MEMORANDUM DECISION Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D), FILED this Memorandum Decision shall not be Jan 23 2018, 10:13 am regarded as precedent or cited before any court except for the purpose of establishing CLERK Indiana Supreme Court the defense of res judicata, collateral Court of Appeals and Tax Court estoppel, or the law of the case.
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE Erin L. Berger Allyson R. Breeden Evansville, Indiana Molly E. Briles Ziemer, Stayman, Weitzel & Shoulders, LLP Evansville, Indiana
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA
In re the Adoption of T.C. January 23, 2018 (Minor Child), Court of Appeals Case No. 82A04-1707-AD-1590 Appeal from the Vanderburgh S.A., Superior Court Appellant-Respondent, The Honorable Renee A. Ferguson, Magistrate v. Trial Court Cause No. 82D04-1602-AD-22 S.S., Appellee-Petitioner.
Bailey, Judge.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 82A04-1707-AD-1590 | January 23, 2018 Page 1 of 8 Case Summary [1] E.S. (“Mother”) gave birth to a son, T.C. (“Child”), whose putative father was
S.A. (“Father”). Mother later married S.S. (“Stepfather”), who petitioned to
adopt Child. Father contested the adoption, and the trial court determined that
Father’s consent to the adoption was unnecessary. Father now appeals.
[2] We affirm.
Issues [3] Father presents two issues, which we restate as:
I. Whether the trial court erred in denying his motion to continue the consent hearing; and
II. Whether the trial court erred in determining that Father’s consent to the adoption was unnecessary.
Facts and Procedural History [4] Child was born on October 12, 2006, out of wedlock. Father did not seek to
legally establish paternity of Child, though both Father and Mother believed
that Father was Child’s biological parent. For the first three months of Child’s
life, Father saw Child once or twice a week. Thereafter, Father came to see
Child less often, and when he did, Father would abruptly leave. The last time
Father communicated with Child was in March of 2009. Mother moved in
May of 2009, changed her phone number in June or July of 2009, and did not
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 82A04-1707-AD-1590 | January 23, 2018 Page 2 of 8 give Father her new address or phone number. At some point in 2011, Father
was incarcerated after pleading guilty to a federal charge.
[5] Mother and Stepfather married in 2014, and Stepfather filed a petition to adopt
Child on February 24, 2016. Father contested the adoption, and the trial court
scheduled a hearing to determine whether Father’s consent was necessary. The
hearing was held on April 24, 2017, at which time Father was incarcerated in
federal prison in Arkansas; Father appeared telephonically, and was represented
by counsel. When the hearing commenced, Father sought a continuance “to
give him the opportunity to be released from incarceration to participate in his
child’s life.” Tr. at 6. Father anticipated that he would be released to a halfway
house in April of 2020. The trial court denied the motion for a continuance,
conducted the hearing, and determined that Father’s consent to the adoption
was unnecessary. The trial court later granted Stepfather’s petition to adopt
Child, and Father initiated this appeal.
Discussion and Decision [6] When reviewing a trial court’s decision in an adoption proceeding, we presume
that the decision is correct, and the appellant bears the burden of rebutting this
presumption. In re Adoption of O.R., 16 N.E.3d 965, 972 (Ind. 2014). “We will
not disturb the trial court’s ruling ‘unless the evidence leads to but one
conclusion and the trial judge reached an opposite conclusion.’” Id. at 973
(quoting Rust v. Lawson, 714 N.E.2d 769, 771 (Ind. Ct. App. 1999), trans.
denied). Where, as here, the trial court has entered findings and conclusions,
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 82A04-1707-AD-1590 | January 23, 2018 Page 3 of 8 “we apply a two-tiered standard of review: ‘we must first determine whether the
evidence supports the findings and second, whether the findings support the
judgment.’” In re Adoption of T.L., 4 N.E.3d 658, 662 (Ind. 2014) (quoting In re
Adoption of T.W., 859 N.E.2d 1215, 1217 (Ind. Ct. App. 2006)). We “shall not
set aside the findings or judgment unless clearly erroneous.” Ind. Trial Rule
52(A). Findings are clearly erroneous if they are unsupported by any evidence
or the reasonable inferences to be drawn therefrom. T.L., 4 N.E.3d at 662. A
judgment is clearly erroneous when it is unsupported by the findings and the
conclusions relying on those findings. Id. Moreover, in conducting our review,
we must give “due regard . . . to the opportunity of the trial court to judge the
credibility of the witnesses,” T.R. 52(A), and we are to consider the evidence in
the light most favorable to the trial court’s decision. T.L., 4 N.E.3d at 662.
