsel indicated she would read the ruling to Mr.
Andrews. Mr. Andrews’s counsel objected and the court sustained the objection:
[Mr. Andrews’s counsel]: I am going to object to this because if he doesn’t know what’s in the opinion, he can’t testify to it. [Ms. Stevens’s counsel]: Well, let me say it this way— THE COURT: So I’m going to sustain the objection. I’m going to have you ask questions, and I would like to get you to this action, not that one. [Ms. Stevens’s counsel]: I understand. THE COURT: And you also understand, I can’t make findings based upon past behavior for this petition. Right? [Ms. Stevens’s counsel]: Yes. THE COURT: Okay.
RP (June 17, 2020) at 518.
There was no error in the court’s ruling. Mr. Andrews had established there was
no foundation for Ms. Stevens’s line of questioning regarding the contents of the ruling.
See ER 602 (a witness may not testify to a matter of which they have no personal
knowledge). The ruling had nothing to do with ER 404(b). Further, the court correctly
noted that in a modification proceeding, it was making its findings based on “facts that
have arisen since the prior decree or plan,” not the facts contained in the commissioner’s
ruling. See RCW 26.09.260(1). Thus, the line of questioning was not relevant to the
39 No. 37813-6-III In re Marriage of Andrews
current proceeding and was properly excluded. See ER 402 (irrelevant evidence is not
admissible).
Ms. Stevens’s argument about ER 404(b) is therefore an argument newly raised on
appeal, which we generally decline to review. See RAP 2.5(a). Ms. Stevens presents no
argument on why we should consider this alleged error for the first time on appeal, and
we decline to do so.
Substantial evidence of no new abusive use of conflict
Ms. Stevens also asserts that the court failed to consider circumstantial evidence of
abusive use of conflict. She points to no evidence of this except the court’s adverse
ruling; instead, she appears to be asking this court to reweigh the evidence considered by
the trial court and come to a different conclusion. Again, this is not the role of an
appellate court. Instead, we look to whether substantial evidence supported the court’s
finding. Lewis, 157 Wn.2d at 468.
As an initial matter, by declining to modify the 2009 parenting plan, the court left
in place the finding that Mr. Andrews used conflict abusively and its attendant
restrictions, which the court explicitly noted in its ruling: “I’m not adding, nor deleting
any of the [RCW 26.09].191 restrictions that are currently in [the 2009 parenting plan].”
RP (Aug. 12, 2020) at 28.
40 No. 37813-6-III In re Marriage of Andrews
Because Ms. Stevens sought to modify a parenting plan that already had a finding
of abusive use of conflict, to modify the parenting plan on that same basis, she had to
show there was abusive use of conflict since the prior parenting plan that constituted a
“substantial change of circumstances.” RCW 26.09.260(1). Ms. Stevens points to Mr.
Andrews’s delay in beginning counseling, his alleged coaching, and the motions he filed
during the modification. The court found, however, that the conduct Ms. Stevens alleged
was abusive use of conflict in the present modification was “nothing like the acts
described in 2009.” RP (Aug. 12, 2020) at 21.
Substantial evidence supports the court’s determination that there was not abusive
use of conflict that supported a modification of the parenting plan. In the prior case, Mr.
Andrews extensively surveilled Ms. Stevens and her parents, coached T. to allege abuse
by Ms. Stevens’s father, and was an obstructionist pretrial. Here, Mr. Andrews delayed
counseling because he was not comfortable with the recommended counselor and Ms.
Stevens refused to consider another counselor. Considering Mr. Andrews would be
participating in the counseling, it seems reasonable to insist on a counselor with whom he
felt comfortable discussing difficult issues. And as the court noted, while Mr. Andrews
did not move to resolve the counseling issue, neither did Ms. Stevens. Furthermore, the
court did not find Mr. Andrews coached the children nor was there evidence of
41 No. 37813-6-III In re Marriage of Andrews
surveillance of the type in the prior proceeding.7 There was substantial evidence
supporting the court’s finding that Mr. Andrews did not use conflict abusively such that it
constituted a substantial change in circumstances.
Ms. Stevens argues the trial court failed to properly apply the 2010 commissioner’s
ruling. We disagree. The trial court noted that the findings from that appeal were not
binding and that “Mr. Andrews can be the greatest problem in a case back in 2009, that is
not necessarily evidence for me to make a decision on today.” RP (June 17, 2020) at 557.
As discussed above, the abusive use of conflict finding from 2009 was left in place when
the court declined to modify the parenting plan. The court correctly noted that Mr.
Andrews’s behavior could change since 2009 and that the fact he acted one way then was
not controlling of his actions in the future or the court’s findings at trial. There was no
error.
