MEMORANDUM DECISION Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D), this Memorandum Decision shall not be FILED regarded as precedent or cited before any Mar 09 2020, 9:20 am court except for the purpose of establishing CLERK the defense of res judicata, collateral Indiana Supreme Court Court of Appeals estoppel, or the law of the case. and Tax Court
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE Jonathan T. Feavel Curtis T. Hill, Jr. Feavel & Porter, LLP Attorney General of Indiana Vincennes, Indiana Abigail R. Recker Deputy Attorney General Indianapolis, Indiana
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA
In re the Involuntary March 9, 2020 Termination of the Parent-Child Court of Appeals Case No. Relationship of: 19A-JT-2234 J.P. (Minor Child), Appeal from the Daviess Circuit Court And The Honorable Gregory A. Smith S.P. (Mother), Judge Appellant-Respondent, Trial Court Cause No. 14C01-1901-JT-3 v.
Indiana Department of Child Services, Appellee-Petitioner.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-JT-2234 | March 9, 2020 Page 1 of 23 Riley, Judge.
STATEMENT OF THE CASE [1] Appellant-Respondent, S.P. (Mother), appeals the trial court’s Order
terminating her parental rights to her minor child, J.P. (Child).
[2] We affirm.
ISSUES [3] Mother presents the court with three issues, which we consolidate and restate as
the following two issues:
(1) Whether Mother’s due process rights were violated when the Department of Child Services (DCS) filed a petition seeking to terminate her parental rights more than six months after a child in need of services (CHINS) dispositional decree was entered; and
(2) Whether the trial court’s Order terminating Mother’s parental rights to Child was supported by the evidence.
FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY [4] Child was born to Mother and C.L. (Father)1 on June 27, 2010. In November
2015, Child was removed from Mother’s care and adjudicated a CHINS after
Mother retrieved her from daycare and drove while intoxicated. In November
1 On May 29, 2019, Father voluntarily relinquished his parental rights and consented to Child’s adoption. Father is not a party to this appeal.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-JT-2234 | March 9, 2020 Page 2 of 23 2016 after Mother’s completion of substance abuse treatment and work with a
parenting aide, Child was returned to Mother. Mother did not pursue any
substance abuse or alcohol treatment after Child was returned to her.
[5] On December 8, 2017, DCS Family Case Manager Pamela Padgett (FCM
Padgett) went to Mother’s home to investigate reports that Mother was abusing
drugs, she was allowing others to use drugs in the home, she was allowing a
registered sex offender to stay in the home and spend time around Child, and
Child was not attending school regularly. Mother admitted that she was under
the influence of an illegal substance, and FCM Padgett confirmed that a
registered sex offender spent time in the home, something which did not appear
to FCM Padgett to concern Mother. Mother entered into an informal
adjustment with DCS pursuant to which Mother agreed to undergo a substance
abuse evaluation, follow treatment recommendations, and work with a
parenting aide. Mother underwent a substance abuse evaluation and was
referred to out-patient treatment at the Samaritan Center, but she did not
attend. Mother was next referred to an intensive out-patient program at
Brentwood Springs, but she was discharged for non-attendance. Mother was
prescribed an anti-depressant medication as part of her treatment at Brentwood
Springs, but she did not take it. After her discharge from Brentwood Springs,
Mother was referred again to the Samaritan Center. Mother did not engage in
services there.
[6] On March 5, 2018, DCS received a report that Mother was abusing
methamphetamine, prescription medication, and alcohol. On March 6, 2018,
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-JT-2234 | March 9, 2020 Page 3 of 23 FCM Jessica Rhoads (FCM Rhoads) interviewed Child at her school. Child
reported that she made her own meals, got herself up in the morning, and
readied herself for school because Mother slept a lot. Child had been late for
school or absent over the preceding days. FCM Rhoads interviewed Mother,
who admitted drug and alcohol use. Child was removed from Mother and
placed in foster care, where she has resided with the same foster parents ever
since. At the time of Child’s removal, Mother was on probation for a
conviction for domestic battery involving Father.
[7] On March 8, 2018, DCS filed a verified petition alleging that Child was a
CHINS. On April 19, 2018, Mother admitted that she had mental health,
substance abuse, housing, and employment issues that rendered Child a
CHINS. On May 3, 2018, the CHINS court entered its dispositional order
directing Mother to participate in substance abuse and mental health
evaluations and to follow all treatment recommendations. Mother was also
ordered to engage in home-based case management, parenting education, and
random drug screens.
