Williams, J.:
The assignment was made December 23, 1887. The assignor was a wholesale jeweller, and the assignee was his brother-in-law and a lawyer. Immediately after the assignment had been made and the assignee had taken possession of the assigned property, litigation was instituted by various creditors based upon the invalidity of the assignment by reason of alleged fraud in making the same. This litigation was carried on for years, and the attacking creditors were substantially successful in the end. Some of the creditors brought actions against the assignor upon their claims, procured attachments and seized some of the property, which was subsequently sold upon execution and the moneys realized were received by such creditors. Other creditors, after recovering judgments against the assignor upon their claims, commenced actions to set aside the assignment as to them on the ground of fraud, and these creditors were successful and secured payment of their claims out of the assigned property. Other creditors instituted proceedings for the removal of the original assignee and the appointment of a new assignee in his place, and for an accounting.
In December, 1893, an order was entered removing the original assignee and appointing a new one,, and directing the original assignee to account before a referee. Such accounting has been had. The referee has made his report. The court has passed upon such report, and from the order made thereon this appeal is taken.
Various objections are made to the account as stated, which we are to consider. The first question raised is as to an item charged to the assignee of $10,301.95. This item represents the value of the merchandise in the store at the time the assignee took possession under the assignment, December 23, 1887. Four days later, December 27, 1887, all this merchandise was seized by the sheriff under the attachments hereinbefore referred to. The creditors indemnified the sheriff, and he removed the property and finally sold it upon their executions, and the creditors realized therefrom about $10,000, their total claims amounting to $16,427.54. This property was never recovered back by the assignee, nor administered by him as a part of the estate. He brought an action in June, 1888, against the indemnifying creditors to recover damages for the conversion of this property, but the prosecution of that action was enjoined [528]*528by the court in an action brought by other creditors to set aside the assignment for fraud. The latter action was brought to trial and resulted, in April, 1889, in a judgment in favor of the defendants. The order enjoining the prosecution of the action for conversion was then vacated and the assignee was permitted to proceed with that action. It was about to be moved for trial in October, 1891, when the defendants therein proposed a settlement, the terms of which were that the defendants should pay to the .assignee $4,000 in cash and release all then claims against the estate. Upon application of the assignee, the court approved of the settlement and authorized it to be made and it was made, and was finally carried out in March, 1892. The assignee received the $4,000. An appeal was taken by the plaintiffs in the action to set aside the assignment, and at the .time the settlement referred to was made that action and appeal were discontinued. Four'other actions to set aside the assignment were, however, subsequently brought, and in all of them it was adjudicated that the assignment was void by reason of fraud on the part of both the assignor and the assignee, and the referee upon this accounting found such fraud as a fact, and the court approved of such finding. At the time the attachments were issued and this merchandise in the store was seized,, therefore, that was a valid reason for the issuing of the attachments. And when the settlement of the action for conversion was made, the defendants had a perfect defense to that action. (Hess v. Hess, 117 N. Y. 306.) This property was lost to the assignee (except the $4,000 secured by the settlement) by reason of the fraud in making the assignment, and not by reason of any misconduct of the assignee after he became such. The fraud of the assignor in making the assignment rendered the assignment void as to the creditors who elected to impeach it. As to such creditors no title to this property passed from the assignor to the assignee: The title remained all the time in the assignor and subject to the attachments issued against his property. It was not necessary to accomplish this result that the assignee should participate in the fraud or have notice of it. As assignee he was in no sense a bona fide holder of the property, and the fraud of the assignor alone was sufficient to render the assignment void as against the attacking creditors, and to prevent the title to the property from passing to the assignee; The assignee never [529]*529had any title to or right to possession of the property as against the attacking creditors. (Knower v. C. N. Bank, 124 N. Y. 559; Austin v. Bell, 20 Johns. 451; Loos v. Wilkinson, 110 N. Y. 214.) The assignment was purely a voluntary one. It was in fact fraudulently made. The creditors might disregard it and follow the property as belonging to the assignor, or they might affirm it as legal and take their rights under it. Some creditors here took the former course and followed the property apart by attachments, and others by suits to set aside the-assignment as to them, and to procure the satisfaction of their judgments out of the assigned property. The remaining creditors affirmed the legality of the assignment and sought to enforce their rights under it. Their rights, however, were subject to the rights of the impeaching creditors, and they could only have the benefit of the property remaining after the claims of such other creditors were satisfied. The assignee, as such, and his sureties, can only be held liable for his misconduct as assignee in administering the assigned property which he acquired a legal title to and the right to possession of. The assignee could not be compelled to account to the creditors claiming under the assignment for property which he never took under such assignment, but which the impeaching creditors secured and applied towards the payment of their claims. This $10,301.95 item was not, therefore, chargeable to the assignee. All this property was taken and appropriated by the attacking creditors, and the creditors claiming under the assignment had then-no interest therein. .The assignee, by virtue of the settlement made with the approval of the court, secured from the attacking' creditors $4,000 in money, and this item was properly chargeable to him. The creditors claiming under the assignment had also the. benefit of the release by the attacking creditors of all further claims against the assigned estate.
