Filed Washington State Court of Appeals Division Two
June 16, 2020
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON
DIVISION II In re the Detention of: No. 53204-2-II
B.L.R. UNPUBLISHED OPINION Petitioner.
MAXA, J. – BLR appeals a trial court order involuntarily committing him to Western State
Hospital (WSH) for an additional 180 days of mental health treatment. BLR was involuntarily
committed for an initial 180 days after the trial court found he was incompetent to face felony
criminal charges related to his alleged assault of his father.
Under RCW 71.05.320(4)(c),1 a person can be involuntarily recommitted for an
additional 180 days if he or she has committed acts constituting a felony and “continues to
present a substantial likelihood of repeating acts similar to the charged criminal behavior.” A
person also can be involuntarily recommitted under RCW 71.05.320(4)(d) if he or she continues
to be “gravely disabled.” The trial court’s recommitment order was based on both grounds: that
BLR continued to present a substantial likelihood of repeating acts like the assault against his
father and that he was gravely disabled.
1 RCW 71.05.320 was amended in 2018, but we will not use “former” in relation to this statute because the amendment was minor and does not affect any substantive provisions. No. 53204-2-II
BLR argues that the trial court erred in entering the order committing him for an
additional 180 days of treatment because the State failed to show that he continued to be gravely
disabled as defined in former RCW 71.05.020(22) (2019).2 The State argues that BLR’s appeal
is moot because BLR does not challenge the trial court’s alternative ground for recommitting
him, which requires us to affirm.
We hold that (1) BLR’s appeal is not moot because even though we must affirm on the
unchallenged alternative ground for recommitment, the trial court’s conclusion that BLR was
gravely disabled could have adverse consequences in future commitment proceedings; and (2)
substantial evidence supports the trial court’s determination that BLR was gravely disabled under
both former RCW 71.05.020(22)(a) and (b). Accordingly, we affirm the trial court’s
recommitment order.
FACTS
In December 2017, BLR assaulted his father, with whom he had been living, by
repeatedly punching him in the face and choking him. BLR was charged with second degree
assault and felony harassment. In May 2018, the superior court dismissed the criminal charges
without prejudice after finding that BLR was incompetent and ordered that he be committed to
WSH for evaluation.
A mental health professional and a physician from WSH sought BLR’s involuntary
treatment for 180 days under RCW 71.05.280(3) and (4). The petition alleged that BLR had
committed a “violent offense” under RCW 9.94A.030 and presented a substantial likelihood of
repeating acts similar to the December assault. The petition also alleged that BLR was gravely
2 The definition currently is found at RCW 71.05.020(21).
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disabled. In support of the petition, the petitioners reported that this hospitalization was BLR’s
fifth, having previously been admitted in August 2011, February to October 2013, February to
September 2014, and April 2016 to July 2017. The petitioners diagnosed BLR with
schizoaffective disorder, bipolar type with antisocial traits.
The trial court entered an order committing BLR for involuntary treatment. The court
described BLR’s assault on his father, determined that BLR presented a substantial likelihood of
repeating similar acts, and found that the acts BLR had committed constituted a “violent offense”
under RCW 9.94A.030. The trial court also found that BLR was gravely disabled. The trial
court ordered 180 days of inpatient treatment.
In October 2018, petitioners from WSH sought BLR’s involuntary treatment for an
additional 180 days. The petition alleged that BLR “continue[d] to present a substantial
likelihood of repeating acts similar to the charged criminal behavior,” and was gravely disabled.
Clerk’s Papers (CP) at 35. The motion was supported by a lengthy declaration from the
petitioners detailing BLR’s history, mental illness diagnosis and symptoms, and current
condition.
The trial court held a hearing on the petition for recommitment. Dr. Shamyka Sutton, a
clinical psychologist at WSH and one of the petitioners, testified that BLR suffered from
“schizoaffective disorder and unspecified personality disorder, specifically antisocial personality
disorder traits.” Report of Proceedings (RP) at 51. Dr. Sutton stated that BLR continued to
exhibit “suspiciousness” and “poor insight with regards to his symptoms,” possibly because of
“paranoid ideations.” RP at 51. As of late October 2018, there were reports that BLR was still
“responding to internal stimuli” and having “some mood lability and agitation.” RP at 51. BLR
continued to have poor judgment regarding how to take care of his mental health symptoms.
