MEMORANDUM DECISION AND ORDER GRANTING MOTION TO APPOINT CHAPTER 11 TRUSTEE
STUART M. BERNSTEIN, Chief Judge.
Ridgemour Meyer Properties, LLC (“RMP” or the debtor) is a co-venturer with Ginsburg Development Companies, LLC (“GDC”) in the development of certain real property located in Westchester County. While the parties were engaged in arbitration relating to the fate of their venture, the debtor filed its chapter 11 petition, and GDC immediately responded with alternative motions to dismiss the case as a bad faith filing or appoint a chapter 11 trustee. GDC also sought sanctions.
The Court conducted a three-day evi-dentiary hearing during which GDC withdrew its alternative request for dismissal of the case. The Court now concludes, for the reasons that follow, that a chapter 11 trustee should be appointed.
FACTS
The debtor is a New York limited liability company. The two members of the debtor are Ridgemour Development Corporation, or RDC, and W
&
A Development, LLC, or WA, each owning 50%. A.J. Rotonde is the president and principal of RDC; William Meyer is the principal of WA. In December 2003, the debtor formed a joint venture known as Pinnacle-West-chester LLC (“Pinnacle”) with GDC for the purpose of developing and erecting a high rise building in White Plains, New York.
A management committee consisting of four directors ran Pinnacle, with the debt- or and GDC each appointing two. GDC appointed Martin Ginsburg and Christine McWalters; the debtor appointed Rotonde and Meyer.
Pinnacle’s assets consisted of real property, the rights to acquire other real property and cash. According to § 3.1 of the Pinnacle Operating Agreement, the debtor contributed (1) a parcel of land known as the “Primary Lot” that was subject to a
mortgage in the approximate amount of $3,386,000 held by Merida Associates, Inc., (2) a contract right to purchase real property known as the “Back Lot,” (3) a contract right to purchase a second parcel, and (4) certain air rights. GDC agreed to contribute up to $4 million.
The debtor subsequently sold a third lot to Pinnacle — the “Jomas Lot” — -for $6.9 million. Pinnacle assumed a first mortgage of approximately $3.5 million held by Toano Realty. Pinnacle borrowed $3.4 million from Wachovia Bank to fund the balance of the purchase price, and paid that approximate amount to the debtor. Ginsburg personally guaranteed the Wa-chovia debt. The three properties owned by Pinnacle — the Primary Lot, the Back Lot and the Jomas Lot-are contiguous, and unless otherwise indicated, are referred to collectively as the “Property.”
A. The Arbitration
1. The 6/18 Email
By 2006, if not sooner, the debtor and GDC became deadlocked over the future of Pinnacle. The debtor still hoped to develop the Property, but GDC sought to dissolve the venture. On or about November 22, 2006, GDC commenced an arbitration in accordance with the Pinnacle Operating Agreement against the debtor, Meyer and Rotonde. After conducting several days of evidentiary hearings, the arbitrator sent the parties an email on June 18, 2008 (the “6/18 Email”).
(See
Ex. 18.) The 6/18 Email first recapped what had occurred that day in the hearings before the arbitrator. The arbitrator concluded that the evidence did not justify Pinnacle proceeding with the development. Accordingly, Pinnacle would be dissolved.
The arbitrator next ruled that due to the damages incurred by the debtor resulting from GDC’s management of Pinnacle, “control of the property shall be returned to RMP.” The arbitrator stated that this ruling did not preclude compensating GDC for its cash investment in Pinnacle, but the monetary issues would be determined only after a full trial on the damages claims. He explained that he was making this ruling to enable the parties to prepare for discussions scheduled for the next day. Those discussions would focus on the proper method of dissolving Pinnacle absent ownership of the land, and allowing the debtor to develop the Property without further loss or delay.
2. The June 19th Hearing
The arbitrator conducted a hearing the next day. Rotonde, Meyer and Donald Carbone, Esq. attended on behalf of the debtor. Aside from discussions and disagreements regarding the arbitrator’s authority to order the transfer of the Property to the debtor, both sides focused on the conditions to the transfer. GDC contended that it had invested or was owed nearly $15 million. The debtor contended, based on the arbitrator’s statement in the 6/18 Email, that it had been damaged by GDC in an unliquidated amount.
As a practical matter, GDC was afraid that if the Property was transferred to the debtor, GDC would be unsecured, and moreover, the debtor could transfer or encumber the Property. (Ex. 4 at 1903-06.) It insisted that its rights be protected through a mortgage placed on the Property to secure its claim, pending a resolution of the monetary issues.