The referee and the court below attempted to justify the charging of this item to the assignee upon the ground that the assignee participated in the fraud of the assignor which rendered the assignment void as to the attacking creditors. But this fraud was not the fraud of the assignee, as such. It was his fraud as an individual, and committed by him before he became' such assignee, and he could only be called upon to account for his acts as assignee after he became such. [530]*530It must be remembered that his sureties only undertook that he should faithfully, discharge his duties as assignee. They, did not undertake that he had been guilty of no fraud or misconduct before he became such assignee.
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Williams, J.:
The assignment was made December 23, 1887. The assignor was a wholesale jeweller, and the assignee was his brother-in-law and a lawyer. Immediately after the assignment had been made and the assignee had taken possession of the assigned property, litigation was instituted by various creditors based upon the invalidity of the assignment by reason of alleged fraud in making the same. This litigation was carried on for years, and the attacking creditors were substantially successful in the end. Some of the creditors brought actions against the assignor upon their claims, procured attachments and seized some of the property, which was subsequently sold upon execution and the moneys realized were received by such creditors. Other creditors, after recovering judgments against the assignor upon their claims, commenced actions to set aside the assignment as to them on the ground of fraud, and these creditors were successful and secured payment of their claims out of the assigned property. Other creditors instituted proceedings for the removal of the original assignee and the appointment of a new assignee in his place, and for an accounting.
In December, 1893, an order was entered removing the original assignee and appointing a new one,, and directing the original assignee to account before a referee. Such accounting has been had. The referee has made his report. The court has passed upon such report, and from the order made thereon this appeal is taken.
Various objections are made to the account as stated, which we are to consider. The first question raised is as to an item charged to the assignee of $10,301.95. This item represents the value of the merchandise in the store at the time the assignee took possession under the assignment, December 23, 1887. Four days later, December 27, 1887, all this merchandise was seized by the sheriff under the attachments hereinbefore referred to. The creditors indemnified the sheriff, and he removed the property and finally sold it upon their executions, and the creditors realized therefrom about $10,000, their total claims amounting to $16,427.54. This property was never recovered back by the assignee, nor administered by him as a part of the estate. He brought an action in June, 1888, against the indemnifying creditors to recover damages for the conversion of this property, but the prosecution of that action was enjoined [528]*528by the court in an action brought by other creditors to set aside the assignment for fraud. The latter action was brought to trial and resulted, in April, 1889, in a judgment in favor of the defendants. The order enjoining the prosecution of the action for conversion was then vacated and the assignee was permitted to proceed with that action. It was about to be moved for trial in October, 1891, when the defendants therein proposed a settlement, the terms of which were that the defendants should pay to the .assignee $4,000 in cash and release all then claims against the estate. Upon application of the assignee, the court approved of the settlement and authorized it to be made and it was made, and was finally carried out in March, 1892. The assignee received the $4,000. An appeal was taken by the plaintiffs in the action to set aside the assignment, and at the .time the settlement referred to was made that action and appeal were discontinued. Four'other actions to set aside the assignment were, however, subsequently brought, and in all of them it was adjudicated that the assignment was void by reason of fraud on the part of both the assignor and the assignee, and the referee upon this accounting found such fraud as a fact, and the court approved of such finding. At the time the attachments were issued and this merchandise in the store was seized,, therefore, that was a valid reason for the issuing of the attachments. And when the settlement of the action for conversion was made, the defendants had a perfect defense to that