IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA
No. 19-1758 Filed August 5, 2020
IN RE THE MARRIAGE OF KOLBIE RENEE MANWARREN AND JAMI LYNN MANWARREN
Upon the Petition of KOLBIE RENEE MANWARREN, Petitioner-Appellee,
And Concerning JAMI LYNN MANWARREN, Respondent-Appellant. ________________________________________________________________
Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Dickinson County, Charles K. Borth,
Judge.
Jami Manwarren appeals the district court’s denial of his petition to modify
the decree dissolving his marriage to Kolbie Manwarren. AFFIRMED.
Michael H. Johnson, Spirit Lake, for appellant.
Scot L. Bauermeister of Fitzgibbons Law Firm, L.L.C., Estherville, for
appellee.
Considered by Vaitheswaran, P.J., and Mullins and Ahlers, JJ. 2
VAITHESWARAN, Presiding Judge.
Jami and Kolbie Manwarren married in 2006 and divorced in 2017. The
district court approved a stipulation under which Kolbie assumed physical care of
their three children, subject to visitation with Jami. The court ordered Jami to pay
Kolbie $300 per month in child support.
Fourteen months after the dissolution decree was filed, Jami filed a
modification petition, alleging problems with implementation of the agreed
parenting plan. Following a hearing, the district court denied Jami’s request for
physical care of the children, increased his child support obligation, and ordered
him to pay a portion of Kolbie’s trial attorney fees.1
On appeal, Jami (1) challenges the court’s denial of his request to modify
the physical care provision of the dissolution decree; (2) contends the court should
not have imputed income to him in calculating child support; and (3) claims the
court abused its discretion in ordering the payment of trial attorney fees.
I. Modification of Physical Care
“To change a custodial provision of a dissolution decree, the applying party
must establish by a preponderance of evidence that conditions since the decree
was entered have so materially and substantially changed that the children’s best
interests make it expedient to make the requested change.” In re Marriage of
Hoffman, 867 N.W.2d 26, 32 (Iowa 2015) (quoting In re Marriage of Frederici, 338
N.W.2d 156, 158 (Iowa 1983)). The party also must establish an ability “to minister
1The court also modified the visitation provision of the decree. Jami does not challenge that modification. 3
more effectively to the children’s well being.” Id. The burden is a heavy one. See
id.
Jami contends he satisfied that burden. He points to Kolbie’s “lack of co-
parenting,” including “an attempt to marginalize [him] in the children’s lives.” In his
view, Kolbie’s negative behaviors were precipitated by his remarriage. He asserts
she said “bad things about him in front of the children” and “threatened to spread
. . . untrue and defamatory” statements in the community. He also cites “the
escalating behaviors” of the oldest child and “Kolbie’s increased inability to
properly handle those behaviors.”
The district court expressed “some trepidation” about Jami’s history
predating the divorce, then proceeded to evaluate Jami’s critique of Kolbie.
Beginning with his contention that Kolbie disparaged him in front of the children
and others, the court found:
While it appears Kolbie has used some poor judgment in discussing adult issues in the presence of the children and calling Jami names in front of the children, the record does not otherwise support Jami’s assertion that she is not making a good effort to make Jami a part of the children’s lives. In fact, the record contains no evidence that Kolbie has denied Jami any of his court-ordered visitation. On the other hand, she has been cooperative in giving him visitation on multiple occasions upon his request in addition to that allotted in the court order.
Although the court “disapprove[d] of” some of the comments Kolbie made about
Jami, the court determined those comments did not amount to “a substantial
change in circumstances.”
The court also addressed the oldest child’s behaviors and determined those
behaviors “while certainly not appropriate, [were] not a change in circumstances.” 4
The court noted they “predated the parties’ divorce” and were not reflective of a
change in Kolbie’s “parenting style.”
On our de novo review, we discern support for the district court’s findings.
Kolbie’s friend testified, “I think [Kolbie’s] a very loving mother and she—she works
hard to do what she can for the kids.” Although she acknowledged “[Kolbie] could
do better with discipline,” she continued, “when I’ve been around them and she
tries to discipline, they do listen to her.” She did not believe it would be good for
the children to change the physical care arrangement.
A former neighbor of Kolbie similarly testified the children are “doing well
with Kolbie. She’s a very responsible person. She’s well-organized. She gets
them to school on time, to their dental appointments, to the doctor. I think she’s
doing quite well.” He said that, since the divorce, the children were “very loving.
They’re playful. They appear to be happy.”