Meyer recognized that a mortgage was a
quid pro quo
for the conveyance of the Property; the issue that divided the parties was the amount of the mortgage. In response to GDC’s concerns, Meyer acknowledged that “in order for us [the debt- or] to be able to move forward and get title, we would give you the mortgage now
with the understanding that it would increase or decrease.”
(Id.
at 1945.)
After the lunch break, the parties announced a resolution. GDC’s lawyer, Gerald Liloia, Esq., acknowledged that the debtor already had “control” of the Property, and Meyer agreed that the debtor would indemnify GDC for any actions that it took.
(Id.
at 1979-80.) The debtor would grant GDC a mortgage in the sum of $14.629 million. The amount of the mortgage could rise or fall depending on the resolution of the debtor’s damages claim against GDC. Meyer stated that the debtor would be prepared to move forward on that basis in order to keep control of the Property. GDC’s attorney volunteered to draft the “mortgages and conveyance documents” and Meyer agreed.
(Id.)
The arbitrator memorialized the rulings contained in his 6/18 Email and made at the June 19th hearing in an “Interim Award,” dated July 9, 2008.
(See
Ex. 15.) The Interim Award provided, in pertinent part that (1) Pinnacle would be dissolved, (2) ownership of the Property would be transferred from Pinnacle to the debtor, (3) the debtor would execute a note and mortgage in GDC’s favor in the sum of $14.629 million to secure the repayment of monies that GDC had invested or expended on behalf of Pinnacle, (4) the amount of the note and mortgage could increase or decrease based on the disposition of the debtor’s damage claims, and (5) the debtor would indemnify Pinnacle, GDC and Ginsburg from any liability arising from its efforts to develop the Property after the date of the transfer
or arising from the debtor’s actions prior to the date of the transfer.
Each component was contained in a separate paragraph.
In the meantime, the parties began to prepare the necessary documents. On June 25, 2008, Carbone sent Jonathan Vuotto, Esq., GDC’s lawyer, a draft assignment of certain contract rights and draft warranty deeds covering the three lots that comprised the Property.
(See
Ex. 5.) The draft warranty deeds provided a space for Rotonde to sign on behalf of Pinnacle although the debtor concedes that the Pinnacle Operating Agreement did not give Rotonde the authority to sign the deeds.
On June 27, 2008, Vuotto sent nine draft documents back to Carbone.
(See
Ex. 7.) Vuotto had changed the deeds to bargain and sale deeds, but left the signature line unchanged. Thus, Rotonde would still sign on behalf of Pinnacle. Nick Racioppi, Esq., GDC’s real estate lawyer, testified credibly that the signature block was not changed because everything was to close simultaneously. Under those circumstances, it did not matter if Rotonde signed for Pinnacle. In addition, Vuotto sent a draft note, mortgage and indemnity agreement. The transmittal email advised Carbone that the documents were being sent prior to GDC’s review to expedite the matter, and “[a]ccordingly, the documents remain subject to our client’s further review, comment and approval.”
(Id.)
3. The June 28th Email
On June 28, 2008, the arbitrator sent an email (the “6/28 Email”) to both sides.
(See
Ex. 9.) After confirming his decision that Pinnacle should be dissolved, he addressed the separate issues of control and ownership of the Property:
As a second issue, your letter along with Mr. Ginsberg’s questions whether enough evidence was heard for a proper determination that
control
of the Pinnacle’s property be given to RMP and that all of the Pinnacle’s property be
conveyed
to RMP.
(Id.)
(Emphasis added.) The arbitrator also observed that GDC reserved the right
to assert a claim for damages, and that if the debtor “agrees to maintain control of the property, they are as well accepting this exposure should they fail to demonstrate how they have been harmed.” The arbitrator’s email concluded, “[i]f RMP [the debtor] advises they wish to proceed with control of the property, then the contract is to be executed by both parties as directed.”
(Id.)
On June 30, 2008, Carbone emailed the arbitrator, informing him that the debtor “agrees to maintain
ownership
of the property.” (Ex. I) (emphasis added.)
4. The Impasse
The parties continued to negotiate over the terms of the documents. On July 2, 2008, the debtor’s counsel, Aaron Boyajian, Esq., returned marked up versions of the draft note, mortgage and contract assignment prepared by GDC’s counsel.