action. (Hess v. Hess, 117 N. Y. 306.) This property was lost to the assignee (except the $4,000 secured by the settlement) by reason of the fraud in making the assignment, and not by reason of any misconduct of the assignee after he became such. The fraud of the assignor in making the assignment rendered the assignment void as to the creditors who elected to impeach it. As to such creditors no title to this property passed from the assignor to the assignee: The title remained all the time in the assignor and subject to the attachments issued against his property. It was not necessary to accomplish this result that the assignee should participate in the fraud or have notice of it. As assignee he was in no sense a bona fide holder of the property, and the fraud of the assignor alone was sufficient to render the assignment void as against the attacking creditors, and to prevent the title to the property from passing to the assignee; The assignee never [529]*529had any title to or right to possession of the property as against the attacking creditors. (Knower v. C. N. Bank, 124 N. Y. 559; Austin v. Bell, 20 Johns. 451; Loos v. Wilkinson, 110 N. Y. 214.) The assignment was purely a voluntary one. It was in fact fraudulently made. The creditors might disregard it and follow the property as belonging to the assignor, or they might affirm it as legal and take their rights under it. Some creditors here took the former course and followed the property apart by attachments, and others by suits to set aside the-assignment as to them, and to procure the satisfaction of their judgments out of the assigned property. The remaining creditors affirmed the legality of the assignment and sought to enforce their rights under it. Their rights, however, were subject to the rights of the impeaching creditors, and they could only have the benefit of the property remaining after the claims of such other creditors were satisfied. The assignee, as such, and his sureties, can only be held liable for his misconduct as assignee in administering the assigned property which he acquired a legal title to and the right to possession of. The assignee could not be compelled to account to the creditors claiming under the assignment for property which he never took under such assignment, but which the impeaching creditors secured and applied towards the payment of their claims. This $10,301.95 item was not, therefore, chargeable to the assignee. All this property was taken and appropriated by the attacking creditors, and the creditors claiming under the assignment had then-no interest therein. .The assignee, by virtue of the settlement made with the approval of the court, secured from the attacking' creditors $4,000 in money, and this item was properly chargeable to him. The creditors claiming under the assignment had also the. benefit of the release by the attacking creditors of all further claims against the assigned estate.
The referee and the court below attempted to justify the charging of this item to the assignee upon the ground that the assignee participated in the fraud of the assignor which rendered the assignment void as to the attacking creditors. But this fraud was not the fraud of the assignee, as such. It was his fraud as an individual, and committed by him before he became' such assignee, and he could only be called upon to account for his acts as assignee after he became such. [530]*530It must be remembered that his sureties only undertook that he should faithfully, discharge his duties as assignee. They, did not undertake that he had been guilty of no fraud or misconduct before he became such assignee. , The order of the court, which is binding upon them as well as upon the assignee, makes them liable for the results of his fraudulent acts before he became such assignee. It is apparent that the sureties could not be held so liable. The accountability of the assignee, as such, and the liability of his sureties, are precisely the same and are fixed by the same order; and, as to the assignee and his sureties, this item was an improper charge'.
The referee and the court below refused to allow the assignee, as a credit against the item of $4,000 cash received upon the settlement of the conversion action, the expenses incurred in such action by the assignee. This refusal was attempted to be justified by reason of the fraud of the assignee to which reference has already been made. The same reasoning is applicable to this item as to the other. The assigned estate had the. benefit of the $4,000 in cash, and the action was necessarily brought and the expenses therein incurred to secure this benefit. The estate should bear the expense, having received the benefit secured thereby.
