Aug 28 2013, 5:48 am
Pursuant to Ind.Appellate Rule 65(D), this Memorandum Decision shall not be regarded as precedent or cited before any court except for the purpose of establishing the defense of res judicata, collateral estoppel, or the law of the case.
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT:
MITCHELE J. HARLAN Jeffersonville, Indiana
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA
IN RE THE GUARDIANSHIP OF K.S., ) ) S.E., ) ) Appellant-Petitioner, ) ) vs. ) No. 10A01-1210-GU-473 ) K.B., ) ) Appellee-Respondent. )
APPEAL FROM THE CLARK CIRCUIT COURT The Honorable Jerry Jacobi, Judge The Honorable William A. Dawkins, Magistrate Cause No. 10C02-0601-GU-4
August 28, 2013
MEMORANDUM DECISION - NOT FOR PUBLICATION
VAIDIK, Judge Case Summary
In 2012, a trial court terminated S.E.’s guardianship of her niece, K.S. Early the
following year, the court also denied S.E.’s request for visitation with K.S. S.E. now
appeals, arguing that the trial court erred as to both orders. Because S.E. fails to show
that the trial court erred in terminating the guardianship and in light of the fact that S.E.,
as K.S.’s aunt, lacks standing to seek visitation with K.S., we affirm both orders.
Facts and Procedural History
K.B. (“Mother”) is the mother of K.S., who was born in 2004. Mother has a
history of alcoholism and instability, and in 2006, her sister, S.E., was granted
guardianship of K.S.1 Mother later moved to Florida.
At some point in 2010, S.E. and Mother agreed that K.S. would go to live with
Mother in Florida. Two years passed, and neither party sought court intervention during
this time. In 2012, Mother filed a motion in Clark Circuit Court to terminate the
guardianship. S.E. filed a motion seeking permission to bring K.S. back to Indiana to live
with her.
At a hearing on the motions, the parties testified about what had occurred since
K.S.’s return to Mother’s care. S.E. expressed concern about Mother’s volatile
relationship with her husband, which caused Mother to move to Pennsylvania for four
months, and two instances in which Mother consumed alcohol, despite her claims that
she was sober. See Tr. p. 68, 77-79, 90-91, 100-02. S.E. worried that Mother’s actions
were negatively affecting K.S., particularly with respect to her education. Id. at 103, 108. 1 S.E. is also the guardian of one of Mother’s other children, A.S. A.S. is not at issue in this appeal. 2 She also worried that K.S. was not taking her prescribed medication for her learning
disability. Id. at 104-06. Mother admitted that she consumed beer twice, but she said
that she was active in a church-based support group for her alcoholism. Id. at 14-15. She
also acknowledged her marital issues, but she said that she had reconciled with her
husband and returned to Florida. Id. at 16. Mother told the court that K.S. had been
enrolled in school in Pennsylvania and was now enrolled in school in Florida, and she
was taking her ADHD medication. Id. at 8-10.
In April 2012, the trial court granted Mother’s motion to terminate the
guardianship. Early the following year, S.E. sought visitation with K.S. The trial court
denied her motion for visitation. S.E. now appeals the guardianship-termination order
and the denial of her request for visitation with her niece.
Discussion and Decision
On appeal, S.E. argues that the trial court erred in terminating the guardianship
and in denying her request for visitation with K.S.
I. Guardianship
Indiana Code section 29-3-12-1(c) provides the standard for terminating a
guardianship. Under this section, a guardianship may be terminated whenever it is no
longer necessary. Ind. Code § 29-3-12-1(c)(4). Indiana courts, however “have generally
applied a more detailed test than required by the plain language of the [guardianship]
statute.” Roydes v. Cappy, 762 N.E.2d 1268, 1274 (Ind. Ct. App. 2002). That standard is
similar to the one used in child-custody modifications, which considers parental rights
and the best interests of the child. Id.
3 A parent wishing to terminate a guardianship has the burden of showing that
termination is in the child’s best interests and that there is a substantial change in one or
more of the child-custody factors. See In re K.I., 903 N.E.2d 453, 460 (Ind. 2009)
(citing Indiana Code § 31-14-13-6). There is a “strong presumption that a child’s
interests are best served by placement with the natural parent.” In re Guardianship of
B.H., 770 N.E.2d 283, 287 (Ind. 2002). Thus, while the burden on the natural parent
certainly exists, “these are modest requirements where the party seeking to modify
custody is the natural parent of a child who is in the custody of a third party.” J.H., 903
N.E.2d at 460.
Once a natural parent overcomes her burden, the burden shifts to the third party to
show that the “best interests [of the child] are substantially and significantly served by
placement with” the third party. B.H., 770 N.E.2d at 287. The third party must show by
clear and convincing evidence that the parent is unfit, that the parent has acquiesced to
the third party’s custody for a long period of time, or “voluntary relinquishment such that
the affections of the child and third party have become so interwoven that to sever them
would seriously mar and endanger the future happiness of the child.” Id. at 286 (citation
omitted). If the third party fails to do so, custody will be granted to the natural parent.
