2024 IL App (4th) 241048 FILED December 11, 2024 NOS. 4-24-1048, 4-24-1049 cons. Carla Bender 4th District Appellate IN THE APPELLATE COURT Court, IL
OF ILLINOIS
FOURTH DISTRICT
In re R.H., a Minor ) Appeal from the ) Circuit Court of (The People of the State of Illinois, ) Peoria County Petitioner-Appellee, ) No. 21JA266 v. (No. 4-24-1048) ) Erica H., ) Respondent-Appellant). ) ---------------------------------------------------------------------- ) In re E.T., a Minor ) No. 21JA267 ) (The People of the State of Illinois, ) Petitioner-Appellee, ) v. (No. 4-24-1049) ) Honorable Erica H., ) David A. Brown, Respondent-Appellant). ) Judge Presiding.
JUSTICE KNECHT delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion. Justices Steigmann and Lannerd concurred in the judgment and opinion.
OPINION
¶1 Respondent mother, Erica H., appeals the circuit court’s judgments terminating her
parental rights to her daughters, R.H. (born January 2020) and E.T. (born December 2017). In this
consolidated appeal, respondent raises several purported errors related to (1) the summons issued
following the filing of the petitions to terminate her parental rights, (2) the discharge of her
appointed counsel, (3) the absence of notice of a default order, (4) the judicial notice of a court
docket, and (5) the denial of her motion to vacate. For the reasons that follow, we reverse and
remand for further proceedings. ¶2 I. BACKGROUND
¶3 Respondent and Thomas T. are the minors’ parents. Thomas T.’s parental rights to
the minors were also terminated during the proceedings below. He is not, however, a party to this
appeal.
¶4 In July 2021, the State filed petitions to adjudicate the minors wards of the court,
alleging they were neglected in that their environment was injurious to their welfare. Following a
hearing that same month, the circuit court placed the minors in the temporary care of the Illinois
Department of Children and Family Services (DCFS). The court’s orders indicate respondent
appeared before the court and was admonished to cooperate with DCFS, comply with the terms of
the service plans, and correct the conditions that required the minors to be taken into DCFS care,
or she would risk the termination of her parental rights to them.
¶5 In October 2021, the circuit court found the minors to be neglected and made them
wards of the court. The court’s orders indicate respondent appeared before the court and the neglect
findings were based, in part, on a stipulation by respondent. The orders also indicate respondent
was admonished to cooperate with DCFS, comply with the terms of the service plans, and correct
the conditions that required the minors to be taken into DCFS care, or she would risk the
termination of her parental rights to them.
¶6 Between February 2022 and January 2024, the circuit court conducted six
permanency hearings to review the minors’ cases. The court’s orders from those hearings indicate
respondent was represented by counsel at all of the hearings and personally appeared at three of
them. Additionally, the court entered an order in January 2023 continuing the permanency hearing
because respondent had expressed a desire to obtain additional records. The court also entered an
order in August 2023 allowing respondent’s counsel to withdraw from the case and appointing
-2- respondent new counsel. The only permanency hearing that occurred following the appointment
of new counsel was in January 2024, and the court’s order following that hearing indicates
respondent was represented by her new counsel at the hearing but did not personally appear and
the next permanency hearing was scheduled for July 2024.
¶7 On February 8, 2024, the State filed petitions to terminate respondent’s parental
rights to the minors, which were scheduled for a first appearance at 11 a.m. on March 20, 2024. In
the petitions, the State alleged respondent was an unfit parent in that she failed to make reasonable
progress toward the return of the minors to her care within a nine-month period following their
adjudications of neglected (750 ILCS 50/1(D)(m)(ii) (West 2022)), namely April 26, 2023, to
January 26, 2024. The State further alleged it was in the minors’ best interest to terminate
respondent’s parental rights and appoint DCFS as guardian, with the power to consent to adoption.
Following the filing of the petitions, summons were issued for respondent informing her of the
need to appear before the court at 11 a.m. on March 20, 2024, to answer the petitions. She was
served with the summons on February 22, 2024.
¶8 On March 20, 2024, the circuit court held the scheduled first appearance on the
petitions to terminate respondent’s parental rights. The record on appeal contains no transcript,
bystander’s report, or agreed statement of facts from the first appearance. According to the court’s
order from the first appearance, (1) respondent was represented by her new counsel but did not
personally appear, (2) respondent was “defaulted,” (3) a hearing on the petitions to terminate
respondent’s parental rights was scheduled for May 3, 2024, and (4) “Mother’s attorney motioned
to be discharged, granted without objection.”
