IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA
No. 20-1535 Filed June 16, 2021
IN RE THE MARRIAGE OF MIKAELA RENE FLICK AND JASON THOMAS FLICK
Upon the Petition of MIKAELA RENE FLICK, n/k/a MIKAELA RENE COLGLAZIER, Petitioner-Appellee,
And Concerning JASON THOMAS FLICK, Respondent-Appellant. ________________________________________________________________
Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Harrison County, Jeffrey L. Larson,
Judge.
Jason Flick appeals the district court order granting his former spouse
Mikaela Flick’s petition to modify the terms of their marriage dissolution decree and
denying his own. AFFIRMED IN PART, AFFIRMED AS MODIFIED IN PART,
REVERSED IN PART, AND REMANDED.
Stephen Babe of Cordell Law, LLP, Des Moines, for appellant.
Krisanne C. Weimer of Weimer Law, P.C., Council Bluffs, for appellee.
Considered by Vaitheswaran, P.J., Ahlers, J., and Vogel, S.J.*
*Senior judge assigned by order pursuant to Iowa Code section 602.9206
(2021). 2
AHLERS, Judge.
In this dissolution-of-marriage modification action, the parents ask us to
resolve a number of issues that have arisen as they try to navigate the waters of a
joint-physical-care arrangement with their child. The waters are made more
turbulent by the distance between the parties. Due to the terms of the parties’
initial stipulation, coupled with the limitations imposed by the parties’ pleadings and
the evidence, we are unable to chart the parties’ entire course, but, like the district
court, we will do our best.
The parties divorced in February 2018. They have one child together, who
was born in 2016. In relevant part, the decree dissolving the marriage awarded
the parties joint legal custody and joint physical care of the child and established
a parenting-time schedule. The decree further specified that the child would attend
one of two daycares proposed by the father in Omaha, Nebraska, and granted
both parties a right of first refusal to have the child when the other party cannot
care for the child during the other parent’s scheduled time.
The mother filed a petition for modification in February 2020. She requested
changes to the parenting-time schedule, daycare provisions, and right-of-first-
refusal provisions, but she sought to maintain the joint-physical-care arrangement.
Additionally, she requested the court make a determination of what school the child
will attend, as she and the father, as joint legal custodians, had reached an
impasse on that issue. In his answer to the petition, the husband counterclaimed,
seeking to replace the joint-physical-care provisions with provisions awarding him
physical care and requiring the mother to pay child support. 3
The case went to trial in August 2020. The district court concluded a
material change in circumstances had occurred that warranted changing the
parenting-time schedule, but not one that justified modifying physical care. Based
on this conclusion, the court changed the parenting-time schedule from one that
involved multiple exchanges per week to a schedule pursuant to which each party
would have the child for alternating seven-day periods (i.e., a week-on, week-off
schedule).
The court further concluded that it was not in a position to determine which
school and which daycare the child should attend. Instead, the court concluded
the mother should determine which school the child should attend and each party
should choose the daycare the child attends while the child is in that parent’s care.
Finally, the court removed the right-of-first-refusal provision and terminated the
father’s child support obligation.
The father appeals. While the mother did not cross-appeal, she does seek
appellate attorney fees, as does the father.
I. Standard of Review
Actions seeking to modify the physical care provisions of a dissolution of
marriage decree lie in equity, so we review the district court’s decision de novo. In
re Marriage of Harris, 877 N.W.2d 434, 440 (Iowa 2016). Although we give weight
to the district court’s factual findings in dissolution of marriage modification
proceedings, we are not bound by them. In re Marriage of Mihm, 842 N.W.2d 378,
381 (Iowa 2014). Even though our review of a modification action is de novo, there
is deference to the district court in that we will affirm the district court unless the
district court failed to do substantial equity. See Ryan v. Wright, No. 17-1375, 2018 4
WL 2246882, at *2 (Iowa Ct. App. May 16, 2018) (citing In re Marriage of Mauer,
874 N.W.2d 103, 106 (Iowa 2016)). The child’s best interest is the “controlling
consideration.” In re Marriage of Hoffman, 867 N.W.2d 26, 32 (Iowa 2015).
II. Discussion
We will address each of the issues raised by the father, starting with his
counterclaim seeking physical care of the child in place of the joint-physical-care
arrangement.
