IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA
No. 21-0485 Filed November 3, 2021
IN RE THE MARRIAGE OF MICHELLE DIANE MULLEN AND PATRICK MICHAEL MULLEN
Upon the Petition of MICHELLE DIANE MULLEN, Petitioner-Appellee,
And Concerning PATRICK MICHAEL MULLEN, Respondent-Appellant. ________________________________________________________________
Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Polk County, Robert J. Blink, Judge.
Patrick Mullen appeals the physical care and property division provisions of
his dissolution decree. AFFIRMED.
Patrick H. Payton of Patrick H. Payton & Assoc., P.C., Des Moines, for
appellant.
Elizabeth Kellner-Nelson of Kellner-Nelson Law Firm, P.C., West Des
Moines, for appellee.
Considered by Mullins, P.J., and May and Ahlers, JJ. 2
MAY, Judge.
Patrick Mullen appeals from the decree dissolving his marriage to Michelle
Mullen. On appeal, Patrick challenges the property division and the physical care
determination granting Michelle physical care of their two children.1 We affirm.
We review dissolution proceedings de novo. In re Marriage of McDermott,
827 N.W.2d 671, 676 (Iowa 2013). Even so, we afford deference to the district
court. See In re Marriage of Hansen, 733 N.W.2d 683, 690 (Iowa 2007) (“We give
weight to the findings of the district court, especially to the extent credibility
determinations are involved.”). We do so because “the district court is best
positioned to evaluate the needs of the parties.” In re Marriage of Dirkx, No. 18-
0422, 2019 WL 3330625, at *2 (Iowa Ct. App. July 24, 2019). While we review
only a cold record, the district court has the benefit of observing the parties in
person. See In re Marriage of Vrban, 359 N.W.2d 420, 423 (Iowa 1984). So we
will affirm unless the district court failed to do equity. See Boatwright v. Lydolph,
No. 18-0532, 2019 WL 719026, at *1 (Iowa Ct. App. Feb. 20, 2019).
First, Patrick argues the district court should have awarded the parties joint
physical care of their two children. In the alternative, he argues the court should
have placed physical care with him instead of Michelle. “‘Physical care’ means the
right and responsibility to maintain a home for the minor child and provide for the
1 Patrick also asks us to reconsider the district court’s child support and visitation rulings. But Patrick provides no argument or authority to suggest why the district court’s child support and visitation determinations were inequitable. See State v. Louwrens, 792 N.W.2d 649, 650 n.1 (Iowa 2010) (“Moreover, passing reference to an issue, unsupported by authority or argument, is insufficient to raise the issue on appeal.”). And because we affirm the district court on child custody, we need not recalculate child support. So we leave the visitation and child support provisions of the decree intact. 3
routine care of the child.” Iowa Code § 598.1(7) (2019). In determining which
parent should have physical care, the court focuses on the “goals of stability and
continuity with an eye toward providing the children with the best environment
possible for their continued development and growth.” Hansen, 733 N.W.2d at
700. “The objective of a physical care determination is to place the children in the
environment most likely to bring them to health, both physically and mentally, and
to social maturity.” Id. at 695. The parent awarded physical care must also
“support the other parent’s relationship with the child[ren].” Id. at 700. “There is
no preference for mothers over fathers, or vice versa.” Id.
Upon the request of either parent, the court may award joint physical care
unless such an arrangement is not in the best interests of the children. Iowa Code
§ 598.41(5)(a). When we consider whether joint physical care is appropriate, we
consider (1) stability, continuity of care, and approximation; (2) how well the
spouses can communicate and show mutual respect; (3) the degree of conflict
between the parents; and (4) the degree to which the parents agree about day to
day matters involving the children. In re Marriage of Hansen, 886 N.W.2d 868,
874 (Iowa Ct. App. 2016).
There is significant animosity between the parents, which culminated in an
instance of domestic abuse where Patrick chased Michelle around the house,
pulled her down the stairs by her legs, and struck her twenty to thirty times on her
arm.2 And Patrick has a history of sending confrontational text messages, saying
2 As the district court noted, at trial Patrick did not deny the incident occurred and instead pointed the finger at Michelle for leaving him with scratches. But, like the district court, we find Michelle scratched Patrick in self-defense. 4
things like “Fuck you,” to Michelle while they discuss matters relating to their
children. Given this level of conflict between the parents, some of which relates
directly to their communication about the children, we conclude shared physical
care is not in the children’s best interests.