¶9 On May 3, 2024, the circuit court held the scheduled hearing on the State’s petitions
to terminate respondent’s parental rights. Neither respondent nor any attorney appearing on her
-3- behalf were present at the hearing.
¶ 10 During the fitness portion of the hearing, the State made a proffer, and the circuit
court took judicial notice of the pleadings and orders contained within the court files. Also, the
minors’ caseworker, on inquiry of the court, confirmed she would testify consistently with both
the State’s proffer and the information about respondent’s actions as set forth in a best-interest
report, which she authored. Following argument from the State, the court found, “based upon the
State’s proffer, the Court’s judicial notice of the files of the report that was submitted by the
agency, and the argument of counsel today,” respondent was an unfit parent as alleged in the
petitions to terminate her parental rights.
¶ 11 The circuit court proceeded with the best-interest portion of the hearing
immediately following the conclusion of the fitness portion of the hearing. The State presented
two best-interest reports and testimony from the minors’ caseworker and the court appointed
special advocate (CASA). In part, the caseworker indicated respondent had a pending case in
Tennessee involving another child and had recently submitted a receipt for a deposit on an
apartment in Tennessee. The caseworker confirmed she had spoken with respondent in the weeks
prior to the hearing. When asked if respondent was aware of the hearing, the caseworker
responded, “To my knowledge, and also her Tennessee caseworker is aware of it.” Following
recommendations from the State and the guardian ad litem (GAL), the court found it would be in
the minors’ best interest to terminate respondent’s parental rights.
¶ 12 On May 6, 2024, the circuit court entered orders terminating respondent’s parental
rights to each of the minors.
¶ 13 On May 30, 2024, respondent, through newly retained counsel, filed a motion to
vacate the orders entered in each of the minor’s cases. In the motion, respondent acknowledged
-4- being personally served with the summons and being aware of the need to appear at 11 a.m. on
March 20, 2024. Respondent alleged she (1) appeared at the designated time and was informed the
cases were not on the docket, (2) later “attempted to obtain information regarding any rescheduling
of the [first appearance] from her caseworker but without success,” (3) did not receive notice that
the cases would proceed to a hearing on the petitions to terminate her parental rights on May 3,
2024, and (4) sought legal assistance and retained counsel on or about May 28, 2024. Based upon
these allegations, respondent argued it would be in the minors’ best interest for the orders to be
vacated and for a new hearing to be held, where she would have the opportunity to address the
petitions.
¶ 14 On June 25, 2024, the circuit court held a hearing on respondent’s motion to vacate.
Both the State and the GAL objected to respondent’s motion. Respondent testified in support of
her motion, and the State presented testimony from the minors’ caseworker.
¶ 15 When testifying, respondent acknowledged being personally served with the
summons and being aware of the need to appear at 11 a.m. on March 20, 2024. Respondent
explained she arrived at court at 10 a.m. that day and then sat outside the courtroom for about 45
minutes, during which time she did not see a bailiff or any other person waiting. Because she did
not see any activity, she went to the circuit clerk’s office. Respondent provided a representative
from the clerk’s office with “the case number,” and according to respondent, the representative
reported they had nothing on file of a court hearing other than one scheduled in July 2024.
Respondent left the courthouse and went to the office of an attorney who had previously
represented her and asked if the office “could pull anything up,” but “they couldn’t find anything.”
Respondent asserted her only knowledge of any later hearing was the one scheduled for July. When
asked by her counsel if she was represented by an attorney at the time of the March 20, 2024,
-5- hearing, respondent testified she believed she was represented by a specific attorney from the
public defender’s office. She explained she did not follow up with that attorney because the last
time she contacted her she did not receive a response. On cross-examination, the State asked, “And
after March 20th, you didn’t contact your attorney,” to which respondent responded, “No.”
Respondent acknowledged being in contact with the minors’ caseworker following the March 20,
2024, hearing but asserted nothing was conveyed to her about a missed hearing or a hearing on the
petitions. Respondent expressed a desire to defend against the petitions to terminate her parental
rights.
