-Chase, J.:
On the 6th day of April, 1897, Albert B. Fitch and Charles D. Aldrich, individually and as copartners under the firm name of Fitch & Aldrich, manufacturers of sash, doors and blinds, made a general assignment for the benefit of creditors to John W. Dwight. Judson A. Gibson was the attorney for the assignee. From the inventories filed as required by law it appears that the firm had liabilities amounting to $210,027.39,- nominal assets amounting to $226,985.21, and actual assets- amounting to $158,391.70. The assignors did not have title to the land on which their plant stood, but they had possession thereof under a contract to purchase the same. The assignee was under a large expense in the care of the property, and the title to the property as well as the claims upon the same was such that expensive and long-continued litigation was probable, or at least possible. The assignee as well as the assignors were desirous of reorganizing and .continuing the business. The Chemung Canal Bank of Elmira was a creditor to -the extent of $146,071.40, while the total amount of all the other firm liabilities as stated in the inventory was about $64,000. The bank demanded [359]*359fifty cents on a dollar in settlement of its claim. Mr. Reynolds was one of the firm of attorneys who usually represented the Chemung Canal Bank in its legal matters. The assignee consulted with Mr. Reynolds in regard to the matter of settling up the assigned estate, and Mr. Reynolds suggested that the claims be bought in. Mr. Gibson, the attorney for the assignee, was sent for and came to the office of the assignee and the matter was discussed, arid Mr. Reynolds suggested that Mr. Gibson should purchase the claims. Mi’. Gibson and the'assignee went to Buffalo with Mr. Aid-rich, one of the assignors, to see the creditors. In the meantime the Chemung Canal Bank brought an action to restrain the assignee from selling the property held under the contract as stated, including buildings and machinery and other property permanently placed thereon, and asked to have the court adjudge that the bank had a lien on the property of the assignors to the extent of $55,000 and that the property be sold for the propose of paying its said lien. The creditors of the assignors other than the bank were substantially all represented at a meeting of creditors in Buffalo, at which the assignee and his attorney, Mr. Gibson, and Mr. Aldrich, one of the assignors, were present, and the creditors there represented sent one Carey to Elmira to look over the books of the assignors, and he examined the books and the question of the litigation with the assignee. After his return and after one Smith, representing another creditor, had been sent to Elmira, the creditors so represented agreed to accept twenty-five per cent of their claims in settlement. ■ The assignee said to the creditors that he believed that the bank would receive more than twenty-five per cent of its claim, but that it would have to take its pay in property, and would have to carry the new concern that was to be organized and wait a good many years for its pay. The record shows that all the talk had by the assignee and by Gibson in regard to the payment of twenty-five per cent related to. a settlement of the claims of these several creditors. The twenty-five per cent was paid in nearly every instance by Mr. Gibson personally, and an absolute assignment of the claims was taken by Mr. Gibson in each case. The assignee took an active part in purchasing these several claims, and letters were written by him to many of the creditors all in the same form, except that the names and amounts were changed to correspond with the facts in each particular case. [360]*360The principal part of the letters so written by the assignee to the creditors is as follows: “ Owing to the-distressed business conditions which have existed, it has taken some time to reach a point where it seemed possible that a settlement could be effected. There is at -the present time suit brought against me by the Chemung Canal Bank of this city claiming about $70,000 in equity .against this, property. With a claim as large as this and involving as many questions as it does, it' does not seem as though a speedy adjustment, could be reached and a final dividend paid by the assignee -to the-. creditors. Some of the friends of the late firm are compromising-these matters and have made an offer of 25 cents on the dollar if' accepted immediately. I will state to you that most of the creditors-are accepting this, in fact all of them, as fast as the case is presented. If this adjustment is not made, it looks ás though it would be-several, years before a settlement can be reached. Will you kindly advise: me if you care to accept this offer, and if so, I will have the proper-papers sent you for your execution. " This is done with a view of" reorganization and the plant assuming operations again. All of the-, leading lumbermen and supply dealers have accepted this offer.”
E. A. & Smith & Co., creditors of the assignors, wrote a letter-accepting the offer. The correspondence of the assignee on the-subject of a compromise seems to have been in the possession of' Mr. Gibson, and the letter of E. A. Smith & Co. accepting the offer-Was answered by Mr. Gibson at some length, and at the end of the-letter he says : “ Please execute, attach an acknowledgment to the: assignment in accordance with the laws of your state, entitling it to-be filed in this state, as all of these claims will" be filed in our Court' upon the discharge of the Assignee, and I am taking these assignments in my name for the purpose of executing a final consent to-his discharge when they are all in and paid.”