J.H., 903 N.E.2d at 461.
We review custody modifications for abuse of discretion with a “preference for
granting latitude and deference to our trial judges in family law matters.” Kirk v.
Kirk, 770 N.E.2d 304, 307 (Ind. 2002) (citation omitted). In determining whether the
trial court abused its discretion, we review the court’s findings and conclusions, and we
4 may not set aside the findings or judgment unless they are clearly erroneous. In re
Guardianship of J.K., 862 N.E.2d 686, 690-91 (Ind. Ct. App. 2007). We consider first
whether the evidence supports the factual findings and then, second, whether the findings
support the judgment. Id. Findings are clearly erroneous when the record is devoid of
facts to support them directly or inferentially. Id. We do not reweigh the evidence nor
do we reassess the credibility of witnesses, but rather, we consider the evidence most
favorable to the judgment and all reasonable inferences drawn in favor of the judgment.
Id.
S.E. argues that the trial court erred in terminating the guardianship, and her
argument is two-fold. First, she argues that K.S. returned to Mother’s care in Florida on a
trial basis, subject to a number of conditions regarding Mother’s sobriety and stability.
S.E. claims that because Mother failed to abide by these conditions, the guardianship
should not have been terminated and K.S. should have returned to live with S.E. While
the parties may indeed have agreed to certain conditions regarding Mother’s care of K.S.,
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Aug 28 2013, 5:48 am
Pursuant to Ind.Appellate Rule 65(D), this Memorandum Decision shall not be regarded as precedent or cited before any court except for the purpose of establishing the defense of res judicata, collateral estoppel, or the law of the case.
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT:
MITCHELE J. HARLAN Jeffersonville, Indiana
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA
IN RE THE GUARDIANSHIP OF K.S., ) ) S.E., ) ) Appellant-Petitioner, ) ) vs. ) No. 10A01-1210-GU-473 ) K.B., ) ) Appellee-Respondent. )
APPEAL FROM THE CLARK CIRCUIT COURT The Honorable Jerry Jacobi, Judge The Honorable William A. Dawkins, Magistrate Cause No. 10C02-0601-GU-4
August 28, 2013
MEMORANDUM DECISION - NOT FOR PUBLICATION
VAIDIK, Judge Case Summary
In 2012, a trial court terminated S.E.’s guardianship of her niece, K.S. Early the
following year, the court also denied S.E.’s request for visitation with K.S. S.E. now
appeals, arguing that the trial court erred as to both orders. Because S.E. fails to show
that the trial court erred in terminating the guardianship and in light of the fact that S.E.,
as K.S.’s aunt, lacks standing to seek visitation with K.S., we affirm both orders.
Facts and Procedural History
K.B. (“Mother”) is the mother of K.S., who was born in 2004. Mother has a
history of alcoholism and instability, and in 2006, her sister, S.E., was granted
guardianship of K.S.1 Mother later moved to Florida.
At some point in 2010, S.E. and Mother agreed that K.S. would go to live with
Mother in Florida. Two years passed, and neither party sought court intervention during
this time. In 2012, Mother filed a motion in Clark Circuit Court to terminate the
guardianship. S.E. filed a motion seeking permission to bring K.S. back to Indiana to live
with her.
At a hearing on the motions, the parties testified about what had occurred since
K.S.’s return to Mother’s care. S.E. expressed concern about Mother’s volatile
relationship with her husband, which caused Mother to move to Pennsylvania for four
months, and two instances in which Mother consumed alcohol, despite her claims that
she was sober. See Tr. p. 68, 77-79, 90-91, 100-02. S.E. worried that Mother’s actions
were negatively affecting K.S., particularly with respect to her education. Id. at 103, 108. 1 S.E. is also the guardian of one of Mother’s other children, A.S. A.S. is not at issue in this appeal. 2 She also worried that K.S. was not taking her prescribed medication for her learning
disability. Id. at 104-06. Mother admitted that she consumed beer twice, but she said
that she was active in a church-based support group for her alcoholism. Id. at 14-15. She
also acknowledged her marital issues, but she said that she had reconciled with her
husband and returned to Florida. Id. at 16. Mother told the court that K.S. had been
enrolled in school in Pennsylvania and was now enrolled in school in Florida, and she
was taking her ADHD medication. Id. at 8-10.
In April 2012, the trial court granted Mother’s motion to terminate the
guardianship. Early the following year, S.E. sought visitation with K.S. The trial court
denied her motion for visitation. S.E. now appeals the guardianship-termination order
and the denial of her request for visitation with her niece.
Discussion and Decision
On appeal, S.E. argues that the trial court erred in terminating the guardianship
and in denying her request for visitation with K.S.