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Dr. Sutton believed that because of BLR’s mental disorder, it was unlikely that he would
be able to consistently meet his basic health and safety needs if released from WSH. BLR
especially would have difficulty obtaining housing because he continued to not believe that he
had a mental illness and refused to reside with family members or to obtain services like social
security that would help him maintain necessities like housing, food, and clothing. Dr. Sutton
believed that he was likely to stop taking medication if released because he did not believe he
had a mental illness. She stated that, given BLR’s history, it was likely that if released BLR
would rapidly decompensate, increase his paranoid ideation, experience a re-emergence of
auditory hallucinations, and use substances as a coping mechanism, leading to re-hospitalization
or additional offenses. Dr. Sutton concluded that placement at WSH currently was in BLR’s best
interest.
BLR did not call an expert witness to testify at the hearing. BLR testified that if released
he would switch to the medication he had been taking during the time he lived with his father.
BLR stated that he would seek mental health treatment after release but could not remember his
former provider’s name and believed the provider had shut down his practice. If released, he
would investigate living at a homeless camp, but did not want to go to a mental health group
home and did not know how to find a standard apartment.
The trial court entered an order committing BLR for up to an additional 180 days of
inpatient treatment. The court entered a finding of fact that BLR was “in custody pursuant to
RCW 71.05.280(3) and as a result of a mental disorder continue[d] to present a substantial
likelihood of repeating acts similar to the charged criminal behavior.” CP at 65. The court noted
that it previously had “made a special finding that the underlying offense was a violent offense
under RCW 9.94A.030.” CP at 65. The court also entered a conclusion of law that BLR
4 No. 53204-2-II
“present[ed]/continue[d] to present a substantial likelihood of repeating acts similar to the
charged criminal behavior.” CP at 68. In addition, the court found that BLR continued to be
gravely disabled.
BLR appeals the trial court’s 180-day recommitment order.
ANALYSIS
A. LEGAL PRINCIPLES – INVOLUNTARY COMMITMENT
1. Dismissal of Violent Felony Charges
RCW 10.77.050 states, “No incompetent person shall be tried, convicted, or sentenced
for the commission of an offense so long as such incapacity continues.” When the trial court
determines that a person is incompetent to stand trial for felony charges, the charges against that
person are dismissed without prejudice and the person must undergo a mental health evaluation
for the purpose of filing a civil commitment petition. Former RCW 10.77.086(4) (2015).
For a person found incompetent to stand trial for felony charges under former RCW
10.77.086(4), the professional person in charge of a treatment facility may petition under RCW
71.05.280(3) for 180 days of treatment. RCW 71.05.290(3). RCW 71.05.280 states,
[A] person may be committed for further treatment pursuant to RCW 71.05.320 if: ... (3) Such person has been determined to be incompetent and criminal charges have been dismissed pursuant to RCW 10.77.086(4), and has committed acts constituting a felony, and as a result of a mental disorder, presents a substantial likelihood of repeating similar acts. ... (b) For any person subject to commitment under this subsection where the charge underlying the finding of incompetence is for a felony classified as violent under RCW 9.94A.030, the court shall determine whether the acts the person committed constitute a violent offense under RCW 9.94A.030.
After this initial 180-day commitment term, under RCW 71.05.320(4) the person in
charge of the facility in which a person is committed may file a new petition for involuntary
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treatment on various grounds. One of the grounds involves a person committed under RCW
71.05.280(3):
(c)(i) [If the committed person] [i]s in custody pursuant to RCW 71.05.280(3) and as a result of mental disorder or developmental disability continues to present a substantial likelihood of repeating acts similar to the charged criminal behavior, when considering the person’s life history, progress in treatment, and the public safety.
(ii) In cases under this subsection where the court has made an affirmative special finding under RCW 71.05.280(3)(b), the commitment shall continue for up to an additional one hundred eighty day period whenever the petition presents prima facie evidence that the person continues to suffer from a mental disorder or developmental disability that results in a substantial likelihood of committing acts similar to the charged criminal behavior, unless the person presents proof through an admissible expert opinion that the person’s condition has so changed such that the mental disorder or developmental disability no longer presents a substantial likelihood of the person committing acts similar to the charged criminal behavior.