[8] Mother underwent an evaluation at the Samaritan Center and was diagnosed
with alcohol dependence, methamphetamine abuse, and major depression.
Mother was referred to individual and group therapy. Mother attended one
individual therapy session but attended none of the group therapy sessions.
Mother’s services at the Samaritan Center were closed in June 2018 for
nonattendance. On June 23, 2018, Mother was arrested for residential entry
and criminal mischief after she broke into Father’s home and destroyed some of
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-JT-2234 | March 9, 2020 Page 4 of 23 his property. On October 8, 2018, Mother was evaluated at LifeSprings and
was referred to individual therapy and the Matrix program to address her
substance abuse issues. Mother missed appointments and continued to use
methamphetamine and alcohol, so she was terminated from her LifeSprings
services in November 2018. Mother continued to use illegal substances through
December 2018. From March 2018 to December 2018, Mother submitted
twenty-six of the forty random drug screens requested of her. Out of the
twenty-six screens that Mother submitted, eight tested positive for
amphetamines and methamphetamine. From March 2018 to December 2018,
Mother attended eleven of her thirty-three scheduled sessions with her
parenting aide.
[9] After the CHINS petition was filed, Mother moved from her apartment in
Washington, Indiana, to the home of the mother of her boyfriend, Chris Crays
(Crays). The couple then moved into a motel, where Mother worked in
exchange for a room. The couple subsequently moved to a home in Ferdinand,
Indiana. Crays had a criminal record, and in November 2016, DCS had
substantiated claims against him for child seduction and deviate sexual conduct
with a step-child.
[10] In November 2017 during Mother’s informal adjustment with DCS, she was
working at a fast-food restaurant. From May 2018 to August of 2018, Mother
worked at Jasper Rubber. She was discharged from Jasper Rubber after fighting
with her superior. Late in the summer of 2018, Mother worked at the motel in
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-JT-2234 | March 9, 2020 Page 5 of 23 exchange for a room, and from October 2018 to December of 2018, Mother
worked at Kimball Electronics.
[11] On December 30, 2018, Mother was arrested for domestic battery with a deadly
weapon, criminal mischief, and public intoxication following an incident where
Mother stabbed Crays with a paring knife and then attempted to beat in the
door of the bathroom where Crays sought refuge. On January 4, 2019, DCS
filed a petition to terminate Mother’s parental rights to Child. On January 7,
2019, Mother was placed in a work release facility pending resolution of the
criminal case against her.
[12] Mother exercised parenting time with Child during the CHINS proceedings.
Her parenting time was always supervised. Mother was advised throughout the
CHINS case that any increase in her parenting time was dependent on
submitting clean urine screens. Mother appeared for her January 19, 2019,
parenting time session with Child smelling of alcohol, prompting DCS to move
sessions from the community to a DCS facility. After Mother’s December 2018
criminal charges and placement in work release, parenting time was reduced to
once per month with Child’s therapist supervising. Mother returned to work
release on February 18, 2019, after having consumed alcohol.
[13] On May 29, 2019, and July 29, 2019, the trial court held fact-finding hearings
on DCS’ petition to terminate Mother’s parental rights. As a result of pleading
guilty to violating her probation and to committing domestic battery against
Crays, Mother anticipated being eligible for home detention beginning in
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-JT-2234 | March 9, 2020 Page 6 of 23 August 2019. If she was compliant with the terms of her home detention,
Mother anticipated completing all of her sentences by the end of March 2020.
Mother planned to serve her home detention in the Ferdinand apartment,
where Crays was still living and his name was on the lease. Mother maintained
that Crays would no longer be living there after her release, but she continued
to have contact with Crays and openly questioned why DCS did not approve of
her living with him. Mother felt that her criminal record and incarceration had
not negatively impacted her ability to provide a stable home and effective
parenting for Child. Mother acknowledged that when she was not incarcerated,
she failed to make consistent progress on the issues that had caused Child’s
removal.