(See
Ex. 11.) He did not return the deeds. Vuotto complained to the arbitrator about the debtor’s proposed changes on July 3, 2008,
(see
Ex. 12), and Carbone responded that same day that GDC was attempting “to delay the transfer of the property to RMP,” GDC was attempting “to have the transfer of the properties delayed,” “[u]n-der no circumstances should the conveyances of the properties be delayed until the conclusion of the damage hearing,” and “under no circumstances should the transfer of the property be delayed until the conclusion of the damage hearings.” (Ex. 55.)
Vuotto wrote back to the arbitrator on July 7, 2008.
(See
Ex. 13.) He stated that GDC was available for a conference call on July 9th. Responding to Carbone’s July 3rd email, Vuotto said, “GDC is not adverse to conveying the property subject to a mortgage, provided that it contains reasonable, industry standard protections.”
(Id.)
On July 8, 2008, Carbone’s secretary transmitted an email to the arbitrator.
(See
Ex. 14.) Carbone amplified the debt- or’s objections to GDC’s drafts, and enclosed the redrafts that had previously been transmitted to GDC. He stated that the debtor had no comment on the deeds “as they have been accepted.”
(Id.
at 3 (Bates no. GDC00431).)
The impasse continued after the July 9th conference call with the arbitrator,
GDC asked the arbitrator to intervene again, (Ex. 16), and another conference call was scheduled for July 22nd. During the latter call, which was transcribed,
(see
Ex. 19), the parties again rehashed their objections to the proposed mortgages and other documents. Both sides viewed the conveyance of the Property as something that had not yet occurred, and depended on the delivery of the mortgages and other documents. At one point, Carbone stated that by delivering the mortgage and note, the debtor wanted to put GDC in the same position it was in on June 18th, but “[t]he only thing that’s changed, the Arbitrator has ruled that the
property is going to be transferred
to RNP [sic].” (Ex. 19 at 6 (Bates no. GDC00465).) (Emphasis added.) Racioppi mentioned that they were talking about conveying the Property to the debtor, and needed to be protected.
(Id.
at 16 (Bates no. GDC00475).) He added that the Property was owned by Pinnacle, but “[o]nce we convey it to you, then it’s a big difference.”
(Id.
at 44 (Bates no. GDC00503).)
B. The Secret Delivery and Recordation of the Deeds
On or about July 31, 2008, GDC and its lawyers made a series of startling discov
eries. The draft deeds that GDC sent on June 27th had been executed by Rotonde as agent for Pinnacle on June 30th, delivered for recordation on July 21st, and recorded on July 29th.
(See
Ex. 20.) Irate, Vuotto wrote to the arbitrator on July 31, 2008, informing him of what had occurred.
(See
Ex. 22.) Carbone responded the next day, arguing that the transfer of the Property was consistent with the 6/18 Email, the 6/28 Email and the Interim Award.
(See
Ex. 23.) In particular, the paragraphs of the Interim Award “are not interrelated in that the transfer of the deeds is not contingent upon the execution of the mortgage.”
(Id.
at Bates no. GDC00562.) According to Carbone, he negotiated the language of the Interim Award with Vuotto, and “GDC could have suggested that such language be included within the Interim Award, but it never did so.”
(Id.)
The arbitrator cut through the arguments, issuing a deadline to the debtor.
(See
Ex. 27.) After resolving the disputed mortgage and other terms, the arbitrator directed GDC to modify the documents by August 6th, and gave the debtor until August 12th to return the signed documents and produce a letter of credit.
GDC sent the revised documents for signature on August 6th.
(See
Ex. 31.) Its lawyers thereafter tried to contact the debtor’s lawyers without success,
(see
Exs. 28-30), and eventually complained to the arbitrator. (See Ex. 31.) The email to the arbitrator elicited a response from Car-bone. He represented to the arbitrator that his firm was reviewing the documents and working on the letter of credit. (Ex. 32.)
On August 11th, the day before the deadline imposed by the arbitrator, the parties exchanged several emails. GDC’s attorneys pressed the debtor’s attorneys for the documents, which they still had not received.
(See
Exs. 33, 35.) Boyajian responded that the debtor’s attorneys were still reviewing the documents. (Ex. 34.) GDC asked the arbitrator to intervene, and complained that the debtor was delaying the closing. (Ex. 36.)
After GDC communicated with the arbitrator, the debtor got back to GDC.