RCW 71.05.320(4) (emphasis added.)
2. Gravely Disabled
A person also can be involuntarily committed if he or she is “gravely disabled.” RCW
71.05.280(4). In addition, a person who currently is involuntarily committed for 180 days can be
recommitted involuntarily at the end of the commitment period for up to 180 days if he or she
continues to be gravely disabled. RCW 71.05.320(4)(d), (6).
Former RCW 71.05.020(22) defines “gravely disabled” as a condition in which a person,
because of a mental disorder:
(a) Is in danger of serious physical harm resulting from a failure to provide for his or her essential human needs of health or safety; or (b) manifests severe deterioration in routine functioning evidenced by repeated and escalating loss of cognitive or volitional control over his or her actions and is not receiving such care as is essential for his or her health or safety.
This statute provides two alternative definitions of “gravely disabled,” and either provides a basis
for involuntary commitment. In re Det. of LaBelle, 107 Wn.2d 196, 202, 728 P.2d 138 (1986).
6 No. 53204-2-II
B. MOOTNESS
As a threshold matter, the State argues that this case is moot because BLR appealed only
one of the two alternative grounds for the trial court’s recommitment order and therefore we
must affirm on the other alternative ground. As a result, the State claims that we cannot provide
effective relief even if we conclude that the trial court’s finding that BLR was gravely disabled
was not supported by substantial evidence. We disagree.
A case is moot if we can no longer provide effective relief. In re Det. of M.W., 185
Wn.2d 633, 648, 374 P.3d 1123 (2016). As a general rule, we do not consider cases that are
moot or present only abstract questions. 4518 S. 256th, LLC v. Karen L. Gibbon, P.S., 195 Wn.
App. 423, 433, 382 P.3d 1 (2016).
BLR challenges only the trial court’s order that he must be recommitted because he was
gravely disabled under RCW 71.05.320(4)(d). But the trial court also ordered that BLR must be
recommitted because he continued to “present a substantial likelihood of repeating acts similar to
the charged criminal behavior” under RCW 71.05.320(4)(c)(i). BLR does not challenge that
ground. Therefore, we must affirm the trial court’s commitment order on the unchallenged
ground and we cannot grant BLR effective relief from that order.
However, an appeal of an involuntary commitment order based on the gravely disabled
standard generally is not moot because an involuntary commitment order may have adverse
consequences on future involuntary commitment determinations. In re Det. of M.K., 168 Wn.
App. 621, 629, 279 P.3d 897 (2012). “[A] trial court presiding over future involuntary
commitment hearings may consider . . . prior involuntarily commitment orders when making its
commitment determination.” Id.
7 No. 53204-2-II
Here, it is possible that the trial court’s finding that BLR was gravely disabled could be
considered by other courts in future involuntary commitment hearings even though the trial court
also ordered commitment on an alternative ground. Therefore, we conclude that this appeal is
not moot and we address BLR’s challenge to the trial court’s conclusion that he was gravely
disabled.
C. INVOLUNTARY COMMITMENT BASED ON GRAVE DISABILITY
BLR argues that substantial evidence does not support the trial court’s findings that he
was gravely disabled under both of the two alternative definitions of former RCW 71.05.020(22).
We disagree.
1. Legal Principles
As noted above, former RCW 71.05.020(22) has two subsections that provide alternate
definitions of “gravely disabled.” Subsection (a) applies if the person “[i]s in danger of serious
physical harm resulting from a failure to provide for his or her essential human needs of health or
safety.” Former RCW 71.05.020(22)(a). Subsection (b) applies if the person “manifests severe
deterioration in routine functioning evidenced by repeated and escalating loss of cognitive or
volitional control over his or her actions and is not receiving such care as is essential for his or
her health or safety.” Former RCW 71.05.020(22)(b).
In a civil commitment proceeding, the State has the burden of proving that a person is
gravely disabled by clear, cogent, and convincing evidence. M.W., 185 Wn.2d at 656. This
standard means that the State must show that it is “highly probable” that the person is gravely
disabled. Labelle, 107 Wn.2d at 209. On appeal, we “will not disturb the trial court’s findings
of ‘grave disability’ if supported by substantial evidence which the lower court could reasonably
have found to be clear, cogent and convincing.” Id.
