FILED
MARCH 13,2014
In the Office of the Clerk of Court
W A State Court of Appeals, Division III
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON
DIVISION THREE
In re the Marriage of: ) ) No. 31320-4-111 BRIAN DALE HAMOND ) ) Appellant, ) ) and ) UNPUBLISHED OPINION ) PATRICIA CAROL ABRAMS )
HAMOND, )
)
Respondent. )
FEARING, J. - In this divorce action, Brian Hamond (Hamond) appeals the trial
court's characterization of his Law Enforcement Officers' and Fire Fighters' (LEOFF)
Retirement plan as entirely community property and the trial court's division of the plan
benefits equally. Hamond argues that a portion of his LEOFF plan represents the amount
of Social Security he would otherwise receive. He labels this portion "in-lieu-of Social
Security." Hamond argues that the court should deduct an "in-lieu-of" amount as his
own separate property prior to dividing his LEOFF plan equally, since he, in tum, is not
entitled to any portion of his wife Patricia Abrams-Hamond's (Abrams) Social Security
payments. Hamond also argues on appeal that the trial court should have, but failed to
use the "time rule" method in determining what portion ofthis LEOFF plan benefits No. 3l320-4-1I1 Marriage ofHamond
should be available to his wife. We affirm the trial court.
FACTS
Brian Hamond and Patricia Abrams-Hamond married on July 20, 1985. The
parties separated on March 17,2011, and on June l3, 2011, Hamond petitioned for
dissolution of the marriage. Hamond was 52 years old, and Abrams was 50, upon the
divorce filing.
Hamond and Abrams agreed to the division of their property, except their
retirement accounts. To resolve this issue, Hamond and Abrams agreed to a trial by
declarations, without oral argument or oral testimony.
Upon separation, the parties held five retirement accounts. Abrams had three
retirement accounts: a defined benefit plan, a Teachers Retirement System (TERS) III
plan, and a Spokesman Review plan. Hamond had two retirement accounts: a deferred
compensation plan and his LEOFF plan. Both parties asked the court to award Abrams
her defined benefit plan and Hamond his deferred compensation plan, noting the parity in
value at just over $50,000. Both parties also asked the court to divide Abrams' TERS III
and Spokesman Review plans equally. The parties disagreed as to how to divide
Hamond's LEOFF plan.
Hamond asserts that his LEOFF plan has rendered Hamond ineligible for federal
Social Security benefits. Hamond argues that, because Abrams will receive Social
Security benefits no matter what she receives in retirement benefits and he cannot do so
No. 31320-4-III Marriage ofHamond
because of the nature of the LEOFF plan, refusing to separate the portion of his LEOFF
I retirement which equates to Social Security benefits leaves him disadvantaged. Abrams
I argues that she cannot be assured of any Social Security payments when she reaches
retirement age. Abrams asked the trial court to divide Hamond's LEOFF plan equally
j without first deducting an "in-lieu-of' amount. No party suggested to the trial court that
it apply the time rule method for calculating a distribution of benefits.
Hamond presented the trial court no calculation of the amount of Social Security
benefits he would receive ifhe was not ineligible. He attached to his affidavit a letter
from Brian Gosline, in which Gosline calculated the total present value of anticipated
Social Security benefits for Abrams as $135,160.64. Hamond stated that Gosline could
later perform a calculation to determine the amount of his LEOFF pension representative
of Social Security benefits he would otherwise receive. He proposed that the trial court
make its ruling and Gosline perform his calculation thereafter.
The affidavit of Brian Hamond does not list any qualifications for Brian Gosline to
calculate the value of pensions or Social Security benefits. Brian Gosline's letterhead
identifies him as an attorney and counselor at law, not as a retirement benefits expert.
The content of his letter discloses none of his background or qualifications. In a motion
for reconsideration, Hamond asked that the court deduct from his LEOFF account, before
dividing the account equally, the amount Abrams will receive in Social Security benefits
rather than the amount he would receive if eligible.
