Danforth, J.
We think neither appeal can succeed. The case is limited by the facts disclosed in' the petition. It there appears that the supervisors of Livingston county appointed a committee for the purpose indicated in the subpoena. The act referred to (Laws of 1868, chap. 442) contains a scheme for bonding the town of ¡North Dansville(among others) for certain railroad purposes, through the intervention of persons called “ railroad commissioners.” The manner of their appointment
(§§ 1,12), and their powers ahd duties are there prescribed (§§ 2, 3). They have no relation to the county, nor are they, in any sense, subject to supervision by, or subordinate in any way to, the board of supervisors. On the contrary, they are independent officers (§§ 9, 10, 11), to perform certain statutory duties, in the accomplishment of which the action of that board is indeed made necessary (§§ 4, 7), but .such action is ministerial and not by choice. • They are required to raise by taxation a sum of money, designated in the report of the commissioners as necessary, for the payment of bonds issued by them, or interest thereon (§ 4, Laws of 1868,
supra).
When collected it is to be paid to the commissioners. With the correctness of the report, or the manner or actual disposition of the money paid over, they have and can have no concern. More than this, the petition shows that they have in fact had no trouble over it; they received and acted upon the report of the commissioners, and ordered levied, and collected, the sum named in it. It also shows that the difficulty of determination is with the petitioner, not as a member of the board of supervisors, but as the supervisor of the town, for he therein declares, that it is his duty, “ as supervisor of said town, to pay over said moneys, when collected and received by him, to the railroad commissioners ; ” that he has no knowledge as to who are such officers, “ and no information, except that it is reported that ” the respondents herein and one Hyland “ claim that they have been appointed such railroad commissioners.” How it is evident, with this question the supervisors have nothing to do; it is, therefore, a matter not within their jurisdiction, and it follows that they had no authority to require the attendance of any witness to enable them to answer it, for however necessary or important they might deem his examination, it could only be enforced “ upon some subject or matter within the jurisdiction of such board ” (Laws of 1858, chap. 190, § 1). The subpoena, therefore, directed to the respondents conveyed no mandate which imposed compliance, and disobedience thereto was not within the meaning of the law contempt. Hence the attachment by which they were called upon to answer for it, issued without cause, and was,
therefore, justly vacated. Nor as to this was there any difference of opinion in the Supreme Court. The same result was reached by the learned judge, who felt constrained to annul the warrant he had himself granted, and the General Term, which approved his order. In view of these concurring opinions we need say nothing further upon this point.
We are next to consider whether the judge in vacating the attachment could lawfully impose as a condition, “that no action for false imprisonment, on account of the arrest under it, should be brought” by the respondents. It should be borne in mind that the petition had no tendency to make out a case of contempt; therefore the attachment was not only voidable but absolutely void. The moment the petitioner caused it to be executed he was a trespasser, and became liable to an action for false imprisonment.
(Miller
v. Adams,
52
N. Y. 409.) In
Day
v.
Buck,
decided November, 1881, by this court (opinion by Andrews, J.
), after a careful examination of authorities it was held to be well settled that a void writ or process furnished no justification to a party, and he became liable to an action for what had been done under it at any time, and that it was not necessary it should be set aside before bringing the action. With merely erroneous process it is different, and upon the distinction thus indicated many of the cases cited by the appellant turn. In
Miller
v.
Parnell
(6 Taunt. 370), the
ea. sa.
was prematurely issued. In
Lorimer
v.
Lule
(1 Chitty, 134), judgment was signed after appearance by defendants; so in the earlier case of
Wilson
v.
Kingston,
referred to in the note to the preceding one. In
Rob
v.
Moffat
(3 Johns. 257), judgment was entered on a false return, and after execution, both were set aside, and the debtor left to sue the sheriff on account of his return. In
Chandler
v.
Brecknell
(4 Cow. 49), the
capias
was tested out of term. In none of these was there an absence of jurisdictional facts, but as the court say in
Lorimer
v.
Lule (supra) “
a slip in practical accuracy.” In
Bartlett
v.
Stinton
(L. R., 1 C. P. 483), it is plain the court would have rescinded such a condi
tion if the defendant had not, in obtaining a vacatur of the writ, had costs given him on the terms of bringing no action. “ Having,” they say, “ submitted himself to the discretion of the judge, he cannot complain of the manner in which that discretion was exercised.” Other cases come nearer to the one before us. In
Cash
v.
Wells
(1 B.
&
Ad. 375; 20 Eng. Com. Law Rep. 402), on motion by defendant a judgment and subsequent proceedings were set aside because execution was issued after payment of the debt; and in answer to plaintiff’s request that a condition should be imposed on defendant to bring no action, the court said: “ We cannot, without the defendant’s consent. He applies to us
ex débito justitce
to have proceedings set aside which are against good faith.” So ih
Adlam
v.
Noble
(9 Dowling’s Pr. 322), it was held that where the right existed to have the writ vacated, the court had no power to restrain the party from bringing his action. In
Abbott
v.
