Davis, J.:
The claimant is the representative of Helen C. Case, deceased. He presented a claim for services alleged to have been rendered by decedent to Rebecca C. Wood from June, 1912, to January 1, 1920, amounting to $3,890. The claim was rejected by the executor of Rebecca’s will and has been disallowed by the surrogate on final accounting.
These facts are practically undisputed. Rebecca C. Wood and Sarah W. Chapin were sisters who lived together for many years in the village of Lamberton, Chautauqua county. Another sister had married Cassius M. Case. She died in 1878. He remarried, and Helen was his daughter by the second marriage. In 1897 Helen, then aged fourteen, went to live with Mrs. Chapin and Miss Wood who lived on a farm in a large house. Rebecca was an invalid. Helen was a strong, healthy girl. She attended the local school and subsequently the Brocton High School and the Fredonia Normal School from which she graduated. She also received some musical education. All the expense was borne by these women.
No doubt the original arrangement was mutually beneficial Helen was given advantages she might not have enjoyed at home; and very likely she assisted in the care of the house, and was a pleasant companion.
After her graduation Helen engaged' in teaching. In 1911 she had been a teacher in the Brocton High School for seven years. Then evidently at the request of these aged women, she returned to their home to teach a local district school and assist in the housework.
In March, 1912, Mrs. Chapin died. Thereafter Helen gave up teaching and remained with Rebecca, who was frail and feeble in health. It very clearly appears that she had charge of the house, doing practically all the work and to a large extent caring for [43] Rebecca. The latter died on January 1, 1920, in her eighty-second year.
There is no dispute but that the services she rendered were valuable, and that she received no compensation therefor except" her board, perhaps part of her clothes, and a few opportunities for travel. We think on the evidence presented it cannot be seriously contended that the services performed were voluntary and gratuitous. That it was the purpose of these women that she eventually would receive reward is indicated by their mutual and reciprocal wills executed in December, 1907, Rebecca’s will being confirmed by a codicil executed December 30, 1912.
In these wills each gave the other a life use of her property. After the death of the life tenant, the executor in each will was directed to create a fund of $5,000 and to hold the same as trustee and pay the income semi-annually to Helen until she should arrive at the age of forty years. When she reached that age the $5,000 was to become hers absolutely. The trustee was authorized during the intervening period, if Helen was in need, to pay her such part in excess of the income as he deemed necessary. After the death of the fife tenant, Helen was also given all the furniture and other household property, and a one-ninth share of the residuary estate. She was given power to dispose of the corpus of the trust fund by will. On February 1, 1920, Helen at the age of thirty-six was accidentally killed. She left no will. In proceedings for a judicial construction of Rebecca’s will the surrogate held that the legacy of $5,000 never vested, and his decision was affirmed in this court.' (Matter of Wood, 199 App. Div. 903.)
Helen’s administrator now seeks to recover on quantum meruit the value of her services under an alleged contract. Some effort was made to show that the contract was one contemplating payment during the lifetime of the decedent. There is testimony that Helen sought to obtain pay during the period of service. But the evidence tends chiefly to show that if there was an agreement it was one that she should be paid “ in the end.” In this arrangement she apparently acquiesced for she did not receive pay and continued at work.
The rule applicable to claims made against the estate of a decedent is that the claimant must as in all civil cases prove his claim by a fair preponderance of evidence, and that evidence should be clear and convincing. (McKeon v. Van Slyck, 223 N. Y. 392.) As Hiscock, Ch. J., says in Ward v. New York Life Ins. Co. (225 N. Y. 314, 322): “ He need do no more than this if his claim deals with a dead person; he cannot do less if he is attacking the rights and property of a living person. The general [44] rule as to weight and quality of evidence is no different in one case than in the other. In applying the rule and test to specific evidence, however, it very likely will and should occur that the triers of fact will more carefully and critically scrutinize evidence offered against a dead person’s estate for the purpose of deciding whether it does make the necessary weight and preponderance of evidence, than would be done if the testimony was offered against one who was alive to contradict it.”