A. Counterclaim Seeking Physical Care
When a parent with shared physical care seeks to modify the decree to
place the child in that parent’s physical care, we apply well-established principles:
Courts can modify the custody and care provisions of a dissolution decree only when there has been “a substantial change in circumstances since the time of the decree, not contemplated by the court when the decree was entered, which was more or less permanent, and relates to the welfare of the child.” Melchiori v. Kooi, 644 N.W.2d 365, 368 (Iowa Ct. App. 2002). The parent seeking to change the physical care provision has a heavy burden and must show the ability to offer superior care. Id. Where there is an existing order for joint physical care, both parents have been found to be suitable primary care parents. Id. at 369. If it is determined the joint physical care agreement needs to be modified, the physical care provider should be the parent “who can administer most effectively to the long-term best interests of the children and place them in an environment that will foster healthy physical and emotional lives.” In re Marriage of Walton, 577 N.W.2d 869, 871 (Iowa Ct. App. 1998).
In re Marriage of Berns, No. 13-0013, 2013 WL 4009678, at *2 (Iowa Ct. App.
Aug. 7, 2013).
The father makes a number of allegations that he asserts constitute a
change in circumstances warranting his requested change in the physical-care
provisions. However, he does not explain persuasively how his allegations show
a material change in circumstance warranting a change of physical care, nor has 5
he demonstrated the superior ability to parent necessary to place physical care of
the child with him.
1. Substantial Change in Circumstances
Starting with the claimed change of circumstances, two apparent changes
in circumstances that have occurred since the entry of the decree are the father’s
move from Papillion, Nebraska, to the Millard neighborhood of Omaha, Nebraska,
and his change of jobs from working at a car dealership to working as a self-
employed mortgage loan officer. However, neither of these changes warrant
modifying the physical care provision of the dissolution decree. If anything, both
changes make the current custody arrangement more convenient for the parties
and the child, as the move to Omaha moved the father closer to the mother, making
the process of exchanging the child more convenient, and the father’s new position
gives him a more flexible work schedule.
The father asserts a change of circumstances based on the exercise of the
right-of-first-refusal provision in the original decree. Due to the exercise of that
right offered by the mother and accepted by the father, the father, by his
calculation, has had the child 55.29% of the time since the original decree was
entered. Even if we accepted the father’s figure, a 55/45 split of time still
constitutes shared physical care in this case where both parents provide a home
and are involved in providing day-to-day care of the child. See In re Marriage of
Brown, 778 N.W.2d 47, 51 (Iowa Ct. App. 2009) (holding exactly equal time is not
required, as “joint physical care ‘does not require that the residential arrangements
be determined with mathematical precision’” (quoting In re Seay, 746 N.W.2d 833,
836 (Iowa 2008))). Furthermore, the fact the parties were granted a right of first 6
refusal anticipated the right would be exercised, so the fact it was exercised to a
reasonable extent was within the contemplation of the parties and the court when
the original decree was entered and does not constitute a change of circumstances
justifying the father’s requested modification.
The father also suggests that a breakdown of communication between the
parents and the mother’s disparaging remarks to the father constitute changes in
circumstances warranting his requested modification. Of course, discord between
the parents can have a disruptive effect on a child’s life and can form a basis for
abandoning a joint-physical-care arrangement in favor of physical care being
placed with only one of the parents. See, e.g., Harris, 877 N.W.2d at 441.
However, as a preliminary observation, we reject the father’s implication that
disparaging comments and discord was a one-way street flowing from the mother,
as the record shows the father to be a perpetrator of such undesirable conduct to
an even greater degree than that of the mother. While both parents could
substantially improve the situation and their child’s life by avoiding such conduct,
we note the parents have been able to effectively co-parent in spite of this conduct.
We do not find the discord rises to the level to require the jettison of joint physical
care.
In short, the father has not met his burden to show a substantial change in
circumstances that would warrant modification of the decree to place physical care
of the child with him rather than continuing the joint-physical-care arrangement.
2. Providing Superior Care
Even if we assumed there was a material change warranting a change in
the physical-care arrangement, the father has not met his “heavy burden” to show 7
he is better able to provide for the child. The father attempts to meet his burden
by making primarily four claims: (1) the mother “relied heavily on daycare” when
the child was in her care; (2) he had the child roughly fifty-five percent of the time
since the original decree was entered; (3) the mother did not research the
differences between school districts to the extent that he had; and (4) the mother
has an alcohol-abuse problem.
As to the first two claims, we note that the mother placing the child in
daycare while she is at work and the father having the child slightly more than half
the time since the dissolution do not indicate that he is the superior parent. As
previously noted, the extra days the father had the child were the result of him
exercising his right of first refusal during times when the mother could not care for
the child during her scheduled time. The record indicates these days occurred
irregularly, with the father having the child up to seven extra days some months
and no extra days other months. At most, this indicates the mother has a more
restrictive schedule than the father, not that the father is the better parent. As for
the daycare argument, we agree with the district court and similarly do not believe
the mother’s placement of the child in daycare more frequently than the father
indicates the father is the superior parent. When the mother is not working from
home due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the mother’s job requires her to be away
from home and unable to take care of the child during the day. We do not believe
the fact she works during the typical workday reflects negatively on her ability to
parent.