[7] Ordinarily, a petition to adopt a child “may be granted only if written consent
to adoption has been executed” by the child’s parents. Ind. Code § 31-19-9-1.
However, “[c]onsent to adoption . . . is not required from . . . [a] parent of a
child in the custody of another person if for a period of at least one (1) year the
parent . . . fails without justifiable cause to communicate significantly with the
child when able to do so.” I.C. § 31-19-9-8(a). This exception does not apply if
a parent has engaged in even a single significant communication with the child
during the pertinent timeframe. See Rust, 714 N.E.2d at 773.
[8] When a natural parent has contested an adoption, the person seeking to adopt
the child “has the burden of proving that the parent’s consent to the adoption is
unnecessary.” I.C. § 31-19-10-1.2(a). “Whether this burden has been met is
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 82A04-1707-AD-1590 | January 23, 2018 Page 4 of 8 necessarily dependent upon the facts and circumstances of each particular case,
including, for example, the custodial parent’s willingness to permit visitation as
well as the natural parent’s financial and physical means to accomplish his
obligations.” Rust, 714 N.E.2d at 772. Moreover, “[e]fforts of a custodial
parent to hamper or thwart communication between parent and child are
relevant in determining the ability to communicate.” Id.
Motion to Continue [9] At the hearing regarding the necessity of Father’s consent to the adoption,
Father sought a continuance. The trial court denied the motion, which Father
contends was an abuse of discretion and a violation of his right to due process.
[10] Pursuant to Indiana Trial Rule 53.5, “[u]pon motion, trial may be postponed or
continued in the discretion of the court, and shall be allowed upon a showing of
good cause established by affidavit or other evidence.” Moreover, “a trial
court’s decision to grant or deny a motion to continue is subject to abuse of
discretion review.” In re K.W.,
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MEMORANDUM DECISION Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D), FILED this Memorandum Decision shall not be Jan 23 2018, 10:13 am regarded as precedent or cited before any court except for the purpose of establishing CLERK Indiana Supreme Court the defense of res judicata, collateral Court of Appeals and Tax Court estoppel, or the law of the case.
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE Erin L. Berger Allyson R. Breeden Evansville, Indiana Molly E. Briles Ziemer, Stayman, Weitzel & Shoulders, LLP Evansville, Indiana
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA
In re the Adoption of T.C. January 23, 2018 (Minor Child), Court of Appeals Case No. 82A04-1707-AD-1590 Appeal from the Vanderburgh S.A., Superior Court Appellant-Respondent, The Honorable Renee A. Ferguson, Magistrate v. Trial Court Cause No. 82D04-1602-AD-22 S.S., Appellee-Petitioner.
Bailey, Judge.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 82A04-1707-AD-1590 | January 23, 2018 Page 1 of 8 Case Summary [1] E.S. (“Mother”) gave birth to a son, T.C. (“Child”), whose putative father was
S.A. (“Father”). Mother later married S.S. (“Stepfather”), who petitioned to
adopt Child. Father contested the adoption, and the trial court determined that
Father’s consent to the adoption was unnecessary. Father now appeals.
[2] We affirm.
Issues [3] Father presents two issues, which we restate as:
I. Whether the trial court erred in denying his motion to continue the consent hearing; and
II. Whether the trial court erred in determining that Father’s consent to the adoption was unnecessary.
Facts and Procedural History [4] Child was born on October 12, 2006, out of wedlock. Father did not seek to
legally establish paternity of Child, though both Father and Mother believed
that Father was Child’s biological parent. For the first three months of Child’s
life, Father saw Child once or twice a week. Thereafter, Father came to see
Child less often, and when he did, Father would abruptly leave. The last time
Father communicated with Child was in March of 2009. Mother moved in
May of 2009, changed her phone number in June or July of 2009, and did not
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 82A04-1707-AD-1590 | January 23, 2018 Page 2 of 8 give Father her new address or phone number. At some point in 2011, Father
was incarcerated after pleading guilty to a federal charge.