3 No. 31320-4-III Marriage 0/Hamond
TRIAL COURT RULING
After reviewing the declarations from both Hamond and Abrams, the trial court
ruled:
The parties have various retirement plans and accounts, including a deferred compensation plan, a LEOFF plan, a TERS III plan, a defined benefit plan and a Spokesman Review retirement plan before the Court for division in this dissolution. Here the Court would direct that the Respondent wife be awarded in total her defined benefit plan and that the Petitioner husband be awarded in total his deferred compensation account. The balance of retirement accounts (LEOFF plan, TERS III plan, Spokesman Review retirement plan) are entirely community and shall be divided equally between Petitioner and Respondent.
Clerk's Papers (CP) at l35 (emphasis added). The trial court thus declared that
Hamond's LEOFF plan was divisible community property.
LAW AND ANALYSIS
In Lieu of Social Security Benefits
Upon a marriage dissolution, all of the parties' property, separate and community,
is before the court for division. RCW 26.09.080; Stokes v. Polley, 145 Wn.2d 341,347,
37 P.3d 1211 (2001); Friedlander v. Friedlander, 80 Wn.2d 293,305,494 P.2d 208
(1972). At issue here are pension benefits. Whether or not they are available at the time
of dissolution, pension benefits, as deferred compensation, constitute property rights
subject to division by the court. In re Marriage o/Chavez, 80 Wn. App. 432, 436, 909
P.2d 314 (1996); In re Marriage o/Pea, 17 Wn. App. 728, 731,566 P.2d 212 (1977).
Before dividing property, the court must determine the correct character and status
No. 31320-4-111 Marriage 0/Hamond
of the property as community or separate. Baker v. Baker, 80 Wn.2d 736, 745, 498 P.2d
315 (1972); In re Marriage o/Hadley, 88 Wn.2d 649,656,565 P.2d 790 (1977); In re
Marriage o/DeHollander, 53 Wn. App. 695, 700, 770 P.2d 638 (1989). While the
character of property is not controlling, it is relevant to determine a just and equitable
distribution. Hadley, 88 Wn.2d at 656. Washington courts refrain from awarding
separate property of one spouse to the other if a just and equitable division is possible
without doing so. Stokes, 145 Wn.2d at 347. Thus, a trial court's determination of an
item of property as separate or community is an important first step in dividing the
property. A trial court's characterization of property as community or separate is
reviewed de novo by the appellate court. In re Marriage o/Chumbley, 150 Wn.2d 1, 5,
74 P.3d 129 (2003).
In Washington, assets acquired during marriage are presumed community
property. Dean v. Lehman, 143 Wn.2d 12, 19, 18 P.3d 523 (2001); Harry M. Cross, The
Community Property Law (Revised 1985),61 WASH. L. REv. 13,28 (1986); RCW
26.16.030. To rebut the presumption, a party must present clear and convincing evidence
that the acquisition fits within a separate property provision. Chumbley, 150 Wn.2d at 5;
Dean, 143 Wn.2d at 20; Cross, supra at 29.
Brian Hamond's appeal necessitates the consideration of the nature of Social
Security benefits and LEOFF benefits. Despite her pessimism to the contrary, Patricia
Abrams will receive Social Security payments upon the age of retirement. Hamond will
No. 31320-4-II1 Marriage ofHamond
not. Despite being a pension, a spouse's Social Security account is offlimits in a marital
dissolution. 42 U.S.C. § 407(a) (1998) of the Social Security Act forbids transfer or
reassignment of "[t]he right of any person to any future payment under this subchapter."
While the act permits reassignment of Social Security benefits to pay for alimony or child
support, it categorically excludes any similar payment obligation in conformity with a
community property settlement, equitable distribution of property, or other division
between spouses or former spouses. 42 U.S.C. § 659(i)(3)(B)(ii); In re Marriage of
Zahm, 138 Wn.2d 213,219,978 P.2d 498 (1999). Thus, Social Security benefits are not
subject to division in a marital property distribution case. Zahm, 138 Wn.2d at 219-20; In
re Marriage ofRockwell, 141 Wn. App. 235, 244, 170 PJd 572 (2007).
Federal statutes secure Social Security benefits as the separate indivisible property
of the spouse who earned them. Zahm, 138 Wn.2d at 220. This approach ensures that
the benefits intended for the beneficiary reach that party and that the benefits are
insulated from the occasionally unpredictable fortunes of legal dispute. Zahm, 138
Wn.2d at 220.