Ms. Stevens argues the court improperly delegated its responsibility to determine
credibility to the GAL, while at the same time arguing it was error for the court to hold
7 Ms. Stevens alleged that Mr. Andrews had once recorded her at a counseling appointment with the children and testified he held his phone up over the steering wheel of his car as she walked by. Mr. Andrews denied recording her. There was no further allegation or evidence of surveillance.
42 No. 37813-6-III In re Marriage of Andrews
that the GAL could not determine the children’s credibility. In addition to being
contradictory, this argument again asks us to reweigh the evidence. This is not our role.
D. ATTORNEY FEES BELOW
Ms. Stevens contends the trial court erred by not awarding fees. We disagree.
The trial court has the discretion to award attorney fees in a dissolution action. In
re Marriage of Foley, 84 Wn. App. 839, 846, 930 P.2d 929 (1997). We address each of
Ms. Stevens’s asserted bases for attorney fees in turn.
Parenting plan
Ms. Stevens first requested attorney fees under the 2009 parenting plan, which
provides Mr. Andrews will pay fees for any successful action Ms. Stevens brings or
unsuccessful action he brings.
First, Ms. Stevens asserts that the court initially awarded fees because of Mr.
Andrews’s unsuccessful motions before trial. This is not supported by the record. In
awarding pretrial fees, the court explained its reasoning:
The Court normally reserves it for trial, but considering all the filings from the beginning when this was filed in ’17 to now, I think there should be lawsuit funds granted at this point. .... . . . I think there’s enough with all the filings that she was successful in getting adequate cause granted and setting it all up.
43 No. 37813-6-III In re Marriage of Andrews
RP (June 5, 2020) at 5-6. While the court discussed “all the filings” including Mr.
Andrews’s unsuccessful motions, it explicitly awarded fees based on Ms. Stevens’s
success until that point, not Mr. Andrews’s lack of success.
The trial court reversed the fee award after it declined to modify the parenting
plan, finding Ms. Stevens had not been successful within the meaning of the parenting
plan. Ms. Stevens contends that was error because she was entitled to fees for Mr.
Andrews’s unsuccessful pretrial litigation. In her trial brief, however, Ms. Stevens only
requested fees under the parenting plan for her successful action. She did not request fees
based on Mr. Andrews’s unsuccessful motions. The court did not abuse its discretion by
failing to award relief that was never requested.
Ms. Stevens contends she was successful despite the fact the trial court found there
were no grounds to modify the parenting plan, arguing that the outcome of having the
children reunify with Mr. Andrews shows her action was a success. The parenting plan
did not provide fees for successful parenting outcomes; it provided them for successful
44 No. 37813-6-III In re Marriage of Andrews
actions.8 “American jurisprudence defines ‘action’ as ‘a judicial proceeding in which one
asserts a right or seeks redress for a wrong.’” Int’l Ass’n of Fire Fighters, Local 46 v.
City of Everett, 146 Wn.2d 29, 40-41, 42 P.3d 1265 (2002) (quoting 1 AM. JUR. 2D
Actions § 4, at 725-26 (1994)). Ms. Stevens’s judicial proceeding was not successful and
she therefore did not have a successful action justifying fees under the parenting plan.
The court did not abuse its discretion by not awarding fees to Ms. Stevens.
RCW 26.09.140
Under RCW 26.09.140, “[t]he court from time to time after considering the
financial resources of both parties may order a party to pay” reasonable costs and attorney
fees. (Emphasis added.) As the plain language of the statute indicates, the award “‘rests
with the sound discretion of the trial court . . . .’” In re Marriage of Buchanan, 150 Wn.
8 We note that this provision is not in the best interests of the children in this case. Ms. Stevens explicitly stated she would not enter an agreed order of adequate cause because she wanted to recover attorney fees under the 2009 parenting plan. We suspect that the answer to the trial court’s question of “Why are we here?” is similar: so that Ms. Stevens could obtain a favorable court ruling and recover her attorney fees. The children consistently and repeatedly told the GAL that they wanted this action to be over, and the court found that “these children are now back in a good place and they want court to be over and done with.” RP (Aug. 12, 2020) at 27. Yet the attorney fee provision incentivized further harmful litigation. While the provision does not authorize fees in the circumstances of this case, we nonetheless question the enforceability of a provision that runs counter to Washington’s public policy of protecting children.
45 No. 37813-6-III In re Marriage of Andrews
App. 730, 739, 207 P.3d 478 (2009) (quoting Kruger v. Kruger, 37 Wn. App. 329, 333,
679 P.2d 961 (1984)).
Ms. Stevens requested fees under RCW 26.09.140, baldly asserting that “equitable
principles” supported an attorney fee award. Ms. Stevens did not argue what those
equitable principles were or provide any further justification for an award of fees under
the statute. On appeal, Ms. Stevens points out that Mr. Andrews has a greater income—
her percentage of support is 42.3 percent while Mr. Andrews’s percentage is 57.7 percent.
