McKean, C. J.,
delivered the following opinion :
The Respondents must be regarded as manufacturers, and the promissory notes set forth in the petition as their commercial paper. The petition contains all necessary averments, and, therefore, the demurrers should be overruled.
Hawley, J.,
delivered the following opinion:
To understand the questions raised by said demurrers, it becomes-necessary to enquire into the nature and extent of the character of a naanufacturer and trader within the meaning of the Bankrupt Act.
The character of a trader embraces a wide field of operation. It is of no consequence in what one may trade, the.only question is, does he buy and sell articles [49]*49which are subject to trade and commerce? In Re Cowles, 1 B. R., 42.
Selling horses or other stock, or the products of a farmer, does not constitute him a trader within the meaning of the Act. But if a farmer buys horses, or other stock, or products of a farm, to sell again, and this constitutes a part of his business, he then becomes a trader, and subjects himself to this provision of the Bankrupt Act. In re Chandler, 4, B. R. 66.
The term manufacturer, under the Bankrupt Act, has a legal meaning, and this legal meaning must be governed by legal rules. It is true, that every one who manufactures, is not to be embraced within the legal phrase. A farmer is not to be considered a manufacturer in the commercial sense, when he confines his business to the manufacture of the milk of his cows into butter and cheese, nor when he converts the products of his farm into beef and pork. But it does not follow, that when he makes it a part of his business to buy milk and manufacture the same into butter and cheese, or to purchase the products of other farms and other stock than those of his own, and manufactures the same into beef and pork, that he is not a manufacturer within the meaning of the act.
When the manufacturing becomes the principal part of even a farmer’s business, which requires him to buy articles or products, and to manufacture them for sale, he thereby becomes a manufacturer and trader within the meaning of the act.
A buyer of leather,, who makes it his business, or a part of his business, to manufacture the same into boots and shoes, or harness, and sells the same, though he be a nursery man or a gardener or a farmer, is a manufacturer and a trader within the meaning of the act. If other construction than this should be given to the act, the spirit and the letter of the same could b.e destroyed by assumptions the most frivolous as well as .those the most false.
If it should be admitted that the publishers of a' [50]*50weekly or daily paper were not manufacturers within the meaning of the act, yet if they should buy paper, ink and. other material, and make the same into cards or bill-heads, or blanks and blank books, and conduct a business of this kind, as in this case it is averred the bankrupts have done, they are manufacturers and traders within the meaning of the act ; for these article so manufactured are not necessary parts of the business of publishing a newspaper.
The petitioner avers, that said’ alleged bankrupts are publishers of said newspaper and manufacturers of books, cards, bill-heads, etc. Though it is not necessary to decide that the printing and publishing of a daily newspaper is manufacturing in the strict sense of the law, yet my brother Judges have expressed the opinion it would be, and I am inclined to the same conviction. A newspaper publication is as much the result of manufacture as that of books or cards or bill-heads. To make a distinction between them, when in fact there is no distinction, would seem to be an utter disregard of the objects as well as the legal intendment of the law; for they buy, manufacture and sell.
The second cause of demurrer, to-wit: that there is no allegation that said notes set forth were the commercial paper of the said firm, certainly has no foundation; for the averment of the petitioner is explicit, that said firm within six calendar months, to-wit: on the 2d day of November, 1871, being manufacturers as aforesaid, suspended and have not resumed payment of their commercial paper within a period of fourteen days.
This allegation is in the language prescribed by the 39th section, and fully sets forth the making and suspension and non-resumption of their commercial paper for a period of fourteen days. What other or further averment is necessary is not comprehended, and we must therefore hold this averment sufficient. ■
The third cause of demurrer, in part, is, that the said Kenyon mortgaged his said interest in the property named, to -his co-partner, Fenton, who is made a party [51]*51defendant in the proceedings of bankruptcy, with the intent to prefer his said partner, seems to be well taken; for a transfer of one partner to another, of a firm, is not such a transfer that puts the property out of the firm in the strict sense. The removal of the property by mortgage out of the hands of one 'into the possession and ownership of the other partner, does not remove the same in legal contemplation from liability'to the firm’s creditors.