(See
Ex. 37.) Boyajian stated that GDC had inserted language into the mortgage that was neither agreed to nor ordered by the arbitrator. The email listed numerous examples. Finally, Carbone wrote to the arbitrator at 4:24 p.m., stating that his firm was working with GDC in reviewing the documents, and he did not know why GDC was bothering the arbitrator. (Ex. 38.)
C. The Bankruptcy
The debtor did not make the deadline, and instead, filed a chapter 11 petition at 9:08 p.m., approximately four-and-one-half hours after Carbone sent the email to the arbitrator. GDC responded with a motion to dismiss the petition as a bad faith filing, or alternatively, to appoint a chapter 11 trustee. The common thread running through both aspects of the motion was the impropriety of the transfer from Pinnacle to the debtor. The Court ordered an evidentiary hearing into the circumstances surrounding the transfer.
After the first day of trial, the parties changed their positions. The debtor fired its original bankruptcy lawyer, Marc Stuart Goldberg, Esq., and retained Kles-tadt & Winters, LLP, as substitute bankruptcy counsel. The debtor also retained Jeffrey H. Weinberger, Esq., as special counsel. Klestadt
&
Winters filed papers consenting to the dismissal of the case, and agreed to reconvey the Property to Pinnacle, although after the dismissal. Goldberg opposed the dismissal unless it
provided for the payment of approximately $125,000 in legal fees.
In another reversal, GDC declined the debtor’s offer to dismiss the case, and withdrew its request for dismissal. It now pressed for the appointment of a chapter 11 trustee. The Court refused to dismiss the case for the reasons stated on the record, and held two more days of eviden-tiary hearing in connection with the remaining request to appoint a trustee.
DISCUSSION
Section 1104(a) of the Bankruptcy Code governs the appointment of a chapter 11 trustee. It provides:
(a) At any time after the commencement of the case but before confirmation of a plan, on request of a party in interest or the United States trustee, and after notice and a hearing, the court shall order the appointment of a trustee—
(1) for cause, including fraud, dishonesty, incompetence, or gross mismanagement of the affairs of the debtor by current management, either before or after the commencement of the case, or similar cause, but not including the number of holders of securities of the debtor or the amount of assets or liabilities of the debtor;
(2) if such appointment is in the interests of creditors, any equity security holders, and other interests of the estate, without regard to the number of holders of securities of the debtor or the amount of assets or liabilities of the debtor; or
(3) if grounds exist to convert or dismiss the case under section 1112, but the court determines that the appointment of a trustee or an examiner is in the best interests of creditors and the estate.
The appointment of a § 1104 trustee is an “extraordinary remedy.”
In re Euro-American Lodging Corp.,
365 B.R. 421, 426 (Bankr.S.D.N.Y.2007);
In re Adelphia Commc’ns Corp.,
336 B.R. 610, 655 (Bankr.S.D.N.Y.2006), aff'
d,
342 B.R. 122 (S.D.N.Y.2006);
In re Ionosphere Clubs, Inc.,
113 B.R. 164, 167 (Bankr.S.D.N.Y.1990). The movant must prove the need for a trustee by clear and convincing evidence.
In re Sharon Steel Corp.,
871 F.2d 1217, 1226 (3d Cir.1989);
Euro-American Lodging Corp.,
365 B.R. at 426.
A. Section 1104(a)(1)
Section 1104(a)(1) mandates the appointment of a chapter 11 trustee “for cause,” a term that expressly includes, but is not limited to, “dishonesty.” “Dishonesty” means “lack of honesty, probity, or integrity in principle: lack of fairness and straightforwardness: disposition to defraud, deceive, or betray.” Webster’s Third New INTERNATIONAL Dictionary (Unabridged) 650 (1981). GDC demonstrated by clear and convincing evidence that the debtor, its principals and its attorneys acted dishonestly when they secretly transferred the Property from Pinnacle to the debtor, and then hid what they had done from GDC and the arbitrator.
1. The Transfer
Rotonde and Carbone knew that nothing that occurred on June 18th or June 19th authorized Rotonde to sign the deeds on behalf of Pinnacle and record them for the benefit of the debtor. Both placed heavy reliance on the 6/18 Email. The latter simply granted control of the Property to the debtor, but did not authorize the unconditional transfer of the Property. During the June 19th hearing, Liloia acknowledged that the debtor already had control, and insisted on a promise of indemnity from the debtor. Meyer reeog-
nized that in order for the debtor to get title, it would have to give a mortgage now. The parties confirmed that they still had to draft the conveyance documents and mortgages, and GDC’s counsel agreed to take the laboring oar.