In this case the fact that there was an express agreement to pay for the services is supported by the testimony of Helen’s two sisters, who have no financial interest in the claim, and of other witnesses entirely disinterested. It is usually difficult in such cases where there is no writing to obtain evidence of the most clear and satisfactory character. People do not ordinarily recite the terms of such a contract in the presence of others. The surrogate saw the witnesses and observed their manner in testifying. Had he expressed doubt as to the quality of the proof made or of the credibility of the witnesses, we would hesitate to question his decision, even though the evidence seems reasonably clear and strong. He does not disallow the claim on such grounds. Rather, he takes the position that her services during those eight years . were a sort of equitable offset to what she had received from the - time she went into the home of these women as a girl until she came back there to work in 1912; and he treats the trust fund in the will for Helen’s benefit as remuneration. Further, it appears that on September 1, 1917, Helen gave Rebecca a demand promissory note - for forty-five dollars. This the learned surrogate says indicates clearly that Helen had no claim at that time.
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Davis, J.:
The claimant is the representative of Helen C. Case, deceased. He presented a claim for services alleged to have been rendered by decedent to Rebecca C. Wood from June, 1912, to January 1, 1920, amounting to $3,890. The claim was rejected by the executor of Rebecca’s will and has been disallowed by the surrogate on final accounting.
These facts are practically undisputed. Rebecca C. Wood and Sarah W. Chapin were sisters who lived together for many years in the village of Lamberton, Chautauqua county. Another sister had married Cassius M. Case. She died in 1878. He remarried, and Helen was his daughter by the second marriage. In 1897 Helen, then aged fourteen, went to live with Mrs. Chapin and Miss Wood who lived on a farm in a large house. Rebecca was an invalid. Helen was a strong, healthy girl. She attended the local school and subsequently the Brocton High School and the Fredonia Normal School from which she graduated. She also received some musical education. All the expense was borne by these women.
No doubt the original arrangement was mutually beneficial Helen was given advantages she might not have enjoyed at home; and very likely she assisted in the care of the house, and was a pleasant companion.
After her graduation Helen engaged' in teaching. In 1911 she had been a teacher in the Brocton High School for seven years. Then evidently at the request of these aged women, she returned to their home to teach a local district school and assist in the housework.
In March, 1912, Mrs. Chapin died. Thereafter Helen gave up teaching and remained with Rebecca, who was frail and feeble in health. It very clearly appears that she had charge of the house, doing practically all the work and to a large extent caring for [43] Rebecca. The latter died on January 1, 1920, in her eighty-second year.
There is no dispute but that the services she rendered were valuable, and that she received no compensation therefor except" her board, perhaps part of her clothes, and a few opportunities for travel. We think on the evidence presented it cannot be seriously contended that the services performed were voluntary and gratuitous. That it was the purpose of these women that she eventually would receive reward is indicated by their mutual and reciprocal wills executed in December, 1907, Rebecca’s will being confirmed by a codicil executed December 30, 1912.
In these wills each gave the other a life use of her property. After the death of the life tenant, the executor in each will was directed to create a fund of $5,000 and to hold the same as trustee and pay the income semi-annually to Helen until she should arrive at the age of forty years. When she reached that age the $5,000 was to become hers absolutely. The trustee was authorized during the intervening period, if Helen was in need, to pay her such part in excess of the income as he deemed necessary. After the death of the fife tenant, Helen was also given all the furniture and other household property, and a one-ninth share of the residuary estate. She was given power to dispose of the corpus of the trust fund by will. On February 1, 1920, Helen at the age of thirty-six was accidentally killed. She left no will. In proceedings for a judicial construction of Rebecca’s will the surrogate held that the legacy of $5,000 never vested, and his decision was affirmed in this court.' (Matter of Wood, 199 App. Div. 903.)
Helen’s administrator now seeks to recover on quantum meruit the value of her services under an alleged contract. Some effort was made to show that the contract was one contemplating payment during the lifetime of the decedent. There is testimony that Helen sought to obtain pay during the period of service. But the evidence tends chiefly to show that if there was an agreement it was one that she should be paid “ in the end.” In this arrangement she apparently acquiesced for she did not receive pay and continued at work.
The rule applicable to claims made against the estate of a decedent is that the claimant must as in all civil cases prove his claim by a fair preponderance of evidence, and that evidence should be clear and convincing. (McKeon v. Van Slyck, 223 N. Y. 392.) As Hiscock, Ch. J., says in Ward v. New York Life Ins. Co. (225 N. Y. 314, 322): “ He need do no more than this if his claim deals with a dead person; he cannot do less if he is attacking the rights and property of a living person. The general [44] rule as to weight and quality of evidence is no different in one case than in the other. In applying the rule and test to specific evidence, however, it very likely will and should occur that the triers of fact will more carefully and critically scrutinize evidence offered against a dead person’s estate for the purpose of deciding whether it does make the necessary weight and preponderance of evidence, than would be done if the testimony was offered against one who was alive to contradict it.”