[14] Mother’s Community Corrections Case Manager, Emily Meyer (CCCM
Meyer), testified that Mother’s compliance with the demands of work release
had been “iffy” for her first three months, but that she had “really turned herself
around the last two months[.]” (Transcript Vol. II, p. 220). Mother had
started consistently attending her substance abuse treatment in mid-February
2019. Mother had also begun individual therapy and medication through
LifeSprings two or three weeks before the first TPR hearing. CCCM Meyer
acknowledged that, while Mother was compliant with work release
requirements, that could change. Mother had submitted diluted urine samples
in February and April 2019.
[15] Child’s Permanency Case Manager Autumn Rhoads (PCM Rhoads), who had
been engaged with the family since March 2018, testified that she had spoken to
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-JT-2234 | March 9, 2020 Page 7 of 23 Mother on numerous occasions about her continued relationship with Crays.
The relationship concerned PCM Rhoads because of Crays’ DCS history and
the domestic violence that had occurred between Mother and him. Mother told
PCM Rhoads that it was her own personal decision whether to be in a
relationship with Crays. PCM Rhoads felt that Mother was not being truthful
about not being in a relationship and living with Crays after she was discharged
from work release and that Mother was “not putting her child first.” (Tr. Vol.
III, p. 12). As recently as July 10, 2019, Mother had voiced her confusion to
PCM Rhoads about why DCS did not approve of her being with Crays. PCM
Rhoads reported that while on work release, Mother had been fired from her
job at a fast food restaurant for consuming alcohol and because Crays spent too
much time there while Mother was working. It was PCM Rhoads’ opinion that
Mother’s relationship with Crays was a barrier to moving forward to
reunification with Child. It concerned PCM Rhoads that Mother had only
shown improvement in the controlled environment of work release and that,
when she was not in a controlled environment, she was not compliant with
treatment.
[16] PCM Rhoads also testified that, at the beginning of the CHINS case, Child had
not been attending school regularly, she had poor grades, and it had been
debated whether Child required an individualized education plan. When PCM
Rhoads had interviewed Child at the beginning of the case, Child did not feel
safe and reported that Mother was not feeding her. After her placement with
her foster parents, Child reported that she felt safe and that her foster parents
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-JT-2234 | March 9, 2020 Page 8 of 23 “let her eat every day.” (Tr. Vol. III, p. 28). As of the second fact-finding
hearing on the termination petition, Child’s grades had improved, she did not
require an education plan, and she was making friends. Child had been in her
foster parents’ home for sixteen months, had a routine to follow, and worried
less. Child was bonded to another foster child in the home and cherished being
in a big sister role. Child wished to be adopted by her foster parents. It was
PCM Rhoads’ opinion that adoption by the foster parents was in Child’s best
interests.
[17] Child’s mental health counselor testified that “stability is the number one
factor.” (Tr. Vol. III, p. 71). She recommended no change in placement for
Child. Child’s Court Appointed Special Advocate Ericka Frances (CASA
Frances) also felt that adoption was in Child’s best interests because of Mother’s
lack of demonstrated history of stability outside of a controlled environment.
[18] On September 3, 2019, the trial court entered its Order terminating Mother’s
parental rights to Child. Among the 117 findings of fact and conclusions
entered by the trial court in support of its Order were the following:
20. On April 20, 2018, the [c]ourt entered its Order on Pre-Trial Conference in which the [c]ourt took under advisement Mother’s admission that [] Child is a [CHINS] due to Mother’s mental health issues, substance abuse, and housing and unemployment instability. []
21. On May 9, 2018, the [c]ourt entered its Order Adjudicating [Child] a [CHINS].
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-JT-2234 | March 9, 2020 Page 9 of 23 ****
23. On May 10, 2018, the [c]ourt entered its Dispositional Order as to Mother, in which . . . Mother was ordered to (1) maintain contact with the [FCM], (2) enroll in recommended programs, (3) submit to random drug screens, (4) refrain from the use of illicit substances, (5) find suitable housing for herself and [] Child, [6] meet with medical/psychiatric personnel, as directed by the medical/psychiatric personnel and take all prescribed medications as directed, and [7] obey the law, etc. []
****
26. During the course of the underlying CHINS case, Mother was referred for individual therapy, Intensive Outpatient Treatment (IOP), random drug screens, and a parent aide service to help her obtain stable housing and employment.