Carbone’s contrary testimony was incredible. He knew that the 6/18 Email and the June 19th hearing did not allow the debtor to take immediate title to the Property, independent of the mortgages. On July 3rd he wrote a two-page email to the arbitrator in which he accused GDC— four times — of trying to delay the conveyance of the Property by insisting on unreasonable mortgage terms. If he believed that the debtor already had the right to convey the Property, he would not have accused GDC of holding up the conveyance. He would not have bothered, for that matter, to send draft deeds on June 25th. If Carbone thought that the arbitrator had already authorized the transfer, he would have simply had Rotonde sign and file the deeds, as Rotonde eventually did. Car-bone sent the draft deeds because he knew that they required GDC’s approval.
Recognizing the limits of the 6/18 Email and the June 19th hearing, the debtor’s professionals hatched a scheme — they would rely on an ambiguous award, then under negotiation but not yet signed, to justify the transfer of the Property. Carol L. Dali, Esq., another of the debtor’s attorneys, testified that the deeds were signed and put aside pending the issuance of the Interim Award.
The Interim Award, issued on July 9, 2008, listed the various deal points in separate paragraphs, but did not link them. The debtor intended to argue that this meant that the delivery of the deeds was independent of the delivery of the mortgages and other documents. Carbone testified, with some self-satisfaction, that he purposely drafted the Interim Award not to expressly require the simultaneous execution of the documents. He blamed GDC’s lawyers for not insisting on a single closing and simultaneous delivery of all documents, declaring that if GDC wanted it, its lawyers knew how to express it.
This maneuver was ineffective to memorialize rulings that Carbone knew the arbitrator never made. As noted, the Interim
Award was silent; it did not say that all documents had to be exchanged simultaneously, but it also did not say that the deeds could be delivered without the simultaneous delivery of the documents that GDC was demanding. Although Carbone blamed GDC’s lawyers and suggested that they were inept, he conceded that he never raised this issue with GDC’s lawyers. Under the circumstances, GDC’s lawyers would have no basis to believe that it even was an issue.
Furthermore, the Interim Award contradicted the debtor’s contention that control and ownership of the Property was the same thing. As noted, the 6/28 Email drew the distinction. The Interim Award did too. Paragraph 7 required the debtor to indemnify Pinnacle, GDC and Ginsburg,
inter alia,
for any liability arising from the debtor’s actions to develop the Property “after the date of the transfer or
arising from RMP’s actions prior to the date of the transfer.”
(Ex. 15 at 3 (Bates no. GDC00455).) (Emphasis added.) If the debtor were correct, there would be no reason to indemnify GDC for liability arising from the debtor’s actions to develop the Property “prior to the date of the transfer.” In other words, the debtor controlled the Property and could take steps to develop it even though Pinnacle still owned it.
In short, everyone understood prior to July 9th that the deeds and the mortgages (and other documents) had to be exchanged simultaneously. The terms of the Interim Award did not authorize the unilateral execution and recordation of the deeds, and the debtor’s undisclosed intent or understanding is immaterial to its interpretation.
2. The Secrecy and the Cover Up
The more troublesome aspect of this case relates to the secrecy and lack of candor shown by the debtor and its professionals. Rotonde executed the deeds without authority, and then hid what he had done from GDC. After the arbitrator issued the Interim Award, Rotonde delivered the deeds to Dali for recordation, again without telling GDC. Dali eventually delivered the deeds to the county clerk for recordation, but failed to disclose this to GDC. The county clerk filed the deeds, but as before, no one informed GDC. Yet during this same period, the parties continued to negotiate the terms of the mortgage and the other documents and participate in hearings with the arbitrator. Carbone admitted that he never “volunteered” to Vuotto that the deeds had been delivered. Nor did he or Rotonde ever mention, until GDC’s title insurer made the discovery, that Rotonde had executed the deeds on behalf of Pinnacle and delivered them to himself on behalf of the debtor, or that the debtor had recorded the deeds.
In fact, they created the opposite impression. For example, on July 8th, Car-bone wrote to the arbitrator, criticizing the unreasonable mortgage terms demanded by GDC. He added at the very end of his email that the debtor had no comments on the deeds as they had been “accepted.” (Ex. 14 at 3 (Bates no. GDC00431).) Car-bone implied during his testimony that this statement was meant to signify that the signed deeds had been delivered to the debtor, and the debtor had “accepted” them. It did not mean, as the context of the email indicated, that the form of the deeds was acceptable.