But the other clause of this specification, that said payments made by said firm within six calendar months, with intent to prefer creditors, is a sufficient charge under the Act; therefore, this cause of demurrer being good only in part, and not obnoxious to the petition in another material point, it cannot be sustained.
The fact that said payments were made to the employees of said firm, in their said business, while other employees, with the petitioner, were not paid, does not relieve against this act, or cause, for proceedings in bankruptcy against them. They have no right to preier one of their employees against the rights of other creditors, whether employees or otherwise. The law prefers an employee to the amount of $50, but this preference must be secured, if at all, by and through the proceedings of bankruptcy, and not outside of them, or independent of, and in spite of the act.
Whenever a person or a firm find they are unable to pay his or their debts in full, or his or their commercial paper at maturity, it is his or their duty to apply to the Court in due form of law, and under the Bankrupt Act, to distribute his or their assets among his or their creditors equally, without other preference than the said act provides.
But counsel insist, that because the petitioner has embraced certain elements of Sec. 35, with those of Sec. 39 of the act. therefore his petition in these respects is obnoxious to the demurrer. The petitioner manifestly has a right so to do. These two sections must, as they uniformly have been, be construed by the Courts [52]*52together; for, in effect. Sec.
Free access — add to your briefcase to read the full text and ask questions with AI
McKean, C. J.,
delivered the following opinion :
The Respondents must be regarded as manufacturers, and the promissory notes set forth in the petition as their commercial paper. The petition contains all necessary averments, and, therefore, the demurrers should be overruled.
Hawley, J.,
delivered the following opinion:
To understand the questions raised by said demurrers, it becomes-necessary to enquire into the nature and extent of the character of a naanufacturer and trader within the meaning of the Bankrupt Act.
The character of a trader embraces a wide field of operation. It is of no consequence in what one may trade, the.only question is, does he buy and sell articles [49]*49which are subject to trade and commerce? In Re Cowles, 1 B. R., 42.
Selling horses or other stock, or the products of a farmer, does not constitute him a trader within the meaning of the Act. But if a farmer buys horses, or other stock, or products of a farm, to sell again, and this constitutes a part of his business, he then becomes a trader, and subjects himself to this provision of the Bankrupt Act. In re Chandler, 4, B. R. 66.
The term manufacturer, under the Bankrupt Act, has a legal meaning, and this legal meaning must be governed by legal rules. It is true, that every one who manufactures, is not to be embraced within the legal phrase. A farmer is not to be considered a manufacturer in the commercial sense, when he confines his business to the manufacture of the milk of his cows into butter and cheese, nor when he converts the products of his farm into beef and pork. But it does not follow, that when he makes it a part of his business to buy milk and manufacture the same into butter and cheese, or to purchase the products of other farms and other stock than those of his own, and manufactures the same into beef and pork, that he is not a manufacturer within the meaning of the act.
When the manufacturing becomes the principal part of even a farmer’s business, which requires him to buy articles or products, and to manufacture them for sale, he thereby becomes a manufacturer and trader within the meaning of the act.
A buyer of leather,, who makes it his business, or a part of his business, to manufacture the same into boots and shoes, or harness, and sells the same, though he be a nursery man or a gardener or a farmer, is a manufacturer and a trader within the meaning of the act. If other construction than this should be given to the act, the spirit and the letter of the same could b.e destroyed by assumptions the most frivolous as well as .those the most false.
If it should be admitted that the publishers of a' [50]*50weekly or daily paper were not manufacturers within the meaning of the act, yet if they should buy paper, ink and. other material, and make the same into cards or bill-heads, or blanks and blank books, and conduct a business of this kind, as in this case it is averred the bankrupts have done, they are manufacturers and traders within the meaning of the act ; for these article so manufactured are not necessary parts of the business of publishing a newspaper.
The petitioner avers, that said’ alleged bankrupts are publishers of said newspaper and manufacturers of books, cards, bill-heads, etc. Though it is not necessary to decide that the printing and publishing of a daily newspaper is manufacturing in the strict sense of the law, yet my brother Judges have expressed the opinion it would be, and I am inclined to the same conviction. A newspaper publication is as much the result of manufacture as that of books or cards or bill-heads. To make a distinction between them, when in fact there is no distinction, would seem to be an utter disregard of the objects as well as the legal intendment of the law; for they buy, manufacture and sell.