The trial court correctly characterized Patricia Abrams' Social Security account as
separate property. Brian Hamond wishes a portion of his LEOFF account to be depicted
as separate property, but the law demands otherwise. Retirement benefits are considered
deferred compensation for past services and thus are determined to be community
property to the extent earned during marriage. In re Marriage ofHarris, 107 Wn. App.
No. 31320-4-II1 Marriage 0/Hamond
597,602,27 P.3d 656 (2001); In re Marriage o/Knies, 96 Wn. App. 243, 251, 979 P.2d
482 (1999); In re Marriage o/Nuss, 65 Wn. App. 334, 343, 828 P.2d 627 (1992). The
trial court correctly characterized Hamond's LEOFF accrued pension as entirely
community property until the dissolution of the marriage.
Characterizing Patricia Abrams' Social Security account as separate property and
Brian Hamond's LEOFF account as community property does not end our analysis.
Although the trial court may not distribute any of Abrams' Social Security benefits to
Hamond, we still must address, as requested by Hamond, whether the trial court should
have considered, when distributing assets, the anomaly that Hamond will not receive
Social Security benefits in exchange for higher LEOFF payments.
Consistent with the objectives ofRCW 26.09.080, while a trial court may not
directly divide Social Security income in a divorce action, a trial court may still properly
consider a spouse's Social Security income within the more elastic parameters of the
court's power to formulate ajust and equitable division ofthe parties' marital property.
Zahm, 138 Wn.2d at 222; Rockwell, 141 Wn. App. at 245. Although Hamond wishes to
characterize a significant portion of his LEOFF account as separate property, we
recognize that the court could categorize the account entirely as community property yet
distribute the entire or a large percentage of the account to Hamond as part of an
equitable distribution, rather than dividing the LEOFF account in half as the trial court
did.
7 No. 31320-4-III Marriage ofHamond
Brian Hamond relies principally upon In re Marriage ofRockwell, 141 Wn. App.
235,240, 170 P.3d 572 (2007), for his argument that the trial court should have
considered his ineligibility for Social Security and refrain from dividing his LEOFF
account evenly. In Rockwell, this court affirmed the trial court's consideration, when
dividing property, of one party's ineligibility for Social Security. As the result of federal
employment, Carmen Rockwell participated in the federal Civil Service Retirement
System rendering her ineligible to participate in Social Security. Based upon expert
testimony, the trial court determined that Carmen lost $159,464 in Social Security
benefits because of her federal pension. The trial court "compensated" her for that
amount in its division ofproperty. The trial court noted Peter Rockwell's entitlement to
Social Security benefits and their potential to increase and Carmen's lack of Social
Security benefits due to her type of pension. The trial court concluded that it was fair and
equitable to divide the community property portion of the pension 60 percent to Carmen
and 40 percent to Peter.
On appeal, Peter Rockwell assigned error to the trial court's consideration of
Carmen's Social Security benefits. Relying on In re Marriage ofZahm, Peter argued that
the trial court could not value and consider Social Security benefits when distributing
assets. The Rockwell court of appeals agreed that the trial court could not calculate a
future value of those monies and award that value as a precise property offset as part of
its property distribution. Nevertheless, the possibility that one or both parties may
I
~ l
receive Social Security benefits is a factor the court may consider in making its
distribution of property. A trial court cannot properly evaluate the economic
circumstances of the spouses unless it also considers the amount of Social Security
benefits currently received. This court concluded that the trial court properly considered
and compensated for the Social Security benefits that Carmen would have received, but
for her federal pension.
Rockwell supports the argument that the trial court could have considered, when
dividing the couple's assets, Brian Hamond's lack of participation in Social Security.
Hamond's appeal, however, raises a different issue: must the trial court have deducted an
amount from Hamond's LEOFF pension before awarding Abrams one-half of the pension
balance?
Rockwell is factually analogous to the instant case, but Hamond misconstrues its
holding. Hamond construes Rockwell to require every trial court to consider and
compensate for each spouse's expected Social Security benefits in order to put her or him
on equal footing prior to dividing property in dissolution. Rockwell imposes no such
burden or uniformity upon Washington's trial courts. While the Rockwell court
concluded "that the trial court properly considered and compensated for the Social
Security benefits that Carmen would have received, but for her federal pension," that
conclusion only acknowledged a lack of error. Rockwell, 141 Wn. App. at 245.