¶ 16 The minors’ caseworker, who was also assigned to a pending case of another child
of respondent’s, testified she was present at the 11 a.m., March 20, 2024, first appearance. She
asserted she “usually” arrived for court hearings 20 to 30 minutes early and “always” arrived at
least 15 minutes early. She did not have a specific recollection of when she arrived for the first
appearance. She recalled the minors’ foster parents arriving “about” 15 minutes early and there
were others in the hallway as well as a bailiff entering and exiting the courtroom. The caseworker
did not see respondent. The caseworker recalled respondent reporting sometime around March 15,
2024, that she had an upcoming visit with her child in Tennessee on March 19, 2024. The
caseworker testified there was a family team meeting with respondent on April 26, 2024, during
which they discussed “services, home visits, the service plan and court dates and any concerns,”
and following the meeting, the case supervisor sent an e-mail to a Tennessee caseworker indicating
the minors’ hearing was set for May 3, 2024. The caseworker indicated respondent had asked for
communication to occur through e-mail to keep “a paper trail.” The caseworker reviewed e-mails
from respondent and discovered she had confirmed court dates involving another child but had not
done so for court dates involving the minors. The caseworker did not send respondent an e-mail
-6- about the May 3, 2024, hearing.
¶ 17 Following the testimony of respondent and the minors’ caseworker, the circuit court
took judicial notice of its docket on the morning of March 20, 2024. The court noted there were
13 cases set for an answer or first appearance at 11 a.m. that day. The court also took judicial notice
of its docket indicating who was present at the first appearance involving the minors. The court
noted the caseworker, the CASA representative, and the minors’ foster parents were present.
¶ 18 Respondent asked the circuit court to vacate the orders based upon “the sworn
evidence,” “the best interest of the children,” and “the general policy of not having defaults in ***
termination cases.” Respondent maintained she tried to be at the March 20, 2024, hearing, and it
would not be a burden as a matter of judicial economy to retry the cases. Conversely, the State and
the GAL asked the court to deny respondent’s motion to vacate, as it would not be in the minors’
best interest. They both asserted respondent’s testimony was not credible. The State also asserted
respondent had notice of the March 20, 2024, hearing and failed to inquire about the proceedings
with the minors’ caseworker, and it was a reasonable “inference” that respondent was informed of
the date of the hearing on the petitions to terminate her parental rights. The GAL also asserted
respondent had notice that the first appearance was to commence at 11 a.m., did not wait until the
11 a.m. court call before leaving the courthouse, and failed to inquire about the proceedings with
either the minors’ caseworker or her “assigned attorney.”
¶ 19 Following arguments, the circuit court denied respondent’s motion to vacate.
Initially, the court found respondent had credibility issues, specifically noting respondent’s
testimony that a representative from the circuit clerk’s office told her the minors’ cases were not
scheduled for a hearing was not credible. The court further found, regardless of any credibility
issues, respondent admitted she left the courthouse before the 11 a.m. court call and then contacted
-7- a former attorney rather than “her present attorney” or the minors’ caseworker about the
proceedings. The court concluded respondent failed to exercise due diligence and did not present
any defense against the allegations in the petitions to terminate her parental rights.
¶ 20 This consolidated appeal followed.
¶ 21 II. ANALYSIS
¶ 22 On appeal, respondent raises several purported errors related to (1) the summons
issued following the filing of the petitions to terminate her parental rights, (2) the discharge of her
appointed counsel, (3) the absence of notice of a default order, (4) the judicial notice of a court
docket, and (5) the denial of her motion to vacate. The State, in response, maintains there was no
error.
¶ 23 While, for the reasons that follow, we find respondent’s challenge to the discharge
of her appointed counsel dispositive to our resolution of this appeal, we must initially address her
challenge to the summons issued following the filing of the petitions to terminate her parental
rights, at least in part. We must do so because respondent contends the absence of purportedly
required language in the summons informing her of a potential default if she failed to appear
resulted in the circuit court lacking subject matter jurisdiction. That is, respondent’s contention
presents an issue of voidness, an issue which must be addressed before proceeding any further.
See People v. Flowers, 208 Ill. 2d 291, 306-08, 802 N.E.2d 1174, 1183-84 (2003) (“A ruling made
by a circuit court in the absence of subject matter jurisdiction is void” and “may be attacked at any
time or in any court, either directly or collaterally,” provided “the issue of voidness must be raised
in the context of a proceeding that is properly pending in the courts.”).
¶ 24 Subject matter jurisdiction “refers to the power of a court to hear and determine
cases of the general class to which the proceeding in question belongs.” Belleville Toyota, Inc. v.