Instead, like the district court, we conclude the children’s interests are best
served by placing physical care with Michelle. Michelle has served as the primary
caregiver over the course of the children’s lives. And even while the parents
shared physical care under a temporary order, Michelle undertook much of the
practical caregiving, like getting the children ready and taking them to daycare or
school, even on days when they were in Patrick’s care. Placing the children in
Michelle’s care creates the least disruption in the children’s lives. So we affirm the
district court’s physical care determination.
Next, Patrick challenges the property division. “Iowa is an equitable division
state.” In re Marriage of Hazen, 778 N.W.2d 55, 59 (Iowa Ct. App. 2009). But
equitable does not necessarily mean equal. In re Marriage of Robinson, 542
N.W.2d 4, 5 (Iowa Ct. App. 1995). And “[w]hile we review the case de novo, ‘we
accord the trial court considerable latitude in making [the marital-property-
distribution] determination and will disturb the ruling only when there has been a
failure to do equity.’” In re Marriage of Matherly, No. 18-0625, 2019 WL 3334355,
at *6 (Iowa Ct. App. July 24, 2019) (second alteration in original) (quoting In re
Marriage of Okland, 699 N.W.2d 260, 263 (Iowa 2005)).
Patrick argues the district court failed to adequately value Michelle’s hair
salon business. Michelle rents a building and subleases three salon chairs to
independent stylists. Each stylist pays Michelle rent each month; this covers the 5
building rent as well as basic utilities. The salon has few tangible assets because
all of the styling equipment is independently owned by the stylists and there is little
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IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA
No. 21-0485 Filed November 3, 2021
IN RE THE MARRIAGE OF MICHELLE DIANE MULLEN AND PATRICK MICHAEL MULLEN
Upon the Petition of MICHELLE DIANE MULLEN, Petitioner-Appellee,
And Concerning PATRICK MICHAEL MULLEN, Respondent-Appellant. ________________________________________________________________
Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Polk County, Robert J. Blink, Judge.
Patrick Mullen appeals the physical care and property division provisions of
his dissolution decree. AFFIRMED.
Patrick H. Payton of Patrick H. Payton & Assoc., P.C., Des Moines, for
appellant.
Elizabeth Kellner-Nelson of Kellner-Nelson Law Firm, P.C., West Des
Moines, for appellee.
Considered by Mullins, P.J., and May and Ahlers, JJ. 2
MAY, Judge.
Patrick Mullen appeals from the decree dissolving his marriage to Michelle
Mullen. On appeal, Patrick challenges the property division and the physical care
determination granting Michelle physical care of their two children.1 We affirm.
We review dissolution proceedings de novo. In re Marriage of McDermott,
827 N.W.2d 671, 676 (Iowa 2013). Even so, we afford deference to the district
court. See In re Marriage of Hansen, 733 N.W.2d 683, 690 (Iowa 2007) (“We give
weight to the findings of the district court, especially to the extent credibility
determinations are involved.”). We do so because “the district court is best
positioned to evaluate the needs of the parties.” In re Marriage of Dirkx, No. 18-
0422, 2019 WL 3330625, at *2 (Iowa Ct. App. July 24, 2019). While we review
only a cold record, the district court has the benefit of observing the parties in
person. See In re Marriage of Vrban, 359 N.W.2d 420, 423 (Iowa 1984). So we
will affirm unless the district court failed to do equity. See Boatwright v. Lydolph,
No. 18-0532, 2019 WL 719026, at *1 (Iowa Ct. App. Feb. 20, 2019).
First, Patrick argues the district court should have awarded the parties joint
physical care of their two children. In the alternative, he argues the court should
have placed physical care with him instead of Michelle. “‘Physical care’ means the
right and responsibility to maintain a home for the minor child and provide for the
1 Patrick also asks us to reconsider the district court’s child support and visitation rulings. But Patrick provides no argument or authority to suggest why the district court’s child support and visitation determinations were inequitable. See State v. Louwrens, 792 N.W.2d 649, 650 n.1 (Iowa 2010) (“Moreover, passing reference to an issue, unsupported by authority or argument, is insufficient to raise the issue on appeal.”). And because we affirm the district court on child custody, we need not recalculate child support. So we leave the visitation and child support provisions of the decree intact. 3
routine care of the child.” Iowa Code § 598.1(7) (2019). In determining which
parent should have physical care, the court focuses on the “goals of stability and
continuity with an eye toward providing the children with the best environment
possible for their continued development and growth.” Hansen, 733 N.W.2d at
700. “The objective of a physical care determination is to place the children in the
environment most likely to bring them to health, both physically and mentally, and
to social maturity.” Id. at 695. The parent awarded physical care must also
“support the other parent’s relationship with the child[ren].” Id. at 700. “There is
no preference for mothers over fathers, or vice versa.” Id.