To another creditor who had received the formal letter from the: assignee Mr.-Gibson wrote: “Tours to Mr. John W. Dwight,Assignee, has been handed to me for answer. The majority of the: creditors have accepted the offer, and in fact we have had no reply refusing the offer. As Mr. Dwight no doubt fully wrote you the: situation, it will not be necessary for me to say anything further-except that after a-thorough investigation the creditors who hold claims to $10,000 and $12,000 each, have readily assented and for[361]*361warded to me the assignments of their claims and have been paid.” The claims so assigned to Mr. Gibson amounted to $51,633.19, and the only claim presented to the assignee other than the claim of the Chemung Canal Bank and the claims so assigned to Gibson were six in number, amounting to the sum of $810.30. It appears from the record that the assignee not only corresponded with the creditors and urged them to compromise their claims by accepting twenty-five per cent, but that he personally made the arrangement for the settlement with the creditors in most instances and then turned the matter over to Gibson, his attorney, and the matter was then consummated by an absolute assignment of the claims as stated. Thirteen witnesses were sworn in this proceeding, representing more than two-thirds of the claims that were so assigned to Gibson, and they each testified to their agreement to settle and compromise their claims respectively on payment of twenty-five per cent. Hone of these creditors so appearing as witnesses made any further claim against the assigned estate, or in any way expressed a desire to be made a party to the proceeding. An examination of the.testimony received in this proceeding, including the correspondence and the other exhibits, leads irresistibly to the conclusion that these several claims assigned to Gibson were purchased in the interest of the assigned estate, and the findings of fact made by the County Court are fully justified by the evidence. Mr. Dwight and Mr.
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-Chase, J.:
On the 6th day of April, 1897, Albert B. Fitch and Charles D. Aldrich, individually and as copartners under the firm name of Fitch & Aldrich, manufacturers of sash, doors and blinds, made a general assignment for the benefit of creditors to John W. Dwight. Judson A. Gibson was the attorney for the assignee. From the inventories filed as required by law it appears that the firm had liabilities amounting to $210,027.39,- nominal assets amounting to $226,985.21, and actual assets- amounting to $158,391.70. The assignors did not have title to the land on which their plant stood, but they had possession thereof under a contract to purchase the same. The assignee was under a large expense in the care of the property, and the title to the property as well as the claims upon the same was such that expensive and long-continued litigation was probable, or at least possible. The assignee as well as the assignors were desirous of reorganizing and .continuing the business. The Chemung Canal Bank of Elmira was a creditor to -the extent of $146,071.40, while the total amount of all the other firm liabilities as stated in the inventory was about $64,000. The bank demanded [359]*359fifty cents on a dollar in settlement of its claim. Mr. Reynolds was one of the firm of attorneys who usually represented the Chemung Canal Bank in its legal matters. The assignee consulted with Mr. Reynolds in regard to the matter of settling up the assigned estate, and Mr. Reynolds suggested that the claims be bought in. Mr. Gibson, the attorney for the assignee, was sent for and came to the office of the assignee and the matter was discussed, arid Mr. Reynolds suggested that Mr. Gibson should purchase the claims. Mi’. Gibson and the'assignee went to Buffalo with Mr. Aid-rich, one of the assignors, to see the creditors. In the meantime the Chemung Canal Bank brought an action to restrain the assignee from selling the property held under the contract as stated, including buildings and machinery and other property permanently placed thereon, and asked to have the court adjudge that the bank had a lien on the property of the assignors to the extent of $55,000 and that the property be sold for the propose of paying its said lien. The creditors of the assignors other than the bank were substantially all represented at a meeting of creditors in Buffalo, at which the assignee and his attorney, Mr. Gibson, and Mr. Aldrich, one of the assignors, were present, and the creditors there represented sent one Carey to Elmira to look over the books of the assignors, and he examined the books and the question of the litigation with the assignee. After his return and after one Smith, representing another creditor, had been sent to Elmira, the creditors so represented agreed to accept twenty-five per cent of their claims in settlement. ■ The assignee said to the creditors that he believed that the bank would receive more than twenty-five per cent of its claim, but that it would have to take its pay in property, and would have to carry the new concern that was to be organized and wait a good many years for its pay. The record shows that all the talk had by the assignee and by Gibson in regard to the payment of twenty-five per cent related to. a settlement of the claims of these several creditors. The twenty-five per cent was paid in nearly every instance by Mr. Gibson personally, and an absolute assignment of the claims was taken by Mr. Gibson in each case. The assignee took an active part in purchasing these several claims, and letters were written by him to many of the creditors all in the same form, except that the names and amounts were changed to correspond with the facts in each particular case. [360]*360The principal part of the letters so written by the assignee to the creditors is as follows: “ Owing to the-distressed business conditions which have existed, it has taken some time to reach a point where it seemed possible that a settlement could be effected. There is at -the present time suit brought against me by the Chemung Canal Bank of this city claiming about $70,000 in equity .against this, property. With a claim as large as this and involving as many questions as it does, it' does not seem as though a speedy adjustment, could be reached and a final dividend paid by the assignee -to the-. creditors. Some of the friends of the late firm are compromising-these matters and have made an offer of 25 cents on the dollar if' accepted immediately. I will state to you that most of the creditors-are accepting this, in fact all of them, as fast as the case is presented. If this adjustment is not made, it looks ás though it would be-several, years before a settlement can be reached. Will you kindly advise: me if you care to accept this offer, and if so, I will have the proper-papers sent you for your execution. " This is done with a view of" reorganization and the plant assuming operations again. All of the-, leading lumbermen and supply dealers have accepted this offer.”