As for the school-related argument, we do not fault the father for
researching different schools and presenting evidence of details about the schools 8
he found important. However, those efforts do not persuade us he is the superior
parent. The mother took the initiative to look into starting schooling for the child,
which the father initially resisted because the time was not “ripe.” We find both
parents have taken an appropriate interest in procuring educational opportunities
for the child.
As for the father’s claims about the mother’s alcohol abuse, we conclude
this claim is largely unsubstantiated. The father suggests he is the superior parent
because the mother “was less than forthright about her OWI (and drinking habits).”
He further points to testimony from the mother’s mother that the mother’s parents
are “moderate drinkers.” We are not persuaded by this evidence. The father does
not link the evidence of the mother’s parents’ drinking habits to the mother’s
parenting, nor does he explain how the mother’s parents being “moderate drinkers”
indicates, as he suggests, that the mother irresponsibly leaves the child in her
parents’ care.
3. Conclusion Regarding Counterclaim
Ultimately, we agree with the district court and conclude the father has not
met his burden either to show a substantial change in circumstance has occurred
or that he is the superior parent. The district court did not fail to do equity by
refusing to modify the physical-care provision of the dissolution decree. Therefore,
we affirm the district court’s denial of the father’s counterclaim seeking physical
care of the child.
B. Parenting-time schedule
The father next argues the mother did not meet her burden of showing a
change of circumstances so as to justify changing the parenting-time schedule 9
established in the original decree. The hurdle the petitioning party must clear to
be able to modify the parenting-time schedule in a joint-physical-care arrangement
is the same as that of a petitioning party seeking to modify visitation. See Brown,
778 N.W.2d at 52–53. That hurdle is lower than the one that must be cleared in
order to change physical care, as “[a] different, less demanding burden applies
when a parent is seeking to change a visitation provision in a dissolution decree.”
See id. at 51. To clear that hurdle, the mother must show “that there has been a
material change in circumstances since the decree and that the requested change
in [parenting time] is in the best interests of the child[ ].” Id. at 51–52 (quoting In
re Marriage of Salmon, 519 N.W.2d 94, 95–96 (Iowa Ct. App. 1994)). In general,
a “much less extensive change in circumstances” must be shown to modify a
parenting-time schedule than the change in circumstances required to change
physical care. Id. at 51 (quoting Salmon, 519 N.W.2d at 96). We find the mother
has cleared the comparatively low hurdle to allow modification of the parenting-
time schedule.
The original parenting-time schedule placed the child with the father from
Sunday morning until Monday morning and then from Tuesday night until Thursday
morning, with the mother having the child the rest of the week. The evidence
convinces us this schedule, which involves multiple exchanges per week, was
implemented to accommodate the father’s work schedule at the time of the entry
of the original decree. Since entry of the original decree, however, the father has
changed jobs and now has much greater flexibility in his work schedule. As a
result of that flexibility, multiple exchanges are no longer needed to enable the
father to spend time with the child. This change in the father’s work flexibility is a 10
material and substantial change that was not contemplated by the parties or the
court at the time the original decree was entered and is sufficient in itself to justify
changing the parenting-time schedule. However, there is more. The record shows
the parents generally have difficulty communicating politely and cooperatively.
The tone of the text messages between the two is often strained and combative,
and both parents call the other names. The district court’s modification to a week-
to-week parenting-time schedule reduces the number of required exchanges and
thus reduces the parents’ need to have contact with one another. The modified
schedule also gives the father more time with the child and is more stable for the
child by keeping him with the same parent for a week at a time. For these reasons,
we agree with the district court and determine modifying the parenting-time
schedule to a week-on, week-off format is in the child’s best interest.
C. Right of First Refusal
The district court removed the right of first refusal for both parties. At the
district court, the mother argued the father interpreted the right-of-first-refusal
provision too literally and required the mother to notify him even when sending the
child to stay with a relative or at a sleep-over with friends. She requested that the
provision be modified to make clear she need not offer to give the child to the father
on such occasions.