[5] Mother and Stepfather married in 2014, and Stepfather filed a petition to adopt
Child on February 24, 2016. Father contested the adoption, and the trial court
scheduled a hearing to determine whether Father’s consent was necessary. The
hearing was held on April 24, 2017, at which time Father was incarcerated in
federal prison in Arkansas; Father appeared telephonically, and was represented
by counsel. When the hearing commenced, Father sought a continuance “to
give him the opportunity to be released from incarceration to participate in his
child’s life.” Tr. at 6. Father anticipated that he would be released to a halfway
house in April of 2020. The trial court denied the motion for a continuance,
conducted the hearing, and determined that Father’s consent to the adoption
was unnecessary. The trial court later granted Stepfather’s petition to adopt
Child, and Father initiated this appeal.
Discussion and Decision [6] When reviewing a trial court’s decision in an adoption proceeding, we presume
that the decision is correct, and the appellant bears the burden of rebutting this
presumption. In re Adoption of O.R., 16 N.E.3d 965, 972 (Ind. 2014). “We will
not disturb the trial court’s ruling ‘unless the evidence leads to but one
conclusion and the trial judge reached an opposite conclusion.’” Id. at 973
(quoting Rust v. Lawson, 714 N.E.2d 769, 771 (Ind. Ct. App. 1999), trans.
denied). Where, as here, the trial court has entered findings and conclusions,
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 82A04-1707-AD-1590 | January 23, 2018 Page 3 of 8 “we apply a two-tiered standard of review: ‘we must first determine whether the
evidence supports the findings and second, whether the findings support the
judgment.’” In re Adoption of T.L., 4 N.E.3d 658, 662 (Ind. 2014) (quoting In re
Adoption of T.W., 859 N.E.2d 1215, 1217 (Ind. Ct. App. 2006)). We “shall not
set aside the findings or judgment unless clearly erroneous.” Ind. Trial Rule
52(A). Findings are clearly erroneous if they are unsupported by any evidence
or the reasonable inferences to be drawn therefrom. T.L., 4 N.E.3d at 662. A
judgment is clearly erroneous when it is unsupported by the findings and the
conclusions relying on those findings. Id. Moreover, in conducting our review,
we must give “due regard . . . to the opportunity of the trial court to judge the
credibility of the witnesses,” T.R. 52(A), and we are to consider the evidence in
the light most favorable to the trial court’s decision. T.L., 4 N.E.3d at 662.
[7] Ordinarily, a petition to adopt a child “may be granted only if written consent
to adoption has been executed” by the child’s parents. Ind. Code § 31-19-9-1.
However, “[c]onsent to adoption . . . is not required from . . . [a] parent of a
child in the custody of another person if for a period of at least one (1) year the
parent . . . fails without justifiable cause to communicate significantly with the
child when able to do so.” I.C. § 31-19-9-8(a). This exception does not apply if
a parent has engaged in even a single significant communication with the child
during the pertinent timeframe. See Rust, 714 N.E.2d at 773.
[8] When a natural parent has contested an adoption, the person seeking to adopt
the child “has the burden of proving that the parent’s consent to the adoption is
unnecessary.” I.C. § 31-19-10-1.2(a). “Whether this burden has been met is
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 82A04-1707-AD-1590 | January 23, 2018 Page 4 of 8 necessarily dependent upon the facts and circumstances of each particular case,
including, for example, the custodial parent’s willingness to permit visitation as
well as the natural parent’s financial and physical means to accomplish his
obligations.” Rust, 714 N.E.2d at 772. Moreover, “[e]fforts of a custodial
parent to hamper or thwart communication between parent and child are
relevant in determining the ability to communicate.” Id.
Motion to Continue [9] At the hearing regarding the necessity of Father’s consent to the adoption,
Father sought a continuance. The trial court denied the motion, which Father
contends was an abuse of discretion and a violation of his right to due process.