E. A. & Smith & Co., creditors of the assignors, wrote a letter-accepting the offer. The correspondence of the assignee on the-subject of a compromise seems to have been in the possession of' Mr. Gibson, and the letter of E. A. Smith & Co. accepting the offer-Was answered by Mr. Gibson at some length, and at the end of the-letter he says : “ Please execute, attach an acknowledgment to the: assignment in accordance with the laws of your state, entitling it to-be filed in this state, as all of these claims will" be filed in our Court' upon the discharge of the Assignee, and I am taking these assignments in my name for the purpose of executing a final consent to-his discharge when they are all in and paid.”
To another creditor who had received the formal letter from the: assignee Mr.-Gibson wrote: “Tours to Mr. John W. Dwight,Assignee, has been handed to me for answer. The majority of the: creditors have accepted the offer, and in fact we have had no reply refusing the offer. As Mr. Dwight no doubt fully wrote you the: situation, it will not be necessary for me to say anything further-except that after a-thorough investigation the creditors who hold claims to $10,000 and $12,000 each, have readily assented and for[361]*361warded to me the assignments of their claims and have been paid.” The claims so assigned to Mr. Gibson amounted to $51,633.19, and the only claim presented to the assignee other than the claim of the Chemung Canal Bank and the claims so assigned to Gibson were six in number, amounting to the sum of $810.30. It appears from the record that the assignee not only corresponded with the creditors and urged them to compromise their claims by accepting twenty-five per cent, but that he personally made the arrangement for the settlement with the creditors in most instances and then turned the matter over to Gibson, his attorney, and the matter was then consummated by an absolute assignment of the claims as stated. Thirteen witnesses were sworn in this proceeding, representing more than two-thirds of the claims that were so assigned to Gibson, and they each testified to their agreement to settle and compromise their claims respectively on payment of twenty-five per cent. Hone of these creditors so appearing as witnesses made any further claim against the assigned estate, or in any way expressed a desire to be made a party to the proceeding. An examination of the.testimony received in this proceeding, including the correspondence and the other exhibits, leads irresistibly to the conclusion that these several claims assigned to Gibson were purchased in the interest of the assigned estate, and the findings of fact made by the County Court are fully justified by the evidence. Mr. Dwight and Mr. Gibson used their knowledge of the trust estate, and their position and relations to the trust estate, in aid of securing such claims and in inducing the owners thereof to dispose of the same to Mr. Gibson. For some reason the business was not reorganized and continued as had been proposed, and after some further delay and after these claims were so assigned to Gibson, there was a meeting at which the assignee, Mr. Gibson, and Mr. Reynolds were present, and there was talk about settling the remaining claims and saving the estate the expenses of an accounting; the. question of the assignee’s commissions and Gibson’s compensation were also discussed. Mr. Gibson wanted ten per cent on the amount of the claims assigned to him. He finally offered to accept $4,000 and waive any further claim for an allowance from the estate. They were unable to come to an agreement, and it was left for a judicial settlement of the assigned estate. This proceeding was instituted and the court refused to [362]*362allow the assignee for any payments to Mr. Gibson on the assigned claims other than the amounts paid out by him with interest.