It is true that a friend of both parents testified Kolbie’s behavior toward Jami
“changed dramatically and oppositionally” after Jami remarried. She overheard
Kolbie make pejorative comments about Jami and his new wife in earshot of the
children. She also testified she had concerns about Kolbie’s “supervision,” and
“safety consideration for the children.” But it was the district court’s prerogative as
fact finder to weigh the testimony and assign credibility. See In re Marriage of
Vrban, 359 N.W.2d 420, 423–24 (Iowa 1984). We agree with the court’s
conclusion that, although Kolbie engaged in certain inappropriate conduct, she did
not undermine Jami’s relationship with the children in a manner that amounted to
a substantial change of circumstances. 5
We turn to Jami’s contention that Kolbie could not manage the oldest child.
Kolbie acknowledged the child could be disrespectful and could be “a challenge.”
She testified she attempted to address his behaviors by getting him into therapy.
In her words, she “dealt with teachers and counselors and therapists to try to get
him to where he is today.” Both she and Jami’s new wife testified the child’s
behaviors were improving. On our de novo review, we agree with the district
court’s finding that the child’s behaviors were ongoing and did not amount to a
substantial change of circumstances.
We affirm the district court’s denial of Jami’s request to modify the
dissolution decree to award him physical care of the children.
II. Child Support
The district court increased Jami’s child support obligation from $300.00 per
month to $547.00 per month. The court reasoned that Jami was voluntarily
underemployed as a self-employed carpenter earning $10.00 per hour, when he
had been earning “as much as $25.00 per hour” at another job. The court found
the underemployment to be “without good cause” and imputed income to him of
$12.00 per hour. See Iowa Ct. R. 9.11(4). The court also declined to give Jami a
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IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA
No. 19-1758 Filed August 5, 2020
IN RE THE MARRIAGE OF KOLBIE RENEE MANWARREN AND JAMI LYNN MANWARREN
Upon the Petition of KOLBIE RENEE MANWARREN, Petitioner-Appellee,
And Concerning JAMI LYNN MANWARREN, Respondent-Appellant. ________________________________________________________________
Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Dickinson County, Charles K. Borth,
Judge.
Jami Manwarren appeals the district court’s denial of his petition to modify
the decree dissolving his marriage to Kolbie Manwarren. AFFIRMED.
Michael H. Johnson, Spirit Lake, for appellant.
Scot L. Bauermeister of Fitzgibbons Law Firm, L.L.C., Estherville, for
appellee.
Considered by Vaitheswaran, P.J., and Mullins and Ahlers, JJ. 2
VAITHESWARAN, Presiding Judge.
Jami and Kolbie Manwarren married in 2006 and divorced in 2017. The
district court approved a stipulation under which Kolbie assumed physical care of
their three children, subject to visitation with Jami. The court ordered Jami to pay
Kolbie $300 per month in child support.
Fourteen months after the dissolution decree was filed, Jami filed a
modification petition, alleging problems with implementation of the agreed
parenting plan. Following a hearing, the district court denied Jami’s request for
physical care of the children, increased his child support obligation, and ordered
him to pay a portion of Kolbie’s trial attorney fees.1
On appeal, Jami (1) challenges the court’s denial of his request to modify
the physical care provision of the dissolution decree; (2) contends the court should
not have imputed income to him in calculating child support; and (3) claims the
court abused its discretion in ordering the payment of trial attorney fees.
I. Modification of Physical Care
“To change a custodial provision of a dissolution decree, the applying party
must establish by a preponderance of evidence that conditions since the decree
was entered have so materially and substantially changed that the children’s best
interests make it expedient to make the requested change.” In re Marriage of
Hoffman, 867 N.W.2d 26, 32 (Iowa 2015) (quoting In re Marriage of Frederici, 338
N.W.2d 156, 158 (Iowa 1983)). The party also must establish an ability “to minister
1The court also modified the visitation provision of the decree. Jami does not challenge that modification. 3
more effectively to the children’s well being.” Id. The burden is a heavy one. See
id.
Jami contends he satisfied that burden. He points to Kolbie’s “lack of co-
parenting,” including “an attempt to marginalize [him] in the children’s lives.” In his
view, Kolbie’s negative behaviors were precipitated by his remarriage. He asserts
she said “bad things about him in front of the children” and “threatened to spread
. . . untrue and defamatory” statements in the community. He also cites “the
escalating behaviors” of the oldest child and “Kolbie’s increased inability to
properly handle those behaviors.”
The district court expressed “some trepidation” about Jami’s history
predating the divorce, then proceeded to evaluate Jami’s critique of Kolbie.
