The Chancellor.
The petition presented to this court, in February last, by the surviving brothers and sisters of Catherine Roberts, shows that all the next of kin who would be entiled to share in her estate, in case of an intestacy, except the children of her deceased brother W. Calf, are willing and anxious that this will and codicil should be established. It further appears, by the affidavit of the proponent, that he and the other surviving brothers and sisters have executed an assignment for the benefit of those children ; putting them upon the same footing in reference to the estate, as if their father had survived Mrs. Roberts, so as to take his share of the estate under the will. Under such circumstances, the statute having authorized the court, in its discretion, to dispense with a notice to the next of kin where a notice should be deemed unnecessary, I shall discharge the order for an issue, and proceed to decide the question as to the validity of the will and codicil; without any further notice to the next of kin of the decedent who are out of this country. But as the personal representatives of the deceased administrator have had no notice of this application, the order for the issue must be discharged without prejudice to their right, upon the settlement of his account as the administrator of the estate of Mrs. Roberts, to claim such compensation as he may have been equitably entitled to, if any, for expenses incurred by him in resisting the probate of this will and codicil ; in case it shall appear that such expenditures were made in good faith, and upon reasonable grounds of belief [522]*522that the will and codicil were Hot duly executed to pass personal property.
The facts of the case, as established by the testimony taken under the commissions and letters rogatory, which have been duly executed in the island of Cuba, are substantially as follows : Cornelius Roberts and his wife, who were natives of Great Britain, went to Cuba more than thirty years since, where they became domiciled, and were the owners of two or three coffee and sugar plantations, in succession. In 1832 or 1833, they left Cuba for the purpose of visiting their native country. But it does not appear that they at that time contemplated a permanent removal from the island, either for the purpose of resuming their domicil of origin or of settling elsewhere ; though they disposed of most of their property before they left; leaving, however, their house fitted up and in a situation to be occupied by them on their return. As there is no evidence of intention to abandon their acquired domicil, at that time, the legal presumption is that such domicil continued, as well after as before they left it upon their last visit to their native country. Indeed, the evidence show that at that time they contemplated a return there to reside; or at least, that they had not then made up their minds to change their domicil. They subsequently came to New Brighton, on Staten Island, where both remained some time; and the husband finally died there, about the close of the year 1837, after his wife had returned to Cuba to see to their property which remained at that island. The testimony leaves it uncertain whether the husband and wife, previous to his death, had abandoned the intention of returning to Cuba to reside, and had concluded to fix their residence in this state ; though it appears that the existence of the Asiatic cholera at the Havana was probably the reason why they did not, upon their return from England, go directly there. It is probably unnecessary to decide the question whether the domicil of the husband was in fact changed from Matanzas, to New Brighton; where he was either temporarily or permanently located at the time of his [523]*523death. For even if that was the case, the testimony taken under the last commission, and letters rogatory, fully establishes the fact, that Mrs. Roberts, immediately after the death of her husband, distinctly announced her intention of fixing her residence in Cuba, where she then was. Colonel Allyon, who appears to have been an intimate friend and acquaintance both of her and of Mr. Roberts, testifies that after she had heard of the death of her husband, and while she was staying in his family, as a guest upon the invitation of himself and his wife, she declared her intention to be to return to that place to reside, after she should have settled the affairs of her husband in this state. And she wished to re-purchase the coffee plantation which she and her husband formerly owned near Matanzas, for the purpose of making that her permanent residence ; as she said she had always enjoyed perfect health at that place. The wife of Col. Allyon also testifies that the decedent told her, after she had heard of the death of her husband, that the climate of her native country and the United States disagreed very much with her health, and for that reason that she had resolved to continue her domicil in Cuba where she acquired her property, and where the climate agreed with her health, adding, that she was going to take steps to re-purchase the coffee plantation which formerly belonged to her, on which she had always enjoyed good health. And the testimony of these two very respectable witnesses is corroborated by that of two or three others of her acquaintance; to whom she made similar declarations of her intentions to continue her residence in Cuba, and to return there as soon as she should have settled the affairs of her husband in this state.
These were not mere declarations of a future intention to change an actual residence, from Staten Island to the island of Cuba, for the purpose of changing her domicil. Such declarations, I admit, would not, without an actual removal from the former place of residence, be sufficient to constitute a change of domicil. But in this case, it must be recollected, that at the time the declarations were made [524]*524her husband was dead ; and she5 havíñg no family, was actually residing in Cuba, where she declared it to be her intention to fix her permanent residence for the remainder of her life. Although it may be difficult to give any general definition of a domicil which will apply to all cases, and Lord Alvanley thought Bynlcershoek was wise in not hazarding a definition of the term, I think it cannot be doubted that the actual residence of an individual at a particular place, with the animais manendi, or a fixed and settled determination to make that his permanent residence for the remainder of his life, constitutes that place his domicil j at least until there is some evidence that his intention to remain there has been abandoned. And the declarations of the party himself, where he can have no object or inducement to falsify the truth or to deceive those to whom such declarations are made, are the best evidence of his intention to make his actual residence his permanent residence also. Here the declarations of the decedent appear to have been repeatedly and deliberately made, at different times and to various persons; and I think there can be no reasonable doubt that she intended what she said. The conclusion, therefore, at which I have arrived, from the evidence in this case, is that at the time of making this will and codicil the decedent was domiciled in Cuba. And the testimony shows conclusively that they were executed in due form to convey her property, whether moveable or immoveable, according to the Spanish law which was in force in that island ; although they rvere not signed and witnessed in the form required by the revised statutes, as to wills of real or personal property executed here.