Carbone also implied during the July 22nd conference that no transfer had oc-
eurred. He declared that the arbitrator had ruled that the Property “is going to be transferred to RNP [sic].” (Ex. 19 at 6 (Bates no. GDC00465).) He did not inform the arbitrator or GDC that it had already been transferred on June 30th when Rotonde signed and delivered the deeds to himself. Nor did he correct Raei-oppi who referred to the conveyance as a future event dependent on the delivery of a satisfactory mortgage and other documents.
It appears in this regard that the scheduling of the conference played a role in the recordation of the deeds. Dali testified that she received the deeds from Rotonde on July 11th. She delivered them for re-cordation ten days later, one day before the scheduled conference call. She attempted to minimize the delay — she was tied up with other matters — but her testimony was unconvincing. The debtor’s witnesses testified that the debtor was anxious to acquire title in order to develop the Property as soon as possible. If true, Dali would have delivered the deeds for recor-dation on Monday, July 14th. Instead, she waited a full week, and finally acted the day before the scheduled conference call. The circumstances suggest that the debtor was not as confident about its interpretation of the Interim Award as it was at trial, and acted out of concern that the arbitrator might change his ruling or impose new requirements during the conference call. In any event, the debtor never satisfactorily explained the delay in recor-dation in light of the supposed urgency.
On August 4th, after the truth came out, the arbitrator gave the debtor eight days to execute the documents that the parties had been exchanging for over one month. Carbone did not respond to the debtor’s communications until GDC contacted the arbitrator. Thereafter, on August 11th, only four-and-one-half hours before filing bankruptcy, Carbone represented to the arbitrator that it was reviewing the documents, and questioned why GDC was wasting the arbitrator’s time.
Carbone’s August 11th statement that GDC should not be bothering the arbitrator was an odd criticism given that the debtor was planning to do precisely that. On Friday, August 8, 2008, Carbone or another lawyer in his office had drafted a letter asking the arbitrator to reconsider his directions to deliver the mortgage, personal guarantees and letter of credit.
(Ex. Q.) It is worth noting that the draft letter did not complain that the arbitrator had not given the debtor enough time to procure a letter of credit, an argument that the debtor made during trial. Instead, the letter stated that the debtor did not have the independent credit ability or income producing assets to obtain the letter of credit. It does not appear that the letter was sent.
About the same time, the debtor began to focus on a possible bankruptcy. On August 7th, Rotonde, Meyer, Dali and Weinberger discussed the option.
(See
Ex. 63.) Dali also testified that she had spoken to the debtor’s original bankruptcy lawyer (Goldberg), a few days before the August 11, 2008 petition date. In fact, the debtor filed for bankruptcy four-and-one-half hours after sending the arbitrator an email stating that the parties were work
ing on the documents, and implying that GDC should stop bothering the arbitrator. This final communication to the arbitrator appears to have been little more than a stall tactic.
Based on the foregoing, I find that the debtor, its principal, Rotonde, and its lawyer, Carbone, acted dishonestly when they caused Pinnacle to transfer the Property secretly to the debtor, knowing that the delivery of a mortgage and other protections to GDC was a
quid pro quo
for the conveyance and that Rotonde lacked the authority to execute the deeds drafted by GDC as the agent for Pinnacle. They also acted with deceit when they failed to disclose the delivery or recordation of the deeds until GDC discovered what had occurred, and instead, stated or implied to the arbitrator and GDC’s lawyers that the conveyance had not yet occurred.
Rotonde’s conduct is exacerbated by the position of trust he abused. He was a member of the management committee of Pinnacle, and owed the same duties that a director of a corporation owes to the corporation and the shareholders.
O’Connell v. Shallo (In re Die Fliedermaus LLC),
323 B.R. 101, 110 (Bankr.S.D.N.Y.2005);
see
N.Y. Ltd. Liar Co. § 409 (“A manager shall perform his or her duties as a manager, including his or her duties as a member of any class of managers, in good faith and with that degree of care that an ordinarily prudent person in a like position would use under similar circumstances.”). Consequently, he owed fiduciary duties to Pinnacle and GDC,
Out of the Box Promotions, LLC v. Koschitzki,
55 A.D.3d 575, 866 N.Y.S.2d 677, 680-81 (2008), and breached those duties by secretly transferring Pinnacle’s assets to RDC.