The referee and the court below refused to allow the assignee credit for the expense incurred by him in the defense of the several actions brought to set aside the assignment for fraud; and this refusal was attempted to be justified, not upon the ground that the defenses were improperly made and the expenses improvidently incurred,but upon the ground already referred to, that the assignee participated in the fraud which rendered such action successful. This ground is not tenable. The duty of the assignee to the creditors whom he represented was to defend the assignment, provided there was reasonable pros¡:>ect of success. -If he knew the expense incurred in such defense would be lost to the creditors claiming under the assignment, he might be denied credit therefor on the ground that they were improperly or improvidently incurred, because the defense would fail. The creditors claiming under the assignment would certainly have had cause to complain if the assignee had abandoned - the assignment and - allowed judgments by default setting aside the assignment for fraud. The assignee did not concede that the assignment had been fraudulently made, and- a long litigation was neces[531]*531sary to establish such fraud. The fraud was found upon the evidence largely of the assignor, and in opposition to the evidence of the assignee. The ground upon which these items were disallowed, that the assignee jjarticipated in the fraud that rendered the assignment invalid, was in effect that the assignee and his sureties were liable for the results of the acts of the assignee as an individual and beforé he became such assignee. This accounting was one under the assignment regarded as a valid one, and not under judgments setting aside the assignment as void for, fraud; and the question here was not whether the assignment was void, because the proceeding was under it as valid, the real question being whether the assignee acted properly in defending the assignment against the attacks of certain creditors who sought to impeach it, or whether the defenses and the necessary expenses incurred therein were improperly, and improvidently made; and we see no reason for refusing these credits, except upon the ground that the assignee knew the defense would fail, and, therefore, ought to have permitted judgments therein to go by default and should not have incurred these expenses. Such finding has not been made by the referee or the court below, and we cannot act upon the assumption of any such state of facts.
The disallowance of the credit for expenses of the accounting before the referee Holcomb was improper. That proceeding was not voluntarily commenced by the assignee, but was.ordered by the court upon the petition of a creditor. After proceeding for a little time the creditor desired to discontinue it. ■ • The expense already incurred was small, and the assignee consented to discontinue without costs, and without attempting to force it on to a final determination and direction by the court as to costs. The actions to set aside the assignment were then pending and undetermined, and it was a very proper exercise of discretion by the assignee to treat the matter as he did; He should be allowed for the expenses actually incurred by him in the matter.
A small item of costs paid by the assignee for leave to serve supplemental answer in Folkart v. Ginsberg & Hallheimer should have been allowed the assignee as a credit. It was claimed that the plaintiff, after commencing his action, had discharged and released his claim upon which, the action was based, and the assignee [532]*532desired to plead this discharge and release. It was quite proper that he should incur this expense, and it. should be allowed in . his. account.
There was no good reason why the assignee .should be charged with $1,301.13 for goods sold at auction, when the assignee received therefor only $1,048.15.
The assignee was improperly charged with accounts which he did not and could not collect. We do not deem it necessary to go over these accounts in detail. There will have to be a new hearing before another referee, and the judgment of the new referee with reference to the facts should be had. Although the assignee was guilty of .participation in the fraud of the assignor leading up- to the. assignment, still he was entitled to fair treatment upon the account-. ing. He should not be charged with property he never had and was not allowed to administer, nor with the proceeds of property he never realized. He should, moreover, be allowed credit for expenses necessarily incurred in the administration of the trust. Especially should he be treated fairly when the same determination fixes not only his own liability but also that of the sureties upon his . bond.
We cannot agree with the court in approving of the report of the referee. ■ The order- appealed. from should be reversed, the report of the referee set aside and a new referee appointed to take the accounting.. In the final adjustment of the account the assignee should be allowed the expenses of the accounting before the first referee and of this appeal. And if the fund is inadequate to meet the expenses of the two references and of this appeal, the respondents should pay the assignee the costs of this appeal.
Van'Brunt, P. J., Patterson and Ingraham, Jd*., concurred.
Order reversed, with costs, report of referee set aside and new referee appointed to take accounting.