41. Mother has been the subject of multiple criminal charges during the life of the underlying CHINS case.
56. Mother has been compliant with programs through Community Corrections since approximately [April 2019] but did not demonstrate compliance with any services prior to her most recent incarceration and did not fully begin complying with services through Community Corrections until she had been incarcerated for approximately three months.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-JT-2234 | March 9, 2020 Page 10 of 23 57. Mother herself acknowledged that her most recent bout of compliance is the most consistent she has been throughout the underlying CHINS case.
58. This [c]ourt has found that Mother has been, at best, only partially compliant in every Order on Periodic Case Review in the underlying CHINS action.
60. While services were offered by DCS, Mother did not avail herself of the services recommended to facilitate reunification. Mother has not demonstrated an ability to provide a safe and stable home for [] Child.
98. DCS’ plan for [] Child is to be adopted by her current placement, with whom she has been placed for approximately [sixteen] months.
99. [] Child’s needs are met in her current placement and [] Child is bonded to her foster parents.
105. [The] CASA testified, and based on that testimony which the [c]ourt finds credible, the [c]ourt now finds:
(e) That adoption is in [] Child’s best interest.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-JT-2234 | March 9, 2020 Page 11 of 23 (Appellant’s App. Vol. II, pp. 5-9, 11-12). The trial court concluded that Child
had been removed from Mother for at least six months under a dispositional
decree; there was a reasonable probability that the conditions that resulted in
Child’s removal and continued placement outside of Mother’s care would not
be remedied; there was a reasonable probability that continuation of the parent-
child relationship posed a threat to Child’s well-being; and termination of
Mother’s parental rights was in Child’s best interests.
[19] Mother now appeals. Additional facts will be provided as necessary.
DISCUSSION AND DECISION I. Due Process
[20] Mother contends that her procedural due process rights were violated by the
timing of the filing of the petition to terminate her parental rights. When the
State seeks the termination of a parent-child relationship, the manner in which
it does so must comply with the requirements of the Due Process Clause. In re
H.L., 915 N.E.2d 145, 147 (Ind. Ct. App. 2009). The cornerstone of procedural
due process is that “[t]he parent must be afforded the opportunity to be heard at
a meaningful time and in a meaningful manner.” Id.
[21] Indiana Code section 31-35-2-4(b) sets out the pleading requirements for a
petition seeking to terminate a parent’s rights to a minor child and provides in
relevant part as follows:
(2) The petition must allege:
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-JT-2234 | March 9, 2020 Page 12 of 23 (A) that one (1) of the following is true:
(i) The child has been removed from the parent for at least (6) months under a dispositional decree.
(iii) The child has been removed from the parent and has been under the supervision of a local office or probation department for at least fifteen (15) months of the most recent twenty-two (22) months, beginning with the date the child is removed from the home as a result of the child being alleged to be child in need of services or a delinquent child[.]
Thus, the statute establishes “waiting periods to give parents time to reunify
with their children, and bars DCS from seeking termination until one of those .
. . periods has passed.” Matter of Bi.B., 69 N.E.3d 464, 465 (Ind. 2017).
[22] Here, DCS filed its termination petition almost eight months after the CHINS
court entered its dispositional decree, and, in its petition, DCS alleged the
waiting period set forth in subsection (b)(2)(A)(i). Mother argues that her
procedural due process rights were violated because DCS could have afforded
her more time and resources by waiting to file its petition under subsection
(b)(2)(A)(iii). However, “the Due Process Clause does not empower the
judiciary to sit as a superlegislature to weigh the wisdom of legislation.” James
v. Pike Co., 759 N.E.2d 1140, 1143 (Ind. Ct. App. 2001). Here, DCS filed its
petition after one of the waiting periods created by the legislature had expired.
Mother argues that “[n]o witness testified to the necessity of filing pursuant to
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-JT-2234 | March 9, 2020 Page 13 of 23 the dispositional decree option and no unique or special circumstances appear
to be present in the instant case or history[,]” although nothing in the statute
requires DCS to allege any circumstance other than that six months have
passed since the entering of a dispositional decree. (Appellant’s Br. p. 17).
[23] Mother does not allege any true procedural irregularities depriving her of an
opportunity to be heard in a meaningful time and manner in this case. See In re
H.L., 915 N.E.2d at 147. In addition, Mother’s contention that due process
accorded her a right to more time for services is unpersuasive because “a failure
to provide services does not serve as a basis on which to directly attack a
termination order as contrary to law.” In re J.W., Jr., 27 N.E.3d 1185, 1190
(Ind. Ct. App. 2015), trans. denied. Accordingly, we conclude that Mother’s
procedural due process rights were not violated when DCS filed its petition over
six months after the CHINS court entered its dispositional decree, as permitted
by statute.