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2. Subsection (a) – Failure to Provide for Essential Human Needs
BLR argues that the State failed to provide clear, cogent, and convincing evidence that as
a result of his mental disorder he was gravely disabled under subsection (a) of former RCW
71.05.020(22). We disagree.
a. Scope of Definition
Former RCW 71.05.020(22)(a) states that a person is gravely disabled if because of a
mental disorder he or she “[i]s in danger of serious physical harm resulting from a failure to
provide for his or her essential human needs of health or safety.” The risk of danger of serious
physical harm must be “substantial.” LaBelle, 107 Wn.2d at 204. But there is no requirement
that the danger of harm be “imminent” because the effect of care and treatment received in a
hospital usually will eliminate the imminence of the danger. Id. at 203.
Under subsection (a), danger of harm need not be evidenced by recent, overt acts. Id. at
204. Instead, the danger usually arises from passive behavior, such as when a person fails or is
unable to provide for his or her essential needs. Id. at 204-05.
[T]he State must present recent, tangible evidence of failure or inability to provide for such essential human needs as food, clothing, shelter, and medical treatment which presents a high probability of serious physical harm within the near future unless adequate treatment is afforded. Furthermore, the failure or inability to provide for these essential needs must be shown to arise as a result of mental disorder and not because of other factors.
Id.
“[U]ncertainty of living arrangements or lack of financial resources will not alone justify
continued confinement in a mental hospital.” Id. at 210. The State must show that the person’s
mental condition “render[s] him unable to make a rational choice with respect to his ability to
care for his essential needs.” Id. A key question is whether the person is able to “form realistic
plans for taking care of himself outside the hospital setting.” Id.
9 No. 53204-2-II
b. Analysis
The State presented evidence that if released, BLR would fail to provide for the essential
human needs of medical treatment and housing. Dr. Sutton testified that her professional opinion
was that because of BLR’s mental disorder, he would discontinue taking his medication and
receiving mental health treatment upon his release. These opinions are supported by evidence
that BLR (1) did not believe that he had a mental disorder; (2) took his medication only to get
out of WSH; (3) was suspicious of treatment providers, had poor insight with regards to his
symptoms, and possibly had paranoid ideations; and (4) continued to have poor judgment
regarding how to take care of his mental health symptoms.
The State also produced evidence that BLR’s failure to seek medical care would cause a
substantial risk of danger of serious physical harm. Dr. Sutton testified that because of BLR’s
mental disorder, it was unlikely that he would be able to consistently meet his basic health and
safety needs if released from the hospital, and that given his history, he would likely rapidly
decompensate. She also expressed a belief that it was highly likely that BLR would self-
medicate through substance abuse upon his release from the hospital. BLR would especially
have difficulty obtaining housing because he did not believe he had a mental disorder and
refused to obtain services like social security that would help him maintain necessities like
housing, food, and clothing, or to reside with family members.
BLR argues that the State failed to provide “recent, tangible” evidence that he was unable
to provide for his essential human needs. LaBelle, 107 Wn.2d at 204-05. He points to Dr.
Sutton’s testimony that BLR had recently improved in his ability to control his thoughts and
behavior within in a controlled environment, was taking his medications, and that his attendance
and participation in treatment groups had greatly improved.
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However, Dr. Sutton testified that BLR only took his medication to get out of WSH.
BLR testified that if released he would go back to taking the injectable medication he had been
taking while living with his father. His plan to seek mental health treatment upon release was
vague because he could not remember his former provider’s name and believed the provider had
shut down his practice. BLR also testified that if released, he would investigate living at a
homeless camp, but did not want to go to a mental health group home and did not know how to
find a standard apartment.
We hold that the State presented substantial evidence of grave disability under former
RCW 71.05.020(22)(a).