We agree that modifying the right of first refusal in this case is appropriate
for the reasons previously discussed regarding the parties’ strained
communication, and the mother’s request to be able to allow the child to have
sleep-overs with friends or relatives is reasonable. However, we disagree with the
district court’s decision to strike the right of first refusal entirely, in part because the 11
mother did not request total rescission of the provision. Instead, we reinstate the
right of first refusal, but modify its provisions in an effort to eliminate the concerns
noted. Accordingly, the right-of-first-refusal provision in the original decree is
hereby stricken. It is replaced with the following:
In the event the parent exercising parenting time with the child intends to place the child in the care of a third party for a period in excess of twenty-four (24) hours, that parent shall notify the other parent and offer the other parent the option to care for the child. If the other parent accepts the offer, then the child shall be cared for by the other parent rather than placed in the care of the third party. If the other parent declines the offer, then the offering parent is free to place the child in the care of the third party.
D. School Choice
Next we consider the father’s arguments related to the district court’s
school-choice ruling. The district concluded that it could not decide which school
district the child should attend and instead decided to resolve the parties’ impasse
on that decision by giving the mother the authority to decide which school the child
attends. While we recognize the difficulty in making such a decision, the district
court was required to make it, rather than delegating that authority and
responsibility to one of the parties.
The parents have joint legal custody of the child. As joint legal custodians,
neither parent has legal custody rights superior to the other parent and each parent
has the right and responsibility to equally participate in decisions affecting the
child’s “legal status, medical care, education, extracurricular activities, and
religious instruction.” Iowa Code § 598.1(3) (2020). When, as here, the joint legal
custodians of a child have a genuine disagreement over one of the five areas
affecting the child listed in section 598.1(3), the court “must step in as an objective 12
arbiter, and decide the dispute by considering what is in the best interest of the
child.” See Harder v. Anderson, Arnold, Dickey, Jensen, Gullickson & Sanger,
L.L.P., 764 N.W.2d 534, 538 (Iowa 2009) (addressing a parent’s access to a child’s
medical records); see also In re Marriage of Comstock, No. 20-1205, 2021 WL
1016601, at *2 (Iowa Ct. App. Mar. 17, 2021) (reversing the district court for
delegating decision-making authority as to which school the child should attend to
a parent and remanding for the district court to make the determination for the
parties); In re Marriage of Laird, No. 11-1434, 2012 WL 1449625, at *2–3 (Iowa Ct.
App. Apr. 25, 2012) (affirming the procedure of having the district court resolve the
conflict between joint custodial parents as to which school the child should attend).
By not resolving the dispute between the parties and choosing to delegate the
responsibility for making the school decision to one of the parties, the district court
neglected to fulfil its role as “objective arbiter,” and remand is necessary to allow
the district court to make a determination. See Harder, 764 N.W.2d at 538. In
making that determination on remand, we caution that the overarching
consideration is the best interest of the child, which does not necessarily hinge on
perceived comparable merits of the schools at issue. See Hoffman, 867 N.W.2d
at 35–36 (highlighting the limitations inherent in comparing school data and noting
the difference, if any, between the quality of two schools may not be material in
making decisions concerning a child’s best interests in a physical-care modification
action).
E. Daycare Choice
As for the daycare decision, the district court concluded each parent should
decide which daycare the child will attend when the child is in that parent’s care 13
and each parent must inform the other parent of which daycare the parent is
utilizing for the child. We agree that this is the most equitable result and is in the
child’s best interest, and we therefore affirm the district court on this issue.
F. Appellate Attorney Fees
Finally, both parties request appellate attorney fees and have submitted fee
affidavits in support of their claims. Appellate attorney fees in a dissolution of
marriage modification proceeding “are not a matter of right, but rather rest in this
court’s discretion.” In re Marriage of Okland, 699 N.W.2d 260, 270 (Iowa 2005).
The factors we consider include “the needs of the party seeking the award, the
ability of the other party to pay, and relative merits of the appeal.” Id. Having
considered those factors, including the mixed results for both parties, we decline
to award appellate attorney fees to either party. Each party shall be responsible
for that party’s own attorney fees, but shall not be obligated to pay any amount of
the other party’s appellate attorney fees.
III. Conclusion
We affirm the denial of the father’s counterclaim seeking physical care of
the child and thus leave the joint-physical-care arrangement intact. We also affirm
the district court’s modification of the parenting-time schedule to provide for
alternating one-week periods with the child and the decision to permit each parent
to choose the daycare provider for the child when the child is in that parent’s care.
We affirm the district court’s decision to change the right-of-first-refusal
provisions of the original decree, but disagree with the decision to eliminate the
right of first refusal altogether. Instead, we modify the provision as provided in this
opinion. 14
We reverse the district court’s decision to delegate school-choosing
authority to the mother and remand to the district court to make that decision for
the parties.
Costs are assessed eighty percent to the father and twenty percent to the
mother.
AFFIRMED IN PART, AFFIRMED AS MODIFIED IN PART, REVERSED
IN PART, AND REMANDED.