[10] Pursuant to Indiana Trial Rule 53.5, “[u]pon motion, trial may be postponed or
continued in the discretion of the court, and shall be allowed upon a showing of
good cause established by affidavit or other evidence.” Moreover, “a trial
court’s decision to grant or deny a motion to continue is subject to abuse of
discretion review.” In re K.W., 12 N.E.3d 241, 243-44 (Ind. 2014). Ultimately,
“‘[a]n abuse of discretion may be found in the denial of a motion for a
continuance when the moving party has shown good cause for granting the
motion,’ but ‘no abuse of discretion will be found when the moving party has
not demonstrated that he or she was prejudiced by the denial.’” Id. at 244
(quoting Rowlett v. Vanderburgh Cty. Office of Family & Children, 841 N.E.2d 615,
619 (Ind. Ct. App. 2006), trans. denied). Furthermore, in some circumstances,
the denial of a motion to continue can be “so arbitrary as to violate due
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 82A04-1707-AD-1590 | January 23, 2018 Page 5 of 8 process.” Ungar v. Sarafite, 376 U.S. 575, 589 (1964) (“[A] myopic insistence
upon expeditiousness in the face of a justifiable request for delay can render the
right to defend with counsel an empty formality.”).
[11] Here, the objective of the consent hearing was to determine whether—in the
past—Father had failed, without justifiable cause, to communicate significantly
with Child for the statutory period. See I.C. § 31-19-9-8(a)(2). Yet, “a parent’s
conduct after the petition to adopt was filed is ‘wholly irrelevant’” to this
determination. In re Adoption of S.W., 979 N.E.2d 633, 640 n.3 (Ind. Ct. App.
2012) (quoting In re Adoption of Subzda, 562 N.E.2d 745, 750 n.3 (Ind. Ct. App.
1990)). Thus, because Father wanted a continuance for additional time to
participate in Child’s life, Father has not demonstrated that he had good cause
to delay the consent hearing or that he was prejudiced by proceeding to the
merits. Accordingly, the trial court did not abuse its discretion or deprive
Father of his right to due process when it declined to continue the hearing.
Consent to Adoption [12] Father does not dispute that he had no contact with Child for a prolonged time.
Rather, Father asserts that Mother thwarted his ability to communicate with
Child because she moved and changed her phone number in 2009, and that the
trial court essentially rewarded Mother for doing so. In so arguing, Father
directs our attention to In re Adoption of A.K.S., 713 N.E.2d 896 (Ind. Ct. App.
1999), and D.D. v. D.P., 8 N.E.3d 217, 221 (Ind. Ct. App. 2014). However,
each of those cases involved a parent who moved out of state and made
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 82A04-1707-AD-1590 | January 23, 2018 Page 6 of 8 sustained efforts to maintain a parent-child relationship, despite the other
parent’s lack of cooperation. In contrast, here, Father did not attempt to see
Child for two months even when he had Mother’s current phone number and
address. Moreover, in the ensuing years, Father did not initiate a paternity
action or seek legal help with regaining contact with Child. Although Father
claimed to be unsure of what steps to take, the trial court did not find Father
credible, noting that Father had five other children and should be familiar with
the “idea of legal paternity and needing to support a child.” Appellee’s App.
Vol. II at 9. Furthermore, the evidence favorable to the judgment indicates that
Mother believed Father saw her on multiple occasions in the community prior
to his incarceration, and he did not initiate contact with her. Thus, viewing the
evidence most favorably to the judgment, we cannot say that the trial court
clearly erred in determining that Father did not have justifiable cause for his
failure to significantly communicate with Child for the statutory period.1
Conclusion [13] The trial court did not abuse its discretion or affront Father’s right to due
process by denying his motion to continue. The trial court did not clearly err in
determining that Father’s consent to the adoption was unnecessary.
1 The trial court identified additional statutory grounds to support its determination that Father’s consent to the adoption was unnecessary. Because we conclude that at least one statutory basis supports the trial court’s determination, we need not address any additional basis.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 82A04-1707-AD-1590 | January 23, 2018 Page 7 of 8 [14] Affirmed.
Kirsch, J., and Pyle, J., concur.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 82A04-1707-AD-1590 | January 23, 2018 Page 8 of 8