II. Sufficiency of the Evidence
A. Standard of Review
[24] Mother argues that the trial court’s Order terminating her parental rights was
not supported by the evidence. It is well-settled that when reviewing the
evidence supporting the termination of parental rights, we neither reweigh the
evidence nor determine the credibility of witnesses. In re E.M., 4 N.E.3d 636,
642 (Ind. 2014). In addition, we consider only the evidence that supports the
judgment and the reasonable inferences to be drawn from that evidence. Id.
“We confine our review to two steps: whether the evidence clearly and Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-JT-2234 | March 9, 2020 Page 14 of 23 convincingly supports the findings, and then whether the findings clearly and
convincingly support the judgment.” Id. We must give due regard to the trial
court’s opportunity to judge the credibility of witnesses firsthand, and we do not
set aside the trial court’s findings or judgment unless it is clearly erroneous. Id.
B. Termination of Mother’s Parental Rights
[25] “[O]ne of the most valued relationships in our culture” is that between a parent
and his or her child. In re G.Y., 904 N.E.2d 1257, 1259 (Ind. 2009), reh’g denied.
Indeed, “[a] parent’s interest in the care, custody, and control of his or her
children is ‘perhaps the oldest of the fundamental liberty interests.’” Id.
(quoting Troxel v. Granville, 530 U.S. 57, 65, 120 S.Ct. 2054, 147 L.E.d2d 49
(2000)). Accordingly, the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States
Constitution safeguards “the traditional right of parents to establish a home and
raise their children.” Id. Nevertheless, parental interests are not absolute;
rather, termination of parental rights is appropriate when parents are unable or
unwilling to meet their parental responsibilities. In re A.B., 887 N.E.2d 158, 164
(Ind. Ct. App. 2008).
[26] Termination of parental rights is an extreme sanction that is intended as a “last
resort” and is available only when all other reasonable efforts have failed. C.A.
v. Ind. Dep’t of Child Servs., 15 N.E.3d 85, 91 (Ind. Ct. App. 2014). As such,
before a termination of parental rights is merited, the State is required to prove
a host of facts by clear and convincing evidence, the most relevant for our
purposes being that there is a reasonable probability that the conditions which
resulted in the child’s removal and continued placement outside the home will
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-JT-2234 | March 9, 2020 Page 15 of 23 not be remedied by the parents and that termination is in the best interests of
the child. Ind. Code §§ 31-35-2-4(b)(2)(B)(i), (C); 31-37-14-2. We address each
of those factors in turn.
1. Reasonable Probability Conditions Will Not Be Remedied
[27] Before turning to the evidence supporting the trial court’s determination, we
note that the trial court also found that a reasonable probability existed that the
continuation of the parent-child relationship posed a threat to Child’s well-
being, another of the factors that may be shown under subsection 31-35-2-
4(b)(2)(B). This subsection is written in the disjunctive, so a trial court need
only find one of the factors enumerated there. Mother does not challenge the
validity of this conclusion by the trial court, and she has, therefore, waived her
claim that DCS failed to meet its evidentiary burden under this subsection. See
A.D.S. v. Indiana Dep’t of Child Servs., 987 N.E.2d 1150, 1156 n.4 (Ind. Ct. App.
2013) (finding issue waived for failure to make a cogent argument), trans. denied.
Nevertheless, given the importance of the interests involved, we will address the
evidence supporting the trial court’s conclusion regarding the probability that
the conditions that merited removal will not be remedied.
[28] When reviewing a trial court’s determination that the conditions that resulted in
the child’s removal will not be remedied, we engage in a two-step analysis.
E.M., 4 N.E.3d at 642-43. First, we must identify the conditions that led to
removal; second, we determine whether there is a reasonable probability that
those conditions will not be remedied. Id. at 643. When engaging in the
second step of this analysis, a trial court must judge a parent’s fitness as of the
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-JT-2234 | March 9, 2020 Page 16 of 23 time of the termination proceeding, taking into account evidence of changed
conditions, and balancing any recent improvements against habitual patterns of
conduct to determine whether there is a substantial probability of future neglect
or deprivation. Id. This delicate balance is entrusted to the trial court, and a
trial court acts within its discretion when it weighs a parent’s prior history more
heavily than efforts made only shortly before termination. Id. “Requiring trial
courts to give due regard to changed conditions does not preclude them from
finding that parents’ past behavior is the best predictor of their future behavior.”