In this case the fact that there was an express agreement to pay for the services is supported by the testimony of Helen’s two sisters, who have no financial interest in the claim, and of other witnesses entirely disinterested. It is usually difficult in such cases where there is no writing to obtain evidence of the most clear and satisfactory character. People do not ordinarily recite the terms of such a contract in the presence of others. The surrogate saw the witnesses and observed their manner in testifying. Had he expressed doubt as to the quality of the proof made or of the credibility of the witnesses, we would hesitate to question his decision, even though the evidence seems reasonably clear and strong. He does not disallow the claim on such grounds. Rather, he takes the position that her services during those eight years . were a sort of equitable offset to what she had received from the - time she went into the home of these women as a girl until she came back there to work in 1912; and he treats the trust fund in the will for Helen’s benefit as remuneration. Further, it appears that on September 1, 1917, Helen gave Rebecca a demand promissory note - for forty-five dollars. This the learned surrogate says indicates clearly that Helen had no claim at that time.
We regard these grounds for rejecting the claim untenable. There is no evidence to indicate that Helen gave up a lucrative position as teacher and returned to the drudgery of housework and the care of these aged women to perform gratuitous services as an equitable adjustment of any claims for favors received years before. She received nothing from the trust fund under the will, and, therefore, that did not constitute payment. The giving of a note may constitute prima fade evidence that the payee was not at that time liable on an indebtedness to the maker. (De Freest v. Bloomingdale, 5 Den. 304; Lake v. Tysen, 6 N. Y. 461; Dutcher v. Porter, 63 Barb. 15.) It is a mere presumption which may' be repelled by proof of the occasion of giving it and the attending circumstances. (Sherman v. McIntyre, 7 Hun, 592; Farren v. McDonnell, 74 id. 176; affd., 148 N. Y. 741.) The claim of Helen was not then due. Evidently all the money she had during the eight years came from her occasional employment by others. The’ [45] evidence discloses that she at times tried to obtain some money from Rebecca for her personal use. This was refused on the ground that Rebecca could not afford it, and that Helen would be paid “ in the end.” Giving a note for this small sum, under these circumstances, when payments to her were deferred, is not necessarily inconsistent with the fact that a claim actually existed. (Duguid v. Ogilvie, 3 E. D. Smith, 527; Tummonds v. Moody, 3 N. Y. Supp. 714. See, also, Matter of Callister, 153 N. Y. 294, 308.)
When a contract is made for services to be "compensated by a fixed stun in the will of the one receiving them, upon failure of performance the claimant may sue to recover that sum from the representatives of the estate. If the sum is not agreed upon, he may recover the actual value of the services rendered as upon a quantum meruit. (Robinson v. Raynor, 28 N. Y. 494; Collier v. Rutledge, 136 id. 621; Shakespeare v. Markham, 10 Hun, 311; 24 C. J. 287.) In such an action, as already stated, a claimant is entitled to recover if he establishes by satisfactory proof a claim that is fair and equitable, and not so unusual or unconscionable that doubt is cast upon its probability. (McKeon v. Van Slyck, supra; Ward v. New York Life Ins. Co., supra; Hausner v. Wickham, 105 Misc. Rep. 735; affd., 186 App. Div. 931; affd., 230 N. Y. 578; Scott v. Scott, 66 App. Div. 610.) In such cases it is as important that those having meritorious claims should not be denied justice by over-cautious courts, as it is that the estates of deceased persons should not be looted through allowance of unconscionable claims by careless triers of the facts.
If Rebecca intended by her will to make payment for these services, she attached such conditions to the manner of payment that by the circumstances it was rendered impossible for either Helen or her representatives to receive such payment. It is, therefore, no payment at all. There is nothing to indicate that the bequest of the household furniture and other property and the devise of the residuary estate was intended as payment; nor does it appear that these have ever been offered or delivered to Helen or her representatives, or that they have any value.
For the reasons stated we reach the conclusion that the claim has never been determined on the merits; and the decree rejecting the claim should be reversed, with costs to the appellant to abide the event; and the matter should be remitted to the Surrogate’s Court of Chautauqua county for a new trial.
All concur.
Decree reversed on the law and facts and new trial granted, with costs to appellant to abide event.