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The Chancellor.
The petition presented to this court, in February last, by the surviving brothers and sisters of Catherine Roberts, shows that all the next of kin who would be entiled to share in her estate, in case of an intestacy, except the children of her deceased brother W. Calf, are willing and anxious that this will and codicil should be established. It further appears, by the affidavit of the proponent, that he and the other surviving brothers and sisters have executed an assignment for the benefit of those children ; putting them upon the same footing in reference to the estate, as if their father had survived Mrs. Roberts, so as to take his share of the estate under the will. Under such circumstances, the statute having authorized the court, in its discretion, to dispense with a notice to the next of kin where a notice should be deemed unnecessary, I shall discharge the order for an issue, and proceed to decide the question as to the validity of the will and codicil; without any further notice to the next of kin of the decedent who are out of this country. But as the personal representatives of the deceased administrator have had no notice of this application, the order for the issue must be discharged without prejudice to their right, upon the settlement of his account as the administrator of the estate of Mrs. Roberts, to claim such compensation as he may have been equitably entitled to, if any, for expenses incurred by him in resisting the probate of this will and codicil ; in case it shall appear that such expenditures were made in good faith, and upon reasonable grounds of belief [522]*522that the will and codicil were Hot duly executed to pass personal property.
The facts of the case, as established by the testimony taken under the commissions and letters rogatory, which have been duly executed in the island of Cuba, are substantially as follows : Cornelius Roberts and his wife, who were natives of Great Britain, went to Cuba more than thirty years since, where they became domiciled, and were the owners of two or three coffee and sugar plantations, in succession. In 1832 or 1833, they left Cuba for the purpose of visiting their native country. But it does not appear that they at that time contemplated a permanent removal from the island, either for the purpose of resuming their domicil of origin or of settling elsewhere ; though they disposed of most of their property before they left; leaving, however, their house fitted up and in a situation to be occupied by them on their return. As there is no evidence of intention to abandon their acquired domicil, at that time, the legal presumption is that such domicil continued, as well after as before they left it upon their last visit to their native country. Indeed, the evidence show that at that time they contemplated a return there to reside; or at least, that they had not then made up their minds to change their domicil. They subsequently came to New Brighton, on Staten Island, where both remained some time; and the husband finally died there, about the close of the year 1837, after his wife had returned to Cuba to see to their property which remained at that island. The testimony leaves it uncertain whether the husband and wife, previous to his death, had abandoned the intention of returning to Cuba to reside, and had concluded to fix their residence in this state ; though it appears that the existence of the Asiatic cholera at the Havana was probably the reason why they did not, upon their return from England, go directly there. It is probably unnecessary to decide the question whether the domicil of the husband was in fact changed from Matanzas, to New Brighton; where he was either temporarily or permanently located at the time of his [523]*523death. For even if that was the case, the testimony taken under the last commission, and letters rogatory, fully establishes the fact, that Mrs. Roberts, immediately after the death of her husband, distinctly announced her intention of fixing her residence in Cuba, where she then was. Colonel Allyon, who appears to have been an intimate friend and acquaintance both of her and of Mr. Roberts, testifies that after she had heard of the death of her husband, and while she was staying in his family, as a guest upon the invitation of himself and his wife, she declared her intention to be to return to that place to reside, after she should have settled the affairs of her husband in this state. And she wished to re-purchase the coffee plantation which she and her husband formerly owned near Matanzas, for the purpose of making that her permanent residence ; as she said she had always enjoyed perfect health at that place. The wife of Col. Allyon also testifies that the decedent told her, after she had heard of the death of her husband, that the climate of her native country and the United States disagreed very much with her health, and for that reason that she had resolved to continue her domicil in Cuba where she acquired her property, and where the climate agreed with her health, adding, that she was going to take steps to re-purchase the coffee plantation which formerly belonged to her, on which she had always enjoyed good health. And the testimony of these two very respectable witnesses is corroborated by that of two or three others of her acquaintance; to whom she made similar declarations of her intentions to continue her residence in Cuba, and to return there as soon as she should have settled the affairs of her husband in this state.