Id. In making its determination, the trial court may consider the services
offered to the parents and the parents’ response to those services. In re W.M.L.,
82 N.E.3d 361, 367 (Ind. Ct. App. 2017).
[29] Here, the primary issue necessitating removal of Child was Mother’s drug and
alcohol use. DCS’s initial involvement with this family and subsequent CHINS
determination in 2015, the 2017 DCS informal adjustment, and the March 6,
2018, removal of Child from Mother’s care were all the result of Mother
abusing alcohol and illegal substances. Mother was offered substance abuse
evaluations, IOP, random drug screens, and individual and group therapy to
address her substance abuse. Mother was unsuccessfully discharged from
treatment at the Samaritan Center and Brentwood Springs following her
informal adjustment. Mother was referred again to Samaritan Center but never
engaged in services there. Following the March 6, 2018, removal of Child,
Mother failed to engage in the referred group and individual therapy at
Samaritan Center recommended to treat her substance abuse issues, and she
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-JT-2234 | March 9, 2020 Page 17 of 23 was yet again unsuccessfully discharged. In October of 2018, Mother was
referred to programs at LifeSprings, but she continued to use methamphetamine
and alcohol and was unsuccessfully discharged from those services as well.
[30] Thus, Mother had a pattern of unsuccessful treatment throughout the CHINS
proceedings. “We have often noted that evidence of a parent’s pattern of
unwillingness or lack of commitment to address parenting issues and to
cooperate with services demonstrates the requisite reasonable probability that
the conditions will not change.” S.S., 120 N.E.3d 605, 611 (Ind. Ct. App.
2019). Nevertheless, Mother argues that her failures were due to not being
placed in the in-patient treatment she requested but was denied after being told
that DCS did not provide that service. This argument is unpersuasive for at
least two reasons. First, there was conflicting testimony regarding whether
DCS would provide in-patient treatment. PCM Rhoads testified that DCS had
spoken to Mother on August 9, 2018, about entering in-patient treatment which
they would find for her if she wished, but that Mother had declined that
treatment. This is the evidence that supports the trial court’s findings and
judgment, so it is the only evidence we consider on appeal. See In re E.M., 4
N.E.3d at 642. In addition, the failure of DCS to provide a particular service
during the underlying CHINS proceedings cannot be the basis for attacking the
validity of an order terminating parental rights. See In re J.W., Jr., 27 N.E.3d at
1190.
[31] After Mother was incarcerated following her December 30, 2018, arrest, she
was again referred for programs and treatment. Mother argues that the trial
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-JT-2234 | March 9, 2020 Page 18 of 23 court failed to sufficiently credit her progress while incarcerated. However, it
was within the trial court’s discretion to weigh Mother’s history of failed
compliance with substance abuse treatment more heavily than any recent
improvements. E.M., 4 N.E.3d at 643. Indeed, although Mother had shown
some improvements after being incarcerated, she came to a parenting time
session on January 19, 2019, smelling of alcohol, tested positive for alcohol on
February 18, 2019, and submitted a diluted urine sample as late as April 2019.
All of these events occurred after the petition to terminate her parental rights
had been filed, and all occurred even though she was in the controlled
environment of her work release placement. PCM Rhoads testified that she
was concerned that Mother did not make any progress in addressing her
substance abuse issues when she was free in society and had only shown
improvement after being placed in work release. The trial court reasonably
concluded in light of this evidence that Mother’s long-term history of failure to
address her substance abuse outweighed her very recent improvements and,
thus, that there was a reasonable probability that this condition of removal
would not be remedied.
[32] We come to the same conclusions regarding the other reasons for removal—
Mother’s mental health, her lack of stable housing, and the instability of her
employment. Mother was prescribed an anti-depressant as part of the DCS
informal adjustment, but she did not take it. Following Child’s removal,
Mother was diagnosed with depression after an evaluation at the Samaritan
Center but did not engage in the therapy to which she was referred. Mother did
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-JT-2234 | March 9, 2020 Page 19 of 23 not attend therapy consistently until after being incarcerated. She did not begin
taking her medication consistently until two or three weeks before the May 29,
2018, fact-finding hearing in this matter. The trial court was not obligated to
overlook Mother’s long-term pattern of failing to address her mental health in
favor of this recent short-term compliance. See id.