-8- Toyota Motor Sales, U.S.A., Inc., 199 Ill. 2d 325, 334, 770 N.E.2d 177, 184 (2002). “With the
exception of the circuit court’s power to review administrative action, which is conferred by
statute, a circuit court’s subject matter jurisdiction is conferred entirely by our state constitution.”
Id. Our state constitution provides jurisdiction extends to all “justiciable matters.” Ill. Const. 1970,
art. VI, § 9. Therefore, “[t]o invoke the circuit court’s subject matter jurisdiction, a party need only
present a justiciable matter, i.e., a controversy appropriate for review by the court, in that it is
definite and concrete, as opposed to hypothetical or moot, touching upon the legal relations of
parties having adverse legal interests.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) LVNV Funding, LLC v.
Trice, 2015 IL 116129, ¶ 35, 32 N.E.3d 553.
¶ 25 In this case, there is no dispute the petitions seeking to terminate respondent’s
parental rights alleged the existence of justiciable matters to which the circuit court’s
constitutionally granted original jurisdiction extended. Instead, the dispute concerns whether the
summons issued following the filing of the petitions to terminate respondent’s parental rights
contained language purportedly required by Illinois Supreme Court Rule 101 (eff. Apr. 20, 2023)
informing respondent of a potential default if she failed to appear. Assuming, arguendo, the
summons did not contain the required language, our supreme court has made clear, “the failure to
comply with a statutory requirement or prerequisite does not negate the circuit court’s subject
matter jurisdiction or constitute a nonwaivable condition precedent to the circuit court’s
jurisdiction.” LVNV Funding, LLC, 2015 IL 116129, ¶ 37; see, e.g., In re Luis R., 239 Ill. 2d 295,
302-03, 941 N.E.2d 136, 141 (2010). Accordingly, we reject respondent’s challenge to the
summons to the extent she contends its failure to include purportedly required language resulted
in the court lacking subject matter jurisdiction.
¶ 26 We now turn to respondent’s challenge to the discharge of her appointed counsel.
-9- Respondent contends the circuit court erred when it discharged her counsel without requiring
compliance with Illinois Supreme Court Rule 13 (eff. Jan. 1, 2023) and then proceeded to a hearing
on the petitions to terminate her parental rights without her or counsel to represent her being
present.
¶ 27 Like many of her other challenges, respondent raises her challenge to the discharge
of her appointed counsel for the first time on appeal. While this would ordinarily result in a
forfeiture of the issue and the end of our inquiry, we elect to excuse respondent’s forfeiture and
address her challenge on the merits. See In re M.W., 232 Ill. 2d 408, 430, 905 N.E.2d 757, 772
(2009) (forfeiture principle applies to juvenile proceedings); In re D.F., 208 Ill. 2d 223, 238, 802
N.E.2d 800, 809 (2003) (forfeiture is a limitation on the parties and not the reviewing court). We
do so, in part, because the record suggests all interested parties were under the mistaken belief
during the hearing on respondent’s motion to vacate that respondent continued to be represented
by counsel following the March 20, 2024, first appearance. We also do so to address an apparent
tension amongst the districts of this court related to respondent’s challenge, thereby maintaining a
uniform body of precedent. See In re Br. M., 2021 IL 125969, ¶ 40, 182 N.E.3d 693 (“And a
reviewing court should not easily declare forfeiture of an argument directed at a decision to
terminate [parental] rights—particularly where, as here, there is some tension about that argument
in the appellate court.”).
¶ 28 While we elect to excuse respondent’s forfeiture and address her challenge to the
discharge of her appointed counsel on the merits, we must, before proceeding any further, remind
respondent’s counsel of the importance of presenting this court with a developed argument. See
Ill. S. Ct. R. 341(h)(7) (eff. Oct. 1, 2020) (requiring an appellant’s brief to contain “[a]rgument,
which shall contain the contentions of the appellant and the reasons therefor, with citation of the
- 10 - authorities and the pages of the record relied on”). As we will discuss, counsel has identified a
serious error. Yet, counsel’s argument leaves much to be desired. For instance, counsel fails to
adequately explain the effect of the error—the implications it has on respondent’s due process
rights. Additionally, while counsel provides general citations to cases supporting respondent’s
position, counsel fails to explain the significance of those cases. We caution counsel for future
appeals the failure to present this court with a developed argument risks the forfeiture of an issue
on appeal. See, e.g., In re Marriage of Hundley, 2019 IL App (4th) 180380, ¶ 82, 125 N.E.3d 509.