To allow a trustee and his attorney to take advantage of their trust relation and their special knowledge by reason of such relation to make an individual profit out of the trust fund is contrary to public policy. This is so well stated in the case of The Manhattan Cloak and Suit Company v. Dodge (120 Ind. 1) that I quote from such case : “We are clear that the attorney had no right to reap any profit from the purchases made by him with the trust funds. It was the duty of the court to require the assignee to account for the profits realized by his attorney. The position occupied by the latter imposed upon him the obligation to devote his labor and his talents to the service of the creditors whom the assignee represented. He had no right, occupying the position he did, to engage in buying claims for his individual benefit, and, as the assignee knew of the conduct of his attorney, he violated his duty in allowing.him to secure more than the actual cost of the claims. Whatever profit accrued from the use of the trust funds by the attorney belonged in equity to the persons entitled to the funds. * * '* It would be subversive of justice to permit an attorney of a trustee to use his position for his individual benefit, although he made no use of the trust funds, and we are satisfied that even where an attorney purchases the claims of creditors with his own money he can obtain at most no more than the sum he actually paid for them. The policy of the law is to prevent an attorney from sacrificing the interests of his client for his own gain, and to carry into effect this policy the courts will not allow an attorney to take advantage of his position to the possible injury of his client. *" * * The assignee of an insolvent debtor owes a duty to all of the creditors. He certainly can not be allowed to buy claims from creditors and reap a profit. The reason for this rule operates against the assignee’s attorney, for he, as the trusted confidential adviser of the trustee, represents all of the beneficiaries. To him the assignee, as the representative of all the creditors, must look for advice and that advice must come from an unbiased mind, He has no right to deal with them or any of them for his own benefit, for the instant he becomes interested he ceases to occupy the position which it is his duty to his clients to maintain. To permit the attorney to buy claims even with his own money would [363]*363open the way to fraud and wrong and such ways it is the duty of the courts to tightly and securely close. The law means to keep attorneys from assuming positions where they may be tempted to prefer their own interests to those of their clients. To deter them from assuming such positions it sternly denies them the right to secure any profit from their transactions with their clients, and requires them to yield it to the trust it was their duty to serve with undivided zeal and interest. In cases of this character it is unnecessary to prove a corrupt design or fraudulent practices. The intention may be honest, and yet the act be wrongful in legal contemplation. The wrong emerges from the improper departure from duty and is complete without an evil or fraudulent purpose.”'
The court had jurisdiction of this matter. Section 25 of the General Assignment Law (Laws of 1877, chap. 466) is as follows.: “ Any proceeding under this act shall be deemed for all purposes, including review by appeal or otherwise, to be a proceeding had in the court as a court of general jurisdiction, and the court shall have full jurisdiction to do all and every act relating to the assigned estate, the assignees, assignors and creditors, and jurisdiction shall be presumed in support of the orders' and decrees therein unless the contrary be shown, and after the filing or recording of an assignment under this act, the court may exercise the powers of a court of equity in reference to the trust and any matters involved" therein.”
Any equitable lien that Mr. Gibson may have had on the claims assigned to him for his services in procuring the same was waived by not making a claim for such services on the accounting. At the close of his testimony as a witness in this proceeding he was asked by the court: “ Q. As I understand. from your evidence the only claim that you have in this proceeding is as a creditor in the estate in the amount of claims assigned to you ? ” To which he replied, “ That is all.” The county judge in his. memorandum decision says: “ On the argument Mr. Gibson did not claim any right to such compensation and rested his claim to a portion of the assigned estate solely as owner of certain debts owing by the assignors at the time of the assignment. Although in his brief he argues for such allowance, none has been allowed to him by the Assignee, and no claim has been made for such.” The Chemung Canal Bank [364]*364is not estopped from insisting that Mr. Gibson should not be paid ón these claims anything more than the amount he paid for the same with interest thereon. Although prior to the judicial settlement Mr. Gibson offered to accept a percentage on the claims assigned to him and waive all claim for services to the assignee, such offer was not accepted by the bank, and after the proceeding was commenced the bank, in its objections to the account of the assignee, expressly stated its position and clearly and consistently maintained its position throughout the entire proceeding. The result of the decree is to leave Mr. Gibson without compensation for services to which he was honestly entitled, but the decree was so made by reason of the persistent refusal of Mr. Gibson to present his claim' in a proper manner to the assignee and have the same passed upon in the final accounting.
Decree affirmed, with costs. ■
All concurred, except Smith, J., not voting.
Decree affirmed, with costs.