3. Subsection (b) – Deterioration in Functioning/Failure to Receive Essential Care
BLR argues that the State failed to provide clear, cogent, and convincing evidence that as
a result of his mental disorder he was gravely disabled under subsection (b) of former RCW
Former RCW 71.05.020(22)(b) states that a person is gravely disabled if, because of a
mental disorder, he or she “manifests severe deterioration in routine functioning evidenced by
repeated and escalating loss of cognitive or volitional control over his or her actions and is not
receiving such care as is essential for his or her health or safety.” This definition has two
separate requirements: (1) a severe deterioration in routine functioning and (2) failure to receive
treatment that is essential for health or safety. LaBelle, 107 Wn.2d at 205. The legislature added
this subsection in 1979 to broaden the scope of the involuntary commitment standards. Id. at
205-06.
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Subsection (b) is designed permit the State to “treat involuntarily those discharged
patients who, after a period of time in the community, drop out of therapy or stop taking their
prescribed medication and exhibit ‘rapid deterioration in their ability to function
independently.’ ” Id. at 206 (quoting Durham & LaFond, The Empirical Consequences and
Policy Implications of Broadening the Statutory Criteria for Civil Commitment, 3 YALE L. &
POL’Y REV. 395, 410 (1985)). However, people cannot be involuntarily committed “solely
because they are suffering from mental illness and may benefit from treatment.” LaBelle, 107
Wn.2d at 207.
Regarding the first requirement, the State must provide recent proof of “significant” loss
of cognitive or volitional control. Id. at 208. Regarding the second requirement,
the evidence must reveal a factual basis for concluding that the individual is not receiving or would not receive, if released, such care as is essential for his or her health or safety. It is not enough to show that care and treatment of an individual’s mental illness would be preferred or beneficial or even in his best interests. To justify commitment, such care must be shown to be essential to an individual’s health or safety and the evidence should indicate the harmful consequences likely to follow if involuntary treatment is not ordered.
Id. The person must be “unable, because of severe deterioration of mental functioning, to make
a rational decision with respect to his need for treatment.” Id.
The State presented evidence of BLR’s severe deterioration in routine functioning that
reflected a significant loss of cognitive or volitional control. BLR previously had been admitted
to WSH four times before the admission at issue. He violently assaulted his father in December
2017. Dr. Sutton testified that BLR continued to exhibit suspiciousness, poor insight with
regards to his symptoms, and possibly paranoid ideations. As of late October 2018, there were
reports that BLR was still “responding to internal stimuli” and having “some mood lability and
12 No. 53204-2-II
agitation.” He continued to have poor judgment regarding how to take care of his mental health
symptoms.
The State also presented evidence that BLR would not receive essential care for his
health and safety if released from the hospital. BLR had been diagnosed with schizoaffective
disorder and unspecified personality disorder with antisocial personality disorder traits. BLR did
not believe he had a mental illness or have good insight regarding his condition, and Dr. Sutton
did not think that he would continue taking medication outside the controlled environment of the
hospital. Dr. Sutton was also concerned that BLR would abuse illicit substances if released,
which he had a history of doing.
BLR testified that he did not believe he had a mental illness. If released, BLR wanted to
go back to taking the injectable medication he had been taking while living with his father. His
plan to seek mental health treatment upon release was vague because he could not remember his
former provider’s name and believed the provider had shut down his practice. BLR did not want
to be on social security if released because the monthly check was not enough to live on.
Instead, he would investigate living at a homeless camp, but did not want to go to a mental health
group home and did not know how to find a standard apartment.
In Labelle, the Supreme Court held the appellant’s inability to understand his need for
treatment and the likelihood he would not, if released, take the medication necessary to stabilize
his mental deterioration tended to show that hospital treatment was essential to his health and
safety. 107 Wn.2d at 213. In In re Detention of RH, this court affirmed the trial court’s finding
of grave disability where the appellant was unable on his own to obtain medical treatment
sufficient to stabilize his mental condition unless he was involuntarily hospitalized. 178 Wn.
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App. 941, 947, 316 P.3d 535 (2014). Here, BLR demonstrated a lack of understanding about his
need for medication as well as his need for mental health services and stable housing.
We hold that the State presented substantial evidence of grave disability under former
RCW 71.05.020(22)(b).
CONCLUSION
We affirm the trial court’s 180-day recommitment order.
A majority of the panel having determined that this opinion will not be printed in the
Washington Appellate Reports, but will be filed for public record in accordance with RCW
2.06.040, it is so ordered.
MAXA, J.
We concur:
LEE, C.J.
SIDDOWAY, J.