Greenwood
(7 Dowling’s Pr. 534), after a writ was vacated, a motion was made for a stay of action for false imprisonment. The júdge asked “ what the court ” could do, “ what alternative could it impose,” and could suggest nothing “ but to rescind the rule for setting aside' the execution,” and adds, “this I cannot do, for the court was bound to grant that rule, it being matter of right.” It is needless to multiply authorities. The reason for the rule which forbids the imposition of a condition and the distinction between these two classes of decisions is, that merely erroneous process stands valid and good until it is reversed, while void process is an absolute nullity from the beginning.
In the former case, therefore, the courts sometimes impose a condition on the defendant, and may do so because the right to sue only accrues to him upon the exercise of authority by the court; while, as we have seen, for an act done under void process the party injured may sue at once and notwithstanding the writ.
(Day
v.
Free access — add to your briefcase to read the full text and ask questions with AI
Danforth, J.
We think neither appeal can succeed. The case is limited by the facts disclosed in' the petition. It there appears that the supervisors of Livingston county appointed a committee for the purpose indicated in the subpoena. The act referred to (Laws of 1868, chap. 442) contains a scheme for bonding the town of ¡North Dansville(among others) for certain railroad purposes, through the intervention of persons called “ railroad commissioners.” The manner of their appointment
(§§ 1,12), and their powers ahd duties are there prescribed (§§ 2, 3). They have no relation to the county, nor are they, in any sense, subject to supervision by, or subordinate in any way to, the board of supervisors. On the contrary, they are independent officers (§§ 9, 10, 11), to perform certain statutory duties, in the accomplishment of which the action of that board is indeed made necessary (§§ 4, 7), but .such action is ministerial and not by choice. • They are required to raise by taxation a sum of money, designated in the report of the commissioners as necessary, for the payment of bonds issued by them, or interest thereon (§ 4, Laws of 1868,
supra).
When collected it is to be paid to the commissioners. With the correctness of the report, or the manner or actual disposition of the money paid over, they have and can have no concern. More than this, the petition shows that they have in fact had no trouble over it; they received and acted upon the report of the commissioners, and ordered levied, and collected, the sum named in it. It also shows that the difficulty of determination is with the petitioner, not as a member of the board of supervisors, but as the supervisor of the town, for he therein declares, that it is his duty, “ as supervisor of said town, to pay over said moneys, when collected and received by him, to the railroad commissioners ; ” that he has no knowledge as to who are such officers, “ and no information, except that it is reported that ” the respondents herein and one Hyland “ claim that they have been appointed such railroad commissioners.” How it is evident, with this question the supervisors have nothing to do; it is, therefore, a matter not within their jurisdiction, and it follows that they had no authority to require the attendance of any witness to enable them to answer it, for however necessary or important they might deem his examination, it could only be enforced “ upon some subject or matter within the jurisdiction of such board ” (Laws of 1858, chap. 190, § 1). The subpoena, therefore, directed to the respondents conveyed no mandate which imposed compliance, and disobedience thereto was not within the meaning of the law contempt. Hence the attachment by which they were called upon to answer for it, issued without cause, and was,
therefore, justly vacated. Nor as to this was there any difference of opinion in the Supreme Court. The same result was reached by the learned judge, who felt constrained to annul the warrant he had himself granted, and the General Term, which approved his order. In view of these concurring opinions we need say nothing further upon this point.
We are next to consider whether the judge in vacating the attachment could lawfully impose as a condition, “that no action for false imprisonment, on account of the arrest under it, should be brought” by the respondents. It should be borne in mind that the petition had no tendency to make out a case of contempt; therefore the attachment was not only voidable but absolutely void. The moment the petitioner caused it to be executed he was a trespasser, and became liable to an action for false imprisonment.
(Miller
v. Adams,
52
N. Y. 409.) In
Day
v.
Buck,
decided November, 1881, by this court (opinion by Andrews, J.
), after a careful examination of authorities it was held to be well settled that a void writ or process furnished no justification to a party, and he became liable to an action for what had been done under it at any time, and that it was not necessary it should be set aside before bringing the action. With merely erroneous process it is different, and upon the distinction thus indicated many of the cases cited by the appellant turn. In
Miller
v.
Parnell
(6 Taunt. 370), the
ea. sa.
was prematurely issued. In
Lorimer
v.
Lule
(1 Chitty, 134), judgment was signed after appearance by defendants; so in the earlier case of
Wilson
v.
Kingston,
referred to in the note to the preceding one. In
Rob
v.
Moffat
(3 Johns. 257), judgment was entered on a false return, and after execution, both were set aside, and the debtor left to sue the sheriff on account of his return. In
Chandler
v.
Brecknell
(4 Cow. 49), the
capias
was tested out of term. In none of these was there an absence of jurisdictional facts, but as the court say in
Lorimer
v.
Lule (supra) “
a slip in practical accuracy.” In
Bartlett
v.