I. Guardianship
Indiana Code section 29-3-12-1(c) provides the standard for terminating a
guardianship. Under this section, a guardianship may be terminated whenever it is no
longer necessary. Ind. Code § 29-3-12-1(c)(4). Indiana courts, however “have generally
applied a more detailed test than required by the plain language of the [guardianship]
statute.” Roydes v. Cappy, 762 N.E.2d 1268, 1274 (Ind. Ct. App. 2002). That standard is
similar to the one used in child-custody modifications, which considers parental rights
and the best interests of the child. Id.
3 A parent wishing to terminate a guardianship has the burden of showing that
termination is in the child’s best interests and that there is a substantial change in one or
more of the child-custody factors. See In re K.I., 903 N.E.2d 453, 460 (Ind. 2009)
(citing Indiana Code § 31-14-13-6). There is a “strong presumption that a child’s
interests are best served by placement with the natural parent.” In re Guardianship of
B.H., 770 N.E.2d 283, 287 (Ind. 2002). Thus, while the burden on the natural parent
certainly exists, “these are modest requirements where the party seeking to modify
custody is the natural parent of a child who is in the custody of a third party.” J.H., 903
N.E.2d at 460.
Once a natural parent overcomes her burden, the burden shifts to the third party to
show that the “best interests [of the child] are substantially and significantly served by
placement with” the third party. B.H., 770 N.E.2d at 287. The third party must show by
clear and convincing evidence that the parent is unfit, that the parent has acquiesced to
the third party’s custody for a long period of time, or “voluntary relinquishment such that
the affections of the child and third party have become so interwoven that to sever them
would seriously mar and endanger the future happiness of the child.” Id. at 286 (citation
omitted). If the third party fails to do so, custody will be granted to the natural parent.
J.H., 903 N.E.2d at 461.
We review custody modifications for abuse of discretion with a “preference for
granting latitude and deference to our trial judges in family law matters.” Kirk v.
Kirk, 770 N.E.2d 304, 307 (Ind. 2002) (citation omitted). In determining whether the
trial court abused its discretion, we review the court’s findings and conclusions, and we
4 may not set aside the findings or judgment unless they are clearly erroneous. In re
Guardianship of J.K., 862 N.E.2d 686, 690-91 (Ind. Ct. App. 2007). We consider first
whether the evidence supports the factual findings and then, second, whether the findings
support the judgment. Id. Findings are clearly erroneous when the record is devoid of
facts to support them directly or inferentially. Id. We do not reweigh the evidence nor
do we reassess the credibility of witnesses, but rather, we consider the evidence most
favorable to the judgment and all reasonable inferences drawn in favor of the judgment.
Id.
S.E. argues that the trial court erred in terminating the guardianship, and her
argument is two-fold. First, she argues that K.S. returned to Mother’s care in Florida on a
trial basis, subject to a number of conditions regarding Mother’s sobriety and stability.
S.E. claims that because Mother failed to abide by these conditions, the guardianship
should not have been terminated and K.S. should have returned to live with S.E. While
the parties may indeed have agreed to certain conditions regarding Mother’s care of K.S.,
these were informal, party-devised terms—they were not court-imposed conditions. For
this reason, we cannot agree that Mother’s alleged failure to abide by such conditions
mandated K.S.’s return to S.E. or that the guardianship remain in place.
S.E. also argues that the trial court erred in determining that the guardianship
should be terminated; specifically, she claims the court erred in finding that she did not
prove Mother’s unfitness.2 S.E. argues that Mother is an unfit parent because she makes
bad decisions, had a rocky relationship with her husband, which caused her to move
2 S.E. does not argue that Mother failed to meet her burden under the guardianship statute. 5 temporarily to Pennsylvania, and compromised her sobriety twice by drinking alcohol.
S.E. argues that the move to Pennsylvania caused K.S. to miss school for a period of
time. S.E. also claims that Mother has taken K.S. off her medication and has not enrolled
her in extracurricular activities. Finally, S.E. notes that Mother refuses to let S.E.
communicate with K.S. But this is nothing more than a recitation of the evidence
presented at the hearing on Mother’s motion to terminate the guardianship. The trial
court considered this evidence before concluding that the guardianship should, in fact, be
terminated. We reject S.E.’s request to reweigh the evidence on appeal.
II. Visitation
S.E. also argues that the trial court erred in denying her request for visitation with
K.S. Indiana allows parents, grandparents, and stepparents to seek visitation with a child,
under certain enumerated circumstances. See Kitchen v. Kitchen, 953 N.E.2d 646 (Ind.
Ct. App. 2011) (citing Ind. Code §§ 31-17-4-1, 5-1). In Kitchen, this Court declined to
add aunts and uncles to the class of persons permitted to seek visitation with a relative
child. Id. at 650 (“The trial court erred in concluding that it had the authority to grant
third-party visitation to persons other than parents, step-parents, or grandparents.”). We
acknowledge S.E.’s desire to spend time with her niece, but this Court has concluded that
as K.S.’s aunt, she has no standing to seek third-party visitation.
Affirmed.
BAKER, J., and FRIEDLANDER, J., concur.