This is not a large disparity in incomes and the court did not abuse its discretion in
declining to award fees under RCW 26.09.140, especially given Ms. Stevens’s lack of
argument on the issue.
Intransigence
Ms. Stevens contends fees were appropriate based on Mr. Andrews’s intransigence
during the modification proceeding. Courts may award attorney fees based on the
equitable ground of intransigence, which may include foot dragging and obstruction,
repeated unnecessary motions, or making trial unduly difficult and costly. In re Marriage
of Greenlee, 65 Wn. App. 703, 708, 829 P.2d 1120 (1992).
Ms. Stevens argued in her trial brief that fees were appropriate for intransigence
because Mr. Andrews delayed counseling and had a history of abusive use of conflict. As
46 No. 37813-6-III In re Marriage of Andrews
discussed above, the trial court found that Mr. Andrews’s past abusive use of conflict did
not necessarily indicate he was using conflict abusively in this action. It also noted that
Ms. Stevens had failed to move counseling forward either, noting that Ms. Stevens could
not just “drop the bomb and then stand back and say I’m out of it” and finding that the
delay “certainly in no way benefited these children.” RP (Aug. 12, 2020) at 25. The
court found that “[b]oth parents’ actions have gotten us to this point, which includes the
continued conflicts, the length of time this action took, and the fact that this conflict is not
hidden from these children.” RP (Aug. 12, 2020) at 27. These findings are supported by
the record.
Indeed, the record shows that Ms. Stevens is far from blameless for making trial
unduly difficult and costly. For example, when Mr. Andrews proposed entering an
agreed adequate cause order, Ms. Stevens refused because it could imperil her chance to
receive attorney fees under the 2009 parenting plan. The delay between Ms. Stevens’s
petition to modify the parenting plan and the eventual hearing on adequate cause was
more than six months. We conclude that the trial court did not err by declining Ms.
Stevens’s request for award fees.
47 No. 37813-6-III In re Marriage of Andrews
E. ATTORNEY FEES ON APPEAL
Both parties request attorney fees on appeal. We decline to award fees to either
party.
Ms. Stevens’s request
Ms. Stevens requests fees on appeal for the same reasons she requested fees
below—under the provisions of the 2009 parenting plan, under RCW 26.09.140, and for
intransigence below.
We decline to award attorney fees to Ms. Stevens under the parenting plan because
she was not successful in her appeal under the standards set forth above.
We decline to award fees under RCW 26.09.140 because such an award is
discretionary, and we view the appeal as improvidently filed. It is evident from the trial
court’s extensive oral ruling that it determined Ms. Stevens had not met her burden of
proof. It also is evident that substantial evidence supported the ruling and that we would
not overturn it on appeal.
We decline to award fees based on intransigence because Ms. Stevens does not
allege delay on Mr. Andrews’s part in this appeal, only in the trial court and, as discussed
above, that did not form a basis for attorney fees.
48 No. 37813-6-III In re Marriage of Andrews
Ms. Stevens points to our 2010 decision to award fees based in part on
Mr. Andrews’s intransigence in the trial court. Those fees were awarded under
RCW 26.09.140 as part of the consideration of the parties’ financial resources and the
merit of the issues raised in that appeal. We did not award fees solely based on Mr.
Andrews’s intransigence below.
Mr. Andrews’s request
Mr. Andrews in turn requests fees on appeal for Ms. Stevens’s intransigence. He
argues Ms. Stevens has dragged him and their children through endless litigation. He
points out that during the course of this modification and appeal, two of the three children
have reached adulthood. Mr. Andrews’s arguments have some merit. If we were
convinced he was innocent in the latest drama that sparked endless litigation, we would
agree. As was the trial court, we are in equipoise. For this reason we decline Mr.
Andrews’s request for attorney fees on appeal.
49 No. 37813-6-III In re Marriage ofAndrews
Affirmed.
A majority of the panel has determined this opinion will not be printed in the
Washington Appellate Reports, but it will be filed for public record pursuant to
RCW 2.06.040.
Lawrence-Berrey, A
WE CONCUR:
~~,.::r. FearingJ Pennell, J.
Related
Cite This Page — Counsel Stack
In re the Marriage of: Sarah L. Andrews And Steven C. Andrews, Counsel Stack Legal Research, https://law.counselstack.com/opinion/in-re-the-marriage-of-sarah-l-andrews-and-steven-c-andrews-washctapp-2022.