Stinton
(L. R., 1 C. P. 483), it is plain the court would have rescinded such a condi
tion if the defendant had not, in obtaining a vacatur of the writ, had costs given him on the terms of bringing no action. “ Having,” they say, “ submitted himself to the discretion of the judge, he cannot complain of the manner in which that discretion was exercised.” Other cases come nearer to the one before us. In
Cash
v.
Wells
(1 B.
&
Ad. 375; 20 Eng. Com. Law Rep. 402), on motion by defendant a judgment and subsequent proceedings were set aside because execution was issued after payment of the debt; and in answer to plaintiff’s request that a condition should be imposed on defendant to bring no action, the court said: “ We cannot, without the defendant’s consent. He applies to us
ex débito justitce
to have proceedings set aside which are against good faith.” So ih
Adlam
v.
Noble
(9 Dowling’s Pr. 322), it was held that where the right existed to have the writ vacated, the court had no power to restrain the party from bringing his action. In
Abbott
v.
Greenwood
(7 Dowling’s Pr. 534), after a writ was vacated, a motion was made for a stay of action for false imprisonment. The júdge asked “ what the court ” could do, “ what alternative could it impose,” and could suggest nothing “ but to rescind the rule for setting aside' the execution,” and adds, “this I cannot do, for the court was bound to grant that rule, it being matter of right.” It is needless to multiply authorities. The reason for the rule which forbids the imposition of a condition and the distinction between these two classes of decisions is, that merely erroneous process stands valid and good until it is reversed, while void process is an absolute nullity from the beginning.
In the former case, therefore, the courts sometimes impose a condition on the defendant, and may do so because the right to sue only accrues to him upon the exercise of authority by the court; while, as we have seen, for an act done under void process the party injured may sue at once and notwithstanding the writ.
(Day
v.
Buck [supra]
;
Parsons
v. Loyd, 3 Wils. 341.) This was the respondent’s right. The moment the attachment issued and was enforced by the petitioner or other party, the one procuring—or at whose instance it was executed, became liable
to an action. This liability on his part was a right on the part of the respondents — a right of action; property, therefore, which having vested could be taken from them against their own consent only by due process of law. The judge in restoring the respondents to liberty could not deprive them of their property. One right was as sacred as the other. If he had no power to inquire whether they were liable to -be fined, how could he, without inquiry, demand a surrender of part of their estate ? The respondents were taken before him in order that such proceedings might be had as were prescribed by law. This was the command of the writ. What did the law prescribe ? It was obvious that no offense had been committed; indeed, that none could have been committed. Hone was charged. The only thing to be done was to repeat what the law had already said, “ The writ is annulled.” To impose a condition of any kind was to punish. To vacate on condition was equivalent to the issue of a new writ. This would be useless, for the judge had no power to issue the first. He had, therefore, no power to impose a condition upon vacating it, but should have left the aggrieved party to bring an action if he saw fit. Any other conclusion would put the right of personal liberty on a very insecure foundation — the arbitrary will and discretion of a judge. Some of the cases to which we are referred by the appellant may go that length; but none • of them are of controlling authority, apd if they sanction, such a doctrine it cannot be followed; for it is contrary to the first principles of constitutional law.
We are of opinion also that the judge had no power to rescind or recall Ms first order, or after it was made change the terms on wdiich it stood. Its effect was to quash the writ. It then became
funcños
officii, and could not be revived. When the second order (that entered April 5) was made, there was no writ of attachment in force. When the case is one where a condition is proper it must be imposed, if at all, when the writ or process is vacated.
(Abbott
v.
Greenwood [supra] ;
People,
ex rel.
Roberts, v.
Bowe,
81 N. Y. 43.) But without this and upon the considerations be
fore stated, that part of the order imposing conditions was properly reversed by the General Term. It was within the discretion of the court to direct the costs of the appeal to be paid by the petitioner. It is true that he does not appear to have any personal interest in the prosecution of the writ, but its inception was due to him and he was in close privity, not only with it, but also the subpoena. It is contended by the appellant that the General Term erred in its construction of the record, alleging that it shows no “petition” or “petitioner.” It is of little moment by what name an applicant for a writ is designated, or the statement of his case characterized, but we find in the return sent up from the Supreme Court a copy of the subpoena followed by an averment that ‘c a subpoena in the same form directed to Alonzo Bradner, with due proof of its service upon him, was attached to the following petition.” Then immediately follows a statement addressed to a justice of the Supreme Court, in which the appellant Faulkner is named as the affiant, and it is subscribed and verified by him. It is indorsed by the justice as “ read on application for an attachment,” and in the orders made by him is referred to as a “petition.” Mo other paper was presented. It may be that the petitioner was the instrument of others,.,as he appears to have been chairman of the committee, but he cannot be said to have taken no part in the proceeding, and he was, therefore, liable for costs of the appeal if the court thought proper to impose them.
The order appealed from should be.affirmed, with costs.
All concur.
Order affirmed.