These were not mere declarations of a future intention to change an actual residence, from Staten Island to the island of Cuba, for the purpose of changing her domicil. Such declarations, I admit, would not, without an actual removal from the former place of residence, be sufficient to constitute a change of domicil. But in this case, it must be recollected, that at the time the declarations were made [524]*524her husband was dead ; and she5 havíñg no family, was actually residing in Cuba, where she declared it to be her intention to fix her permanent residence for the remainder of her life. Although it may be difficult to give any general definition of a domicil which will apply to all cases, and Lord Alvanley thought Bynlcershoek was wise in not hazarding a definition of the term, I think it cannot be doubted that the actual residence of an individual at a particular place, with the animais manendi, or a fixed and settled determination to make that his permanent residence for the remainder of his life, constitutes that place his domicil j at least until there is some evidence that his intention to remain there has been abandoned. And the declarations of the party himself, where he can have no object or inducement to falsify the truth or to deceive those to whom such declarations are made, are the best evidence of his intention to make his actual residence his permanent residence also. Here the declarations of the decedent appear to have been repeatedly and deliberately made, at different times and to various persons; and I think there can be no reasonable doubt that she intended what she said. The conclusion, therefore, at which I have arrived, from the evidence in this case, is that at the time of making this will and codicil the decedent was domiciled in Cuba. And the testimony shows conclusively that they were executed in due form to convey her property, whether moveable or immoveable, according to the Spanish law which was in force in that island ; although they rvere not signed and witnessed in the form required by the revised statutes, as to wills of real or personal property executed here.
There appears to be some difference of opinion, among foreign jurists, whether a will of personal estate, or moveable property as it is called by the civilians, in which the testator has complied with the forms and solemnities required by the lex loci actus, is a valid testamentary disposition of such property ; although, in the form of its execution, such will does not conform to the requirements of the law of the testator’s domicil. The better opinion. [525]*525however, appears to be, that so far as regards the mere formal execution of the testament, it is sufficient if it conforms to the law of the country where the will is made ; in ... . . . . „ ’, accordance with the maxim, locus regit actum. (See 17 Guyot’s Repert. De Juris. art. Testament, 186. 4 Burge’s Col. and Foreign Law, 583. Civil Code of Louis. art. 1589.) Probably the testament may also be. valid, if made and executed in conformity to the law of the testator’s domicil j although it does not conform, in all respects, to the lex loci actus. (See Target’s opinion in the case of the Butchess of Kingston’s will, 1 Collect. Jur. 324. Story’s Confl. of Laws, 391. 4 Burge’s Col. and For. Law, 582, 584, 590.) And it appears to be the generally received doctrine, at the present day, that the status or capacity of the testator to dispose of his personal estate by will, depends upon the law of his domicil.
Our revised statutes seem to contemplate the validity of a will of personal property, by a citizen of this state, if made in conformity to the requirements of our law ; although executed out of this state, and in a place where the local laws require the adoption of a different form. This appears to be a distinct recognization of the principle that the will may be valid, if made and executed in conformity with the law of the testator’s domicil. (2 R. S. 2d ed. p. 12, § 69.) The statute also, in express terms, authorizes a will personally executed out of the state, by a person not domiciled here, to be admitted to probate, provided it is duly executed according to the laws of the state or country where the same was made ; and prohibits all other foreign wills from being admitted to probate, under the special provisions incorporated into the statutes by the amendments of April, 1830. As those provisions refer to the mode of establishing foreign wills under a commission to be issued by this court, or upon the production of the foreign probate, alone to the surrogate without further proof, they do not necessarily exclude the idea that a will of personal property made by a testator domiciled abroad may be valid, if executed according to the law of his domicil; [526]*526although the form of its execution is not in accordance with the law of the place where he actually executed it, during a temporary absence from his place of residence. ° f . . . But the mode of proving such a will here, if it is valid, as I think it would be, must be different from that which is prescribed by these special provisions of the revised statutes relative to foreign wills; and this court has no jurisdiction in such a case.
The conclusion at which I have arrived, in relation to the actual domicil of Mrs. Roberts at the time of executing her will and codicil, steers clear of any of these questions ; which must have arisen if it had appeared, from the evidence, that she had abandoned her domicil in Cuba for the purpose of resuming her domicil of origin in England, or that she had fixed her permanent residence in this state. Here the lex loci actus and the lex domicilii are the same; and they concur with the lex fori in declaring that the instruments propounded, as the will and codicil of the decedent, were valid testamentary dispositions of her personal estate. And they are entitled to probate here, under the commissions and letters rogatory, issued in this case, which have been executed under the authority of this court.
The usual decree must therefore be entered, establishing the authenticated copies of those instruments, which were returned with the first commission, as the last will and testament of the testatrix in relation to her personal estate ; and directing that such decree be transmitted to the surrogate of the county of Richmond, that he may record the same ; and directing him to issue letters testamentary or of administration thereon, in the same manner as if the said will and codicil had been duly proved before him.