To support his reading of Rockwell, Hamond cites case law from Pennsylvania and
Arizona-Rimel v. Rimel, 913 A.2d 289,292 (Pa. Super. 2006) and Kelly v. Kelly, 198
Ariz. 307, 309,9 PJd 1046 (2000). In Rimel, the court held that "in order to equate the
income that will be provided to the parties following divorce, [the] husband is entitled to
a set-off against his CSRS pension." In Kelly, the court ruled that the Social Security
portion of each retirement plan would be set aside as the respective spouse's separate
property, whether equal or not, while the remaining benefits earned during marriage
would be divided as community property by the trial court. The Arizona court explained
that its resolution sought to place the parties in the position in which they would have
been had both participated in Social Security.
Division Two of this court already considered the two foreign cases in In re
Marriage ofSmith, 158 Wn. App. 248, 260, 241 PJd 449 (2010), noting "the holdings in
Rimel and Kelly are not yet reflected in Washington law." In Smith, the court held that
"[c]haracterizing pension received in lieu of Social Security as separate property is not
mandatory in Washington, particularly where the parties never suggested that
characterization." 158 Wn. App. at 260-61. Brian Hamond distinguishes Smith by
arguing that he repeatedly requested such a characterization. But Smith's admonishment
against raising new arguments on appeal does not undermine its holding that backing out
Social Security is not mandatory in Washington.
10 No. 31320-4-III Marriage ofHamond
A significant distinction between Rockwell and the case at hand is that Cannen
Rockwell submitted admissible evidence of the amount of Social Security she lost by
reason of her employment pension. Brian Hamond never qualified his purported expert,
Brian Gosline, and that expert never calculated Hamond's lost Social Security benefits.
A witness must be qualified as an expert for the witness to provide opinion testimony.
ER 702; In re Detention ofMcGary, 175 Wn. App. 328, 338, 306 P.3d 1005 (2013). The
opinions of Gosline were not under oath but contained in a letter attached to Hamond's
affidavit. Letters are inadmissible hearsay. Davis v. Fred's Appliance, Inc., 171 Wn.
App. 348, 358, 287 P.3d 51 (2012); Patterson v. Kennewick Pub. Hosp. Dist. No.1, 57
Wn. App. 739, 744, 790 P.2d 195 (1990).
If Brian Hamond wanted the court to consider the amount of Social Security
benefits lost by his participation in LEOFF, Hamond should have timely provided the
court evidence of that amount. A party advocating a ruling from the court carries the
burden ofproviding the evidence needed for the ruling. Johnson v. Nasi, 50 Wn.2d 87,
91,309 P.2d 380 (1957); State v. Anderson, 72 Wn. App. 253, 260,863 P.2d
1370 (1993); Am. States Ins. Co. v. Breesnee, 49 Wn. App. 642, 646, 745 P.2d 518
(1987). Hamond never asked for a delay in the hearing in order to obtain an opinion from
I Gosline.
Because he lacked evidence of the amount of his loss, Brian Hamond, in a motion
I I for reconsideration, asked the court to deduct from his LEOFF account Patricia Abrams'
I I i No. 31320-4-111 Marriage ofHamond
projected Social Security benefits. Nevertheless, a trial court may not calculate or value a
party's expected future Social Security benefits and then award the other party a precise
offset based on that amount. Zahm, 138 Wn.2d at 218. Moreover, that projection was
inadmissible evidence, because it came from the unqualified expert witness.
The trial court has broad discretion in distributing the marital property, and its
decision will be reversed only if there is a manifest abuse of discretion. In re Marriage of
Kraft, 119 Wn.2d 438,450,832 P.2d 871 (1992); In re Marriage ofGriswold, 112 Wn.
App. 333, 339, 48 P.3d 10 18 (2002). A manifest abuse of discretion occurs when the
discretion was exercised on untenable grounds. In re Marriage ofMuhammad, 153
Wn.2d 795,803, 108 P.3d 779 (2005). Based upon the evidence properly before the trial
court, we find no abuse of discretion.