The second cause of demurrer, to-wit: that there is no allegation that said notes set forth were the commercial paper of the said firm, certainly has no foundation; for the averment of the petitioner is explicit, that said firm within six calendar months, to-wit: on the 2d day of November, 1871, being manufacturers as aforesaid, suspended and have not resumed payment of their commercial paper within a period of fourteen days.
This allegation is in the language prescribed by the 39th section, and fully sets forth the making and suspension and non-resumption of their commercial paper for a period of fourteen days. What other or further averment is necessary is not comprehended, and we must therefore hold this averment sufficient. ■
The third cause of demurrer, in part, is, that the said Kenyon mortgaged his said interest in the property named, to -his co-partner, Fenton, who is made a party [51]*51defendant in the proceedings of bankruptcy, with the intent to prefer his said partner, seems to be well taken; for a transfer of one partner to another, of a firm, is not such a transfer that puts the property out of the firm in the strict sense. The removal of the property by mortgage out of the hands of one 'into the possession and ownership of the other partner, does not remove the same in legal contemplation from liability'to the firm’s creditors.
But the other clause of this specification, that said payments made by said firm within six calendar months, with intent to prefer creditors, is a sufficient charge under the Act; therefore, this cause of demurrer being good only in part, and not obnoxious to the petition in another material point, it cannot be sustained.
The fact that said payments were made to the employees of said firm, in their said business, while other employees, with the petitioner, were not paid, does not relieve against this act, or cause, for proceedings in bankruptcy against them. They have no right to preier one of their employees against the rights of other creditors, whether employees or otherwise. The law prefers an employee to the amount of $50, but this preference must be secured, if at all, by and through the proceedings of bankruptcy, and not outside of them, or independent of, and in spite of the act.
Whenever a person or a firm find they are unable to pay his or their debts in full, or his or their commercial paper at maturity, it is his or their duty to apply to the Court in due form of law, and under the Bankrupt Act, to distribute his or their assets among his or their creditors equally, without other preference than the said act provides.
But counsel insist, that because the petitioner has embraced certain elements of Sec. 35, with those of Sec. 39 of the act. therefore his petition in these respects is obnoxious to the demurrer. The petitioner manifestly has a right so to do. These two sections must, as they uniformly have been, be construed by the Courts [52]*52together; for, in effect. Sec. 35 so provides, as follows : “ And if any person, being insolvent, or in contemplation of insolvency or bankruptcy, within six months before the filing of the petition by or against him, makes any payment, sale, assignment, transfer, conveyance, or other disposition of any part ’ of his property to any person who then has reasonable cause to believe him to be insolvent or acting in contemplation of insolvency, and that such payment, sale, assignment,” etc., “ is made to prevent the same from being distributed under this act, or to defeat the object of, or in any way impair, hinder, impede or delay the operation and effect of, or to evade any of the provisions of this act,” etc. The 39th section provides, “ that any person residing,” etc., “ being bankrupt or insolvent, or in contemplation of bankruptcy or insolvency, shall make any payment, gift, grant, sale, conveyance or transfer of money or other property, estate, rights or credits, or give any warrant to confess judgment, or procure, or suffer his property to be taken on legal process, with intent to give, a preference to one or more of his creditors, or to any person or persons who are or may be liable for him as indorser, bail, sureties or otherwise, or with the intent, by such disposition of his property, to defeat or delay the operation of this act, or being a banker, broker, merchant, trader, manufacturer or miner, has fraudulently stopped payment, or who has stopped or suspended and not resumed payment of his commercial paper within a period of fourteen clays, shall be deemed to have committed an act of bankruptcy,” etc.
From the recital of these parts of the said two sections, it is manifest that they must be construed together, particularly in proceedings of involuntary bankruptcy. To decide otherwise would be a violation of the letter as well as the spirit of the Act.