Nathanson v. Nathanson,
20 A.D.3d 403, 799 N.Y.S.2d 83, 84-85 (N.Y.App.Div.2005) (holding that allegations of self-dealing by a manager of an LLC were sufficient to state a cause of action for breach of fiduciary duty). Making matters worse, the debtor had sold the Jomas Lot to Pinnacle, which had assumed a $3.5 million mortgage and paid the debt- or over $3 million in cash. At the end of the day, Rotonde kept the cash and took the Jomas Lot back, without compensating Pinnacle. Under the circumstances, the appointment of a trustee is mandated under 11 U.S.C. § 1104(a)(1).
B. Section 1104(a)(2)
GDC has also demonstrated that the appointment of a trustee is in the interests of the creditors and the estate within the meaning of § 1104(a)(2). In determining whether a trustee should be appointed under section 1104(a)(2), “in the interests of creditors,” courts “look to the practical realities and necessities.”
Ionosphere Clubs, Inc.,
113 B.R. at 168 (citation omitted). Although decisions have articulated certain factors to guide the court,
see id.
(“Among the factors considered are (i) the trustworthiness of the debtor; (ii) the debtor in possession’s past and present performance and prospects for the debt- or’s rehabilitation; (iii) the confidence—or lack thereof—of the business community and of creditors in present management; and (iv) the benefits derived by the appointment of a trustee, balanced against the cost of the appointment.”) (citations omitted), the standard is a flexible one.
Sharon Steel Corp.,
871 F.2d at 1226;
Ionosphere Clubs, Inc.,
113 B.R. at 168;
In re V. Savino Oil & Heating Co., Inc.,
99 B.R. 518, 527 n. 11 (Bankr.E.D.N.Y.1989) (“[T]he factors constituting a basis for appointing a trustee under § 1104(a)(2) are amorphous, diverse, and necessarily involve a great deal of judicial discretion.”).
Unlike § 1104(a)(1), § 1104(a) (2) does not require a finding of fault; the court may appoint a trustee even if no “cause” exists.
In re Marvel Entm’t Group, Inc.,
140 F.3d 463, 474 (3d Cir.1998);
Sharon Steel Corp.,
871 F.2d at 1226;
Ionosphere Clubs, Inc.,
113 B.R. at 168. The Court has broad discretion,
Sharon Steel, Corp.,
871 F.2d at 1226, and at bottom, “it seems that § 1104(a)(2) reflects ‘the practical reality that a trustee is needed.’ ”
V. Savino Oil & Heating Co., Inc.,
99 B.R. at 527 n. 11 (quoting
Sharon Steel Corp.,
86 B.R. 455, 458 (Bankr.W.D.Pa.1988)).
A chapter 11 debtor and its managers owe fiduciary duties to the estate.
Hirsch v. Penn. Textile Corp., Inc. (In re Centennial Textiles, Inc.),
227 B.R. 606, 612 (Bankr.S.D.N.Y.1998). An independent trustee should be appointed under § 1104(a)(2) when they suffer from material conflicts of interest, and cannot be counted on to conduct independent investigations of questionable transactions in which they were involved.
E.g., In re PRS Ins. Group, Inc.,
274 B.R. 381, 389 (Bankr.D.Del.2001) (appointment of trustee appropriate under § 1104(a)(2) where causes of action against insiders are a significant asset of this estate and there are no business operations requiring current management);
In re Microwave Prods. of Am., Inc.,
102 B.R. 666, 676 (Bankr.W.D.Tenn.1989) (chapter 11 trustee appointed where debtor was not in a “strong posture” to pursue possible claims due to conflicts of interest and fraudulent transfers, and “a trustee would likely be able to investigate claims that could result in additional sums of money coming into the estate”);
In re L.S. Good & Co.,
8 B.R. 312, 315 (Bankr. W.Va.1980) (appointing trustee under § 1104(a) (2) where “[t]he magnitude of the number of inter-company transactions places current management of [the debtor] in a position of having grave potential conflicts of interest and the presumption arises that the current management of [the debtor] will be unable to make the impartial investigations and decisions demanded in evaluating and pursuing inter-company claims on behalf of [the debtor].”).
the debtor in obtaining a letter of credit, and was returned after the petition was filed.