[33] In addition, Mother made little progress addressing her housing and
employment stability. Mother moved four times during the CHINS
proceedings. She only attended one-third of the parenting aide sessions meant
to help her with her housing. Mother’s plan after finishing work release was to
live in the apartment where Crays, the boyfriend who she had been arrested for
stabbing with a paring knife and who himself had a substantiated DCS history
for sexual activity with a child, was still living and had his name on the lease.
Mother was not truthful with her service providers about ending the
relationship and professed not to understand why this living arrangement would
not be approved by DCS.
[34] Mother also failed to maintain stable employment, as, prior to her December
30, 2018, arrest she had at least four jobs in quick succession. She was fired
from her job at Jasper Rubber for fighting with her superior. While she was on
work release, Mother worked at a fast-food restaurant for three months but was
fired for drinking alcohol on the job and allowing Crays to loiter there.
Although she was employed at the time of the second fact-finding hearing, the
trial court was within its discretion to recognize and credit Mother’s long-term
history of employment instability. See id. Given the evidence of Mother’s long-
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-JT-2234 | March 9, 2020 Page 20 of 23 term failure to address her substance abuse, mental health, housing, and
employment issues, we find that the trial court’s conclusion that there was a
reasonable probability that the conditions meriting removal would not be
remedied was supported by the evidence.
2. Child’s Best Interests
[35] Mother also challenges the trial court’s conclusion that termination of her
parental rights was in Child’s best interests. Our supreme court has recently
recognized that one of the most difficult aspects of a termination of parental
rights determination is the issue of whether the termination is in the child’s best
interests. Id. at 647 (noting that the question “necessarily places the children’s
interest in preserving the family into conflict with their need for permanency”).
The trial court’s determination that termination was in the child’s best interests
requires it to look at the totality of the evidence of a particular case. In re D.D.,
804 N.E.2d 258, 267 (Ind. Ct. App. 2004), trans. denied. “In doing so, the trial
court must subordinate the interests of the parents to those of the children
involved.” Id. The court is not required to wait until the child is irreversibly
harmed before terminating the parent’s rights. McBride v. Monroe Cnty. Office of
Family & Children, 798 N.E.2d 185, 203 (Ind. Ct. App. 2003). In addition, a
recommendation by the case manager or the child’s advocate that the parent’s
rights should be terminated, together with evidence that the conditions that
merited removal will not be remedied, is sufficient to sustain a trial court’s
determination that termination is in the child’s best interests. In re J.C., 134
N.E.3d 419, 433 (Ind. Ct. App. 2019).
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-JT-2234 | March 9, 2020 Page 21 of 23 [36] We have already concluded that there was sufficient evidence that there was a
reasonable probability that the conditions meriting Child’s removal would not
be remedied. PCM Rhoads felt that Child’s adoption by her foster parents was
in Child’s best interests. CASA Frances also testified that adoption by foster
parents was in Child’s best interests because Mother did not have a
demonstrated long-term history of stability outside of a controlled environment.
This evidence alone was sufficient to support the trial court’s “best interests”
determination. See id.
[37] Other evidence buttressed the trial court’s conclusion. Child was thriving in the
home of her foster parents. Her educational concerns had been resolved, she
was attending school regularly, had a routine, and felt safe. Child was bonded
to both foster parents and to the other foster child in the home, whom Child
looked upon as her little sister. Child was receiving the stability in her foster
home that Child’s therapist felt was “the number one factor[]” for Child. (Tr.
Vol. III, p. 71). We conclude that the totality of the evidence supports the trial
court’s findings and conclusions that termination of Mother’s parental rights
was in Child’s best interests. See In re D.D., 804 N.E.2d at 267.
CONCLUSION [38] Based on the foregoing, we conclude that Mother’s due process rights were not
infringed upon by the timing of the filing of DCS’ petition to terminate her
parental rights and that the evidence supported the trial court’s Order.
[39] Affirmed.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-JT-2234 | March 9, 2020 Page 22 of 23 Baker, J. and Brown, J. concur
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-JT-2234 | March 9, 2020 Page 23 of 23