Upon the request of either parent, the court may award joint physical care
unless such an arrangement is not in the best interests of the children. Iowa Code
§ 598.41(5)(a). When we consider whether joint physical care is appropriate, we
consider (1) stability, continuity of care, and approximation; (2) how well the
spouses can communicate and show mutual respect; (3) the degree of conflict
between the parents; and (4) the degree to which the parents agree about day to
day matters involving the children. In re Marriage of Hansen, 886 N.W.2d 868,
874 (Iowa Ct. App. 2016).
There is significant animosity between the parents, which culminated in an
instance of domestic abuse where Patrick chased Michelle around the house,
pulled her down the stairs by her legs, and struck her twenty to thirty times on her
arm.2 And Patrick has a history of sending confrontational text messages, saying
2 As the district court noted, at trial Patrick did not deny the incident occurred and instead pointed the finger at Michelle for leaving him with scratches. But, like the district court, we find Michelle scratched Patrick in self-defense. 4
things like “Fuck you,” to Michelle while they discuss matters relating to their
children. Given this level of conflict between the parents, some of which relates
directly to their communication about the children, we conclude shared physical
care is not in the children’s best interests.
Instead, like the district court, we conclude the children’s interests are best
served by placing physical care with Michelle. Michelle has served as the primary
caregiver over the course of the children’s lives. And even while the parents
shared physical care under a temporary order, Michelle undertook much of the
practical caregiving, like getting the children ready and taking them to daycare or
school, even on days when they were in Patrick’s care. Placing the children in
Michelle’s care creates the least disruption in the children’s lives. So we affirm the
district court’s physical care determination.
Next, Patrick challenges the property division. “Iowa is an equitable division
state.” In re Marriage of Hazen, 778 N.W.2d 55, 59 (Iowa Ct. App. 2009). But
equitable does not necessarily mean equal. In re Marriage of Robinson, 542
N.W.2d 4, 5 (Iowa Ct. App. 1995). And “[w]hile we review the case de novo, ‘we
accord the trial court considerable latitude in making [the marital-property-
distribution] determination and will disturb the ruling only when there has been a
failure to do equity.’” In re Marriage of Matherly, No. 18-0625, 2019 WL 3334355,
at *6 (Iowa Ct. App. July 24, 2019) (second alteration in original) (quoting In re
Marriage of Okland, 699 N.W.2d 260, 263 (Iowa 2005)).
Patrick argues the district court failed to adequately value Michelle’s hair
salon business. Michelle rents a building and subleases three salon chairs to
independent stylists. Each stylist pays Michelle rent each month; this covers the 5
building rent as well as basic utilities. The salon has few tangible assets because
all of the styling equipment is independently owned by the stylists and there is little
inventory (hair product) on the shelves at any given time. But the salon does not
have good bookkeeping; so it’s unclear if the salon has any cash reserves, other
assets, or debt.
Ultimately, the district court found the value of Michelle’s business was
“Michelle’s abilities and the earnings that flow from her individual efforts and no
more.” (Emphasis added.) While Patrick insists the “goodwill value” of customer
loyalty to the business is substantial, the court found Patrick’s proposed valuation
of $54,458 was speculative. And the court supported its findings with a detailed
analysis of the evidence, including a thorough critique of Patrick’s supporting
evidence.3 So the court’s findings warrant our deference. See Hansen, 733
N.W.2d at 703 (“Although our review is de novo, we ordinarily defer to the trial
court when valuations are accompanied by supporting credibility findings or
corroborating evidence.”). In any event, the district court’s valuation of Michelle’s
business is “within the range of permissible evidence.” See McDermott, 827
N.W.2d at 679. So we “refuse to disturb” it. Id.
Finally, Michelle requests $4000 in appellate attorney fees. “Appellate
attorney fees are not a matter of right, but rather rest in this court’s discretion.”
Okland, 699 N.W.2d at 270. “Factors to be considered in determining whether to
3 Patrick submitted expert testimony from a certified public accountant in an attempt to value the business. But Patrick’s expert never examined any financial records from the salon, nor did he examine the commercial lease or go inside the salon. For these and other reasons, the district court concluded the expert’s valuation was speculative. 6
award attorney fees include: ‘the needs of the party seeking the award, the ability
of the other party to pay, and the relative merits of the appeal.’” Id. (citation
omitted). Considering these factors, we do not award any appellate attorney fees.
However, we assess the costs on appeal to Patrick.
AFFIRMED.