In addition, the debtor paid Ro-tonde $85,500.00, (Ex. 54 at Bates no. GDC00763), but these payments were not listed in the SOFA.
(See Ex.
40 at Response to Q. 3(c).)
Finally, though not technically an insider, Rotonde’s fiancée, Heidi Brown, received $55,141.97, including $10,900 on the petition date. (See Ex. 49 at Bates no. GDC00706.) Brown testified that she was employed at $50 per hour to provide bookkeeping services. At the time of the pre-petition transfers, the debtor’s only asset was its interest in Pinnacle, and its only activity was its participation in the arbitration. I cannot expect Rotonde to investigate, and if appropriate, sue to recover these transfers.
Accordingly, I conclude that GDC has demonstrated that the appointment of a chapter 11 trustee is in the best interests of the creditors and the estate. I recognize that equity, ultimately Rotonde and Meyer, prefer dismissal to a chapter 11, and if the case remains in chapter 11, they prefer that the debtor be “in possession,” not out of it. Their preference is understandable since they, or at least Rotonde, may be the target of a trustee’s investigation. Nevertheless, Rotonde has proven himself untrustworthy, and an independent trustee better serves the interests of the constituencies that come ahead of equity.
The debtor’s belated desire for dismissal of the case it commenced merits a final comment. The debtor has proposed to return the parties to the
status quo ante
by reconveying the Property to Pinnacle at some time after dismissal.
(Proposed Order Pursuant to Section 1112(b) of the Bankruptcy Code Dismissing Case
at 2) (ECF Doc. #37.) The debtor’s counsel has also proposed to pay all of the debtor’s undisputed creditors, an empty offer. The debtor scheduled seven unsecured creditors, and the offer of payment would benefit only Carbone’s law firm, Goetz & Fitzpatrick, which is owed $208,263.00, and RDC, which is owed $250,000.00. The offer would exclude the debtor’s other five creditors, including GDC, scheduled at $14,629,000, and Wachovia Bank, listed at $3.4 million.
The dismissal proposal also ignores Goldberg’s limited objection relating to the payment of a substantial legal fee that he has asserted. The debtor’s papers imply that Goldberg committed malpractice, and will presumably oppose payment of the fee he seeks. The Court may have to determine this issue.
Lastly, GDC has moved for sanctions, which the debtor’s dismissal proposal would deny.
(Id.
at 2.) The debtor nevertheless expressed a willingness to pay GDC’s “reasonable” legal fees and expenses in exchange for a dismissal, and judging from what I have seen, GDC has
For the reasons already discussed, I find that Rotonde is not a trustworthy fiduciary. In addition to his participation in the transfer of the Property and subsequent cover-up, two other aspects of this case gave me pause. During cross-examination, he said that the 6/18 Email awarded the Property to the debtor, and the June 19th discussions and everything else that followed was “irrelevant” to the debt- or’s right to the Property. His response signaled an unwillingness or inability to understand proceedings or abide by court orders with which he disagrees.
In addition, Rotonde oversaw the transfer of the majority of the debtor’s cash during the year preceding the petition when the debtor was not even operating and its only asset was its interest in Pinnacle. Pinnacle acquired the Jomas Lot from the debtor in March 2006. As noted, Pinnacle paid the debtor approximately $3 million in cash, and the debtor still held the cash proceeds as of October 2007. During the next 11 months, the debtor paid $811,383.90 to RDC, including approximately $300,000 on August 8, 2008, and $250,000 on the petition date.
(See
Ex. 40 at Bates no. GDC00604
; Ex. 49 at Bates no. GDC00706; Ex. 54 at Bates no. GDC00763.) Rotonde testified that everything but the last $250,000 was intended to reimburse RDC for services to the debtor, although no reimbursement agreement existed. Rotonde also testified that the $250,000 payment was intended to assist
incurred substantial legal fees and expenses prosecuting its motions. I doubt that they will agree on what is “reasonable,” and I may ultimately have to decide this issue. In short, a great deal has occurred as a result of the filing of this case, and the debtor’s proposed dismissal does not return the other parties to the
status quo ante.
In conclusion, the motion to appoint a chapter 11 trustee is granted. The United States Trustee is directed to appoint a chapter 11 trustee pursuant to 11 U.S.C. § 1104(d), and seek approval of the appointment in accordance with Interim Federal Bankruptcy Rule 2007.1. The foregoing constitutes the Court’s findings of fact and conclusions of law.
So ordered.