Beginning with his contention that Kolbie disparaged him in front of the children
and others, the court found:
While it appears Kolbie has used some poor judgment in discussing adult issues in the presence of the children and calling Jami names in front of the children, the record does not otherwise support Jami’s assertion that she is not making a good effort to make Jami a part of the children’s lives. In fact, the record contains no evidence that Kolbie has denied Jami any of his court-ordered visitation. On the other hand, she has been cooperative in giving him visitation on multiple occasions upon his request in addition to that allotted in the court order.
Although the court “disapprove[d] of” some of the comments Kolbie made about
Jami, the court determined those comments did not amount to “a substantial
change in circumstances.”
The court also addressed the oldest child’s behaviors and determined those
behaviors “while certainly not appropriate, [were] not a change in circumstances.” 4
The court noted they “predated the parties’ divorce” and were not reflective of a
change in Kolbie’s “parenting style.”
On our de novo review, we discern support for the district court’s findings.
Kolbie’s friend testified, “I think [Kolbie’s] a very loving mother and she—she works
hard to do what she can for the kids.” Although she acknowledged “[Kolbie] could
do better with discipline,” she continued, “when I’ve been around them and she
tries to discipline, they do listen to her.” She did not believe it would be good for
the children to change the physical care arrangement.
A former neighbor of Kolbie similarly testified the children are “doing well
with Kolbie. She’s a very responsible person. She’s well-organized. She gets
them to school on time, to their dental appointments, to the doctor. I think she’s
doing quite well.” He said that, since the divorce, the children were “very loving.
They’re playful. They appear to be happy.”
It is true that a friend of both parents testified Kolbie’s behavior toward Jami
“changed dramatically and oppositionally” after Jami remarried. She overheard
Kolbie make pejorative comments about Jami and his new wife in earshot of the
children. She also testified she had concerns about Kolbie’s “supervision,” and
“safety consideration for the children.” But it was the district court’s prerogative as
fact finder to weigh the testimony and assign credibility. See In re Marriage of
Vrban, 359 N.W.2d 420, 423–24 (Iowa 1984). We agree with the court’s
conclusion that, although Kolbie engaged in certain inappropriate conduct, she did
not undermine Jami’s relationship with the children in a manner that amounted to
a substantial change of circumstances. 5
We turn to Jami’s contention that Kolbie could not manage the oldest child.
Kolbie acknowledged the child could be disrespectful and could be “a challenge.”
She testified she attempted to address his behaviors by getting him into therapy.
In her words, she “dealt with teachers and counselors and therapists to try to get
him to where he is today.” Both she and Jami’s new wife testified the child’s
behaviors were improving. On our de novo review, we agree with the district
court’s finding that the child’s behaviors were ongoing and did not amount to a
substantial change of circumstances.
We affirm the district court’s denial of Jami’s request to modify the
dissolution decree to award him physical care of the children.
II. Child Support
The district court increased Jami’s child support obligation from $300.00 per
month to $547.00 per month. The court reasoned that Jami was voluntarily
underemployed as a self-employed carpenter earning $10.00 per hour, when he
had been earning “as much as $25.00 per hour” at another job. The court found
the underemployment to be “without good cause” and imputed income to him of
$12.00 per hour. See Iowa Ct. R. 9.11(4). The court also declined to give Jami a
full deduction for a child support obligation arising from another relationship. The
court reasoned “that while Jami is ordered to pay $450.00 per month child support
for his other two children, he is not current in that payment.” Accordingly, the court
reduced the deduction to $225.00 per month.
Jami takes issue with both these determinations. At trial, he conceded he
was capable of making at least $14.00 per hour and the court imputed two dollars
per hour less than that. He also conceded he was a “[l]ittle behind” on his $450.00 6
child support obligation. On our de novo review, we conclude the district court
acted equitably in increasing his child support obligation.
III. Trial Attorney Fees
The district court ordered Jami to pay $5000.00 toward Kolbie’s attorney fee
obligation. The court reasoned “Kolbie [was] the prevailing party as to essentially
every contested issue herein” and she “incurred attorney fees in the amount of
$10,618 in defending this modification action.” The court did not abuse its
discretion in reaching this conclusion. See In re Marriage of Francis, 442 N.W.2d
59, 67 (Iowa 1989).
IV. Appellate Attorney Fees
Kolbie seeks an award of $5580 in appellate attorney fees. Although she
was obligated to defend the appeal, we decline her request in light of the parties’
similar annual incomes. See In re Marriage of Berning, 745 N.W.2d 90, 94 (Iowa
Ct. App. 2007).
AFFIRMED.