THE TIME RULE METHOD
Brian Hammnd also contends the trial court abused its discretion by failing to use
the "time rule" method when it divided his LEOFF pension as entirely community
property. The time rule method is used to divide the community portion of a retirement
account.
Washington courts have created unique rules for determining the character of
pension rights as separate or community property. "The community share of a pension
may include increased benefits attributable to salary increases following dissolution but
i l < not increases due to additional years of service." In re Marriage ofHarris, 107 Wn. App.
I 12
597,602,27 P.3d 656 (citing In re Marriage a/Chavez, 80 Wn. App. 432, 437-38, 909
P .2d 314 (1996)). "[T]he community share [of a pension] is calculated by dividing the
number of years of marriage (prior to separation) by the total number of years of service
for which pension rights were earned and multiplying the results by the monthly benefit
at retirement. This is known as the 'time rule method.'" Rockwell, 141 Wn. App. at
251-52 (emphasis added); see also Harris, 107 Wn. App. at 602 (describing the time rule
method as "the typical formula used.") Dividing the monthly benefit the pensioner
receives once retired is an "as-received" award. Such "[a]n award ofpension rights on an
as-received basis is to be encouraged, because it avoids difficult valuation problems and
shares in the risks inherent in deferred income." Chavez, 80 Wn. App. at 437. But as our
Supreme Court noted, "There can be no set rule for determining every case and as in all
other cases of property distribution, the trial court must exercise a wise and sound
discretion." In re Marriage a/Wilder, 85 Wn.2d 364, 369, 534 P.2d 1355 (1975), quoted
in In re Marriage a/Harris, 107 Wn. App. 597,603,27 P.3d 656 (2001).
We refuse to address Hamond's claimed error for two related reasons. First,
Hamond did not ask the trial court to apply the time rule method. Second, Hamond
invited any error.
If the trial court applied incorrect law, Hamond invited the error. In his
declaration for trial, Hamond requested that "[u]pon completion of a determination by
Brian Gosline of what portion of my LEOFF account equates to Social Security benefits,
I would ask that the remainder be divided equally." CP at 118 (emphasis added). Under
the doctrine of invited error, a party may not materially contribute to an erroneous
application of law at trial and then complain of it on appeal. In re Dependency ofK.R.,
128 Wn.2d 129, 147,904 P.2d 1132 (1995). Here, Hamond appeals the result he
requested at trial. Gosline never provided the court a calculation.
This court ordinarily refuses to review a claim of error that was not raised in the
trial court. RAP 2.5(a). Hamond made no mention of the time rule method at trial or in
his motion for reconsideration.
ATTORNEY FEES
Both parties requested attorney fees under RAP 18.1 and RCW 26.09.140. The
latter reads:
The court from time to time after considering the financial resources of both parties may order a party to pay a reasonable amount for the cost to the other party of maintaining or defending any proceeding under this chapter and for reasonable attorneys' fees or other professional fees in connection therewith, including sums for legal services rendered and costs incurred prior to the commencement of the proceeding or enforcement or modification proceedings after entry ofjudgment. Upon any appeal, the appellate court may, in its discretion, order a party to pay for the cost to the other party of maintaining the appeal and attorneys' fees in addition to statutory costs. The court may order that the attorneys' fees be paid directly to the attorney who may enforce the order in his or her name.
"RCW 26.09.140 allows a court to award attorney's fees if a party demonstrates financial
need." In re Marriage ofKonzen, 103 Wn.2d 470, 478,693 P.2d 97 (1985). An award
under RCW 26.09.140 is discretionary, not mandatory. In re Marriage ofStachofsky, 90
Wn. App. 13 5, 148, 951 P .2d 346 (1998). As of writing, neither party has demonstrated
financial need on appeal. In re Marriage ofCoons, 53 Wn. App. 721, 723, 770 P.2d 653
(1989). Nor has any party filed a financial affidavit. Therefore, we decline any award
for fees.
CONCLUSION
We affirm the trial court's division of property.
A majority of the panel has determined this opinion will not be printed in the
Washington Appellate Reports, but it will be filed for public record pursuant to RCW
2.06.040.
:j. Fearing,J~ WE CONCUR:
Brown, 1. Kulik, J.P.T.