¶ 29 Under the Juvenile Court Act of 1987 (705 ILCS 405/1-1 et seq. (West 2022)),
parents subject to a proceeding to terminate parental rights are statutorily entitled to be represented
by counsel, which shall be appointed if the parent is financially unable to obtain counsel. Id. § 1-
5(1). The statute explicitly provides appointed counsel
“shall appear at all stages of the trial court proceeding, and such
appointment shall continue through the permanency hearings and
termination of parental rights proceedings subject to withdrawal,
vacating of appointment, or substitution pursuant to Supreme Court
Rules or the Code of Civil Procedure [(735 ILCS 5/1-101 et seq.
(West 2022))].” Id.
The statute further provides, “[f]ollowing the dispositional hearing, the court may require
appointed counsel, other than counsel for the minor or counsel for the [GAL], to withdraw the
counsel’s appearance upon failure of the party for whom counsel was appointed under this Section
to attend any subsequent proceedings.” Id.
¶ 30 Illinois Supreme Court Rule 13(c)(2)-(4) (eff. Jan 1, 2023), which addresses the
withdrawal of an appearance for a party, provides, in pertinent part, as follows:
- 11 - “(2) Notice of Withdrawal. Except as provided under
paragraph (c)(7), an attorney may not withdraw his or her
appearance for a party without leave of court and notice to all parties
of record. Unless another attorney is substituted, the attorney must
give reasonable notice of the time and place of the presentation of
the motion for leave to withdraw, by personal service, certified mail,
or a third-party carrier, directed to the party represented at the
party’s last known business or residence address. Alternatively, the
attorney may give such notice electronically, if receipt is
acknowledged by the party. Such notice shall advise said party that
to insure notice of any action in said cause, the party should retain
other counsel therein or file with the clerk of the court, within 21
days after entry of the order of withdrawal, a supplementary
appearance stating therein an address to which service of notices or
other documents may be made.
(3) Motion to Withdraw. The motion for leave to withdraw
shall be in writing and, unless another attorney is substituted, shall
state the last known address(es) of the party represented. The motion
may be denied by the court if granting the motion would delay the
trial of the case, or would otherwise be inequitable.
(4) Copy to be Served on Party. If the party does not appear
at the time the motion for withdrawal is granted, either in person or
by substitute counsel, then, within three days of the entry of the
- 12 - order of withdrawal, the withdrawing attorney shall serve the order
upon the party in the manner provided in paragraph (c)(2) of this
rule and file proof of service of the order.”
¶ 31 In this case, the circuit court held the scheduled first appearance on the petitions to
terminate respondent’s parental rights on March 20, 2024. Respondent was represented by counsel
at the first appearance but did not personally appear. The court’s order entered following the first
appearance states, “Mother’s attorney motioned to be discharged, granted without objection.”
Absent from the record is a written motion to withdraw as required by Rule 13(c)(3). Additionally,
absent from the record is any indication of notice to respondent of the motion to withdraw as set
forth by Rule 13(c)(2). And finally, absent from the record is proof of service of the order
discharging respondent’s counsel, as required by Rule 13(c)(4).
¶ 32 The State suggests the circuit court “could have required [respondent’s] counsel to
withdraw” because respondent did not appear at a prior proceeding and, therefore, we must
construe the record against respondent, as she has not provided any transcript, bystander’s report,
or agreed statement of facts from the first appearance. The State’s position is unconvincing. First,
we find the court’s order to be clear—respondent’s counsel motioned to be discharged, which the
court granted without objection; the court did not require respondent’s counsel to withdraw.
Second, the State does not explain the import of its suggestion. And third, even if the court had
required respondent’s counsel to withdraw, the State fails to address caselaw holding that would
not excuse the lack of compliance with Rule 13. See In re M.B., 2019 IL App (2d) 181008, ¶ 18,
129 N.E.3d 631 (“[A]lthough the court may require an attorney to withdraw, the withdrawal must
follow ‘Supreme Court Rules.’ ”); In re S.P., 2019 IL App (3d) 180476, ¶ 43, 123 N.E.3d 1101
(“[T]he mandate of [the statute] is that a ‘withdrawal or substitution’ comport with applicable
- 13 - supreme court rules, with no distinction made between counsel seeking leave to withdraw and the
[circuit] court requiring counsel to withdraw.”).
¶ 33 Based upon the record and arguments presented, we find the circuit court erred
when it discharged respondent’s counsel without requiring compliance with Rule 13. This, in turn,
led to the court conducting a hearing on the petitions to terminate parental rights where neither