The fourth cause of demurrer assigned that there is no sufficient allegation that the said payments were made in contemplation of insolvency, with intent to give preference, etc., cannot be sustained; for the averments in [53]*53the petition are, that the said firm, within the period of six calendar months, within said Territory, to-wit: on the 17th day of November, 1871, being in contemplation of insolvency with intent to give preference, did make payments to sundry persons (naming them) and at sundry other times therein named, within -said Territory, and also averring that they were'manufacturers, etc. A more specific compliance with the provisions .of the Act could not be made than is made by the petitioner.
The fifth cause of demurrer is a general one and goes to the whole petition; it, therefore, follows from what has already been said, that it cannot be sustained.
The assertion of counsel, that said notes in. said petition set forth were given by said'-firm as publishers of said daily paper, and not as manufacturers as aforesaid, is not borne out by the allegation and averments in said petition contained. The petitioner avers that said firm were manufacturers of books, blank books, cards, bill-heads, etc., as well as publishers of said paper, and also avers that said firm made said notes and delivered them, etc., that is, they put them in circulation as commercial paper. Thereby the same became their commercial paper under the Act and under the law merchant, and cannot be restricted in its character by the appliance of a technical construction such as counsel have sought to give it. Whether it was uttered by said firm as the publishers of said daily paper, or as manufacturers of books, blank books,-cards, bill-heads, etc., it matters not; for the same being negotiable and put into circulation either as publishers as aforesaid or as manufacturers as aforesaid, it becomes their commercial paper within the meaning of the Bankrupt Act, as well as under the law merchant. A more restricted -construction would be an utter disregard of the spirit and letter of the law and do violence to the best interests of the business community; In re Chandler, 4 B. R. C. C.; In re Nicodemus, 3 B. R. 55; In re Hollis, 3 do. 82.
The term commercial paper, within the meaning of the Bankrupt Act, includes negotiable notes, bills of ex[54]*54change, negotiable bank checks, certificates of deposit used in commercial transactions known as law'merchant. In this sense Congress used the term in the Act, and not in the restricted sense of counsel in the argument of this case. By usage and by statute, negotiable paper is to be regulated by custom and the law merchant. If a “ banker, broker, merchant, trader, manufacturer or miner,” allows his paper to go to protest and suspends payment for fourteen days, or if he has fraudulently stopped payment, in either case he has committed an act of bankruptcy. A fraudulent stoppage of payment is an-act of bankruptcy, and his creditors may proceed against him at once, without waiting fourteen days. But when there is only stoppage or suspension.of payment, without fraud, then the same must continue without resumption, fourteen days, before the act of bankruptcy is complete.
This provision in the 39th section, is so clear, that it seems strange that counsel should insist upon a different construction. In re Jersey City Window Glass Company, 1 B. R. 113; In re Ballard & Parsons, 2 B. R. 84; In re Towenstein, 2 B. R. 99; Doane v. Compton, 2 B. R. 182; Davis et al. Armstrong, 3 B. R. 7; Heinsheimer v. Shea, 3 B. R 46; In re Hollis, 3 B. R. 82.
Paper not given in the ordinary course of the business of a banker, merchant, manufacturer, trader, or miner, it has been held, is not commercial paper within the meaning of the act. In re Lowenstein, 2 B. R. 99; In re McDermott Pat. Bolt Manufacturing Company, 3 B. R. 33. But the case of Chandler, 4 B. R. 66, holds the contrary doctrine.
If is sufficient, however, if the debtor’s commercial paper was incurred in his character of banker, merchant, trader, manufacturer, or miner. It does not matter whether the same was given for a loan of money, for goods, or to his or their employees, or otherwise, nor whether the maker, acceptor or indorser, as principal, debtor, or otherwise, is liable thereon, if it appear in the petition that it is the debtor’s commercial paper of the [55]*55class enumerated in Section 39 of the act. In the, case at bar it so appears with sufficient averments. We must, therefore, overrule the demurrers and grant leave to the bankrupts to reply to the allegations contained in the petition.
Strickland, J.,
The petition appears to be sufficient upon its face, and the paper is negotiable paper. Then the only question remaining is: are these parties within the purview of the law — are they manufacturers ? If so, the paper as a matter of course is their commercial paper. I belive them to be manufacturers. The demurrers are not well taken.