IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA
No. 13-1545 Filed May 29, 2014
IN RE THE MARRIAGE OF DENNIS DORMAN AND JAKELINE DORMAN
Upon the Petition of DENNIS DORMAN, Petitioner-Appellant,
And Concerning JAKELINE DORMAN, Respondent-Appellee. ________________________________________________________________
Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Polk County, Carla T. Schemmel,
Judge.
Dennis Dorman appeals the district court’s denial of his application to
modify visitation and application for rule to show cause. AFFIRMED.
Eric Borseth and Judy Johnson of Borseth Law Office, Altoona, for
appellant.
Elizabeth Kellner-Nelson of Kellner-Nelson Law Firm, P.C., West Des
Moines, for appellee.
Considered by Vogel, P.J., and Doyle and Mullins, JJ. 2
VOGEL, P.J.
Dennis Dorman appeals the district court’s denial of his application to
modify visitation and application for rule to show cause. Dennis alleges the
district court abused its discretion in denying his request to hold his former wife,
Jakeline Dorman, in contempt, and that it used an incorrect legal standard when
concluding a substantial change in circumstances was not shown such that the
visitation schedule should be modified. Both Dennis and Jakeline request the
award of appellate attorney fees. The district court described both parties’
behavior as “hostile and uncooperative.” We agree, and therefore conclude the
court did not abuse its discretion in denying Dennis’s application for rule to show
cause, as well as properly concluded no material change in circumstances
occurred warranting modification of the visitation schedule. Consequently, we
affirm. We also decline to award appellate attorney fees to either party.
I. Factual and Procedural Background
Dennis and Jakeline were married in 2004 and have twin daughters, born
in 2005. In February of 2007 the marriage was dissolved. After a hearing, the
decretal court awarded the parties joint legal custody and granted Jakeline
physical care subject to Dennis’s visitation rights. On Jakeline’s appeal, our
court modified Dennis’s visitation schedule, but affirmed the decree in all other
respects. In October 2007, Jakeline moved from Polk County to North Liberty,
Iowa, and the dissolution decree was modified pursuant to the agreement of the
parties. The modification order granted Dennis visitation every other weekend
from Thursday at 7:00 p.m. until Sunday at 5:00 p.m. until the children began
kindergarten, at which point Dennis would have the children every other weekend 3
from Friday at noon, or whenever his workday ends, until Sunday at 5:00 p.m.
The holiday visitation schedule was also modified.
Throughout the pendency of these proceedings, the record is replete with
evidence as to how the parties have demonstrated a lack of communication and
distaste for each other. Visitation exchanges have been difficult, though neither
party claims the other has interfered with their court-ordered visitation.
Unpleasant text messages have been exchanged. However, the district court did
note that the parties’ “despicable” behavior toward each other has been “primarily
kept . . . away from the children.”
As a result of the parties’ inability to get along, on August 13, 2013,
Dennis filed an application to modify the decree, requesting the visitation
schedule be modified. While the application to modify was pending, Dennis filed
an application for rule to show cause, which included fifty-seven counts of
contempt. The application alleged Jakeline refused Dennis’s requests for
additional visitation, failed to notify Dennis of the children’s medical appointments
and extracurricular activities, and interfered with Dennis’s relationship with the
children.1 On May 8, 2013, Dennis amended the application, adding seven more
counts of contempt. Jakeline filed an application for rule to show cause as well,
alleging Dennis called her bad names, failed to notify her of the children’s
extracurricular activities, failed to notify her of the children’s injuries and
accidents, and failed to provide dental coverage.
1 This is Dennis’s second application for rule to show cause. In October 2008, Dennis requested Jakeline be held in contempt for failing to notify Dennis of medical appointments and for failing to provide him with her address. The court granted Dennis’s application and held Jakeline in contempt. 4
A hearing was held on June 12 and 13, 2013, on both applications for rule
to show cause and Dennis’s application to modify. On September 10, 2013, the
court issued a ruling denying the application to modify as well as both parties’
contempt actions, holding there was no material change in circumstances
warranting modification. The court further found neither party had carried their
burden of showing the other had engaged in a willful violation of a court order.
Dennis appeals, asserting the district court abused its discretion in denying the
contempt action and applied the wrong standard of proof when denying his
application to modify visitation.
II. Contempt Action
We review the district court’s refusal to hold a party in contempt for an
abuse of discretion, “and unless this discretion is grossly abused, the [district
court’s] decision must stand.” In re Marriage of Swan, 526 N.W.2d 320, 327
(Iowa 1995) (internal citation omitted). The party requesting that another party
be held in contempt has the burden of proving the contemnor had the duty to
obey a court order but willfully failed to perform that duty. Christensen v. Iowa
Dist. Ct., 578 N.W.2d 675, 678 (Iowa 1998). Once a violation of a court order
has been shown, the burden shifts to the contemnor to produce evidence
demonstrating the violation was not willful. Id.
In denying the contempt action, the district court stated:
At trial, both parties introduced evidence of text messages they alleged substantiated their claims, but also showing instances in which the parties were able to cooperate in at least working out scheduling issues. The court found both parties’ testimony less than credible at trial, particularly when they were testifying about each other. They both have continued to demonstrate the lack of respect they have for each other and their almost total inability to 5
work together to parent their children. Both parties are responsible for their own behavior which has lead to their dysfunctional relationship, but the court in unable to fault one party more than the other for the resulting consequences of this behavior. .... In this case the court finds that both parties have behaved despicably to the other, although they have primarily kept these acts away from the children. The court, however, cannot find that Dennis or Jakeline has proven beyond a reasonable doubt that the other has willfully failed to abide by a court order, or that she or he did so for a bad or evil purpose. It is unfortunate that neither party is living up to the expectations of mutual parenting contemplated by joint legal custody as set out in their Decree, but there is insufficient evidence in this case for the court to hold either party in contempt
As an initial matter, we defer to the credibility determinations of the district
court.
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IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA
No. 13-1545 Filed May 29, 2014
IN RE THE MARRIAGE OF DENNIS DORMAN AND JAKELINE DORMAN
Upon the Petition of DENNIS DORMAN, Petitioner-Appellant,
And Concerning JAKELINE DORMAN, Respondent-Appellee. ________________________________________________________________
Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Polk County, Carla T. Schemmel,
Judge.
Dennis Dorman appeals the district court’s denial of his application to
modify visitation and application for rule to show cause. AFFIRMED.
Eric Borseth and Judy Johnson of Borseth Law Office, Altoona, for
appellant.
Elizabeth Kellner-Nelson of Kellner-Nelson Law Firm, P.C., West Des
Moines, for appellee.
Considered by Vogel, P.J., and Doyle and Mullins, JJ. 2
VOGEL, P.J.
Dennis Dorman appeals the district court’s denial of his application to
modify visitation and application for rule to show cause. Dennis alleges the
district court abused its discretion in denying his request to hold his former wife,
Jakeline Dorman, in contempt, and that it used an incorrect legal standard when
concluding a substantial change in circumstances was not shown such that the
visitation schedule should be modified. Both Dennis and Jakeline request the
award of appellate attorney fees. The district court described both parties’
behavior as “hostile and uncooperative.” We agree, and therefore conclude the
court did not abuse its discretion in denying Dennis’s application for rule to show
cause, as well as properly concluded no material change in circumstances
occurred warranting modification of the visitation schedule. Consequently, we
affirm. We also decline to award appellate attorney fees to either party.
I. Factual and Procedural Background
Dennis and Jakeline were married in 2004 and have twin daughters, born
in 2005. In February of 2007 the marriage was dissolved. After a hearing, the
decretal court awarded the parties joint legal custody and granted Jakeline
physical care subject to Dennis’s visitation rights. On Jakeline’s appeal, our
court modified Dennis’s visitation schedule, but affirmed the decree in all other
respects. In October 2007, Jakeline moved from Polk County to North Liberty,
Iowa, and the dissolution decree was modified pursuant to the agreement of the
parties. The modification order granted Dennis visitation every other weekend
from Thursday at 7:00 p.m. until Sunday at 5:00 p.m. until the children began
kindergarten, at which point Dennis would have the children every other weekend 3
from Friday at noon, or whenever his workday ends, until Sunday at 5:00 p.m.
The holiday visitation schedule was also modified.
Throughout the pendency of these proceedings, the record is replete with
evidence as to how the parties have demonstrated a lack of communication and
distaste for each other. Visitation exchanges have been difficult, though neither
party claims the other has interfered with their court-ordered visitation.
Unpleasant text messages have been exchanged. However, the district court did
note that the parties’ “despicable” behavior toward each other has been “primarily
kept . . . away from the children.”
As a result of the parties’ inability to get along, on August 13, 2013,
Dennis filed an application to modify the decree, requesting the visitation
schedule be modified. While the application to modify was pending, Dennis filed
an application for rule to show cause, which included fifty-seven counts of
contempt. The application alleged Jakeline refused Dennis’s requests for
additional visitation, failed to notify Dennis of the children’s medical appointments
and extracurricular activities, and interfered with Dennis’s relationship with the
children.1 On May 8, 2013, Dennis amended the application, adding seven more
counts of contempt. Jakeline filed an application for rule to show cause as well,
alleging Dennis called her bad names, failed to notify her of the children’s
extracurricular activities, failed to notify her of the children’s injuries and
accidents, and failed to provide dental coverage.
1 This is Dennis’s second application for rule to show cause. In October 2008, Dennis requested Jakeline be held in contempt for failing to notify Dennis of medical appointments and for failing to provide him with her address. The court granted Dennis’s application and held Jakeline in contempt. 4
A hearing was held on June 12 and 13, 2013, on both applications for rule
to show cause and Dennis’s application to modify. On September 10, 2013, the
court issued a ruling denying the application to modify as well as both parties’
contempt actions, holding there was no material change in circumstances
warranting modification. The court further found neither party had carried their
burden of showing the other had engaged in a willful violation of a court order.
Dennis appeals, asserting the district court abused its discretion in denying the
contempt action and applied the wrong standard of proof when denying his
application to modify visitation.
II. Contempt Action
We review the district court’s refusal to hold a party in contempt for an
abuse of discretion, “and unless this discretion is grossly abused, the [district
court’s] decision must stand.” In re Marriage of Swan, 526 N.W.2d 320, 327
(Iowa 1995) (internal citation omitted). The party requesting that another party
be held in contempt has the burden of proving the contemnor had the duty to
obey a court order but willfully failed to perform that duty. Christensen v. Iowa
Dist. Ct., 578 N.W.2d 675, 678 (Iowa 1998). Once a violation of a court order
has been shown, the burden shifts to the contemnor to produce evidence
demonstrating the violation was not willful. Id.
In denying the contempt action, the district court stated:
At trial, both parties introduced evidence of text messages they alleged substantiated their claims, but also showing instances in which the parties were able to cooperate in at least working out scheduling issues. The court found both parties’ testimony less than credible at trial, particularly when they were testifying about each other. They both have continued to demonstrate the lack of respect they have for each other and their almost total inability to 5
work together to parent their children. Both parties are responsible for their own behavior which has lead to their dysfunctional relationship, but the court in unable to fault one party more than the other for the resulting consequences of this behavior. .... In this case the court finds that both parties have behaved despicably to the other, although they have primarily kept these acts away from the children. The court, however, cannot find that Dennis or Jakeline has proven beyond a reasonable doubt that the other has willfully failed to abide by a court order, or that she or he did so for a bad or evil purpose. It is unfortunate that neither party is living up to the expectations of mutual parenting contemplated by joint legal custody as set out in their Decree, but there is insufficient evidence in this case for the court to hold either party in contempt
As an initial matter, we defer to the credibility determinations of the district
court. See In re Marriage of Fennelly, 737 N.W.2d 97, 101 (Iowa 2007).
Moreover, upon review of the record, we agree with the court Dennis failed to
carry his burden of proof. Each party is at fault for creating such a hostile
environment and putting their own disputes ahead of doing what is best for the
children. We find no abuse of discretion in the district court’s decision, and
consequently, we affirm the order denying Dennis’s contempt action.
III. Application to Modify Visitation
We review the ruling on an application to modify de novo. In re Marriage
of Brown, 778 N.W.2d 47, 51 (Iowa Ct. App. 2009). To succeed on an
application to modify visitation, the movant must establish by a preponderance of
the evidence there has been a material change in circumstances since the entry
of the original decree and that a change in the visitation schedule is in the
children’s best interest. Id. at 51–52. However, compared to custody
modification proceedings, this is a much less demanding burden of proof. Id. at
51. 6
Though the district court cited cases relating to the modification of custody
arrangements, on our de novo review, we nonetheless conclude Dennis failed to
show a material change in circumstances occurred such that the visitation
schedule should be modified. When the parties have continuously had an
extremely strained relationship, the fact the parties continue to experience
difficulty with each other does not amount to a material change in circumstances.
See generally Donovan v. Donovan, 212 N.W.2d 451, 453 (Iowa 1985) (noting
that, to warrant a modification of the visitation schedule, there must be a material
change in circumstances since entry of the original decree).2 Here, the parties’
relationship has remained consistently strained since they divorced. Their
behavior toward each other has not deteriorated significantly; rather, it has simply
remained hostile. As the district court noted, “[t]his is not a substantially changed
circumstance, but rather a tragic but continuing circumstance, and as such it
does not warrant modification of the Decree.”
Moreover, it does not appear to be in the best interests of the children to
modify the visitation schedule. Both parties testified the girls are well-adjusted,
happy, and energetic. The children were seeing a counselor beginning in 2010,
but according to the parties’ testimony, the children have not needed to see the
counselor “for quite some time.” Furthermore, the district court noted the parties’
behavior toward each other has been “primarily kept . . . away from the children.”
Consequently, we conclude Dennis did not carry his burden of proof showing
2 Dennis relies on an unpublished case from this court to compare degrees of noncompliance with visitation. However, we review the facts germane to each case, and while an unpublished case may be persuasive, it is not controlling legal authority. See Iowa R. App. P. 6.904(2)(c). 7
there has been a material change in circumstances and that modification of the
visitation schedule is in the children’s best interest. We therefore affirm the
district court’s denial of his application to modify.
IV. Appellate Attorney Fees
Both parties request the award of appellate attorney fees. Appellate
attorney fees are not a matter of right but rest within our discretion. In re
Marriage of Kurtt, 561 N.W.2d 385, 389 (Iowa Ct. App. 1997). “In determining
whether to award appellate attorney fees, we consider the needs of the party
making the request, the ability of the other party to pay, and whether the party
making the request was obligated to defend the decision of the trial court on
appeal.” Id. Upon consideration of these factors, and in light of the financial
circumstances of both parties, we decline to award appellate attorney fees to
either party.
Costs of this appeal assessed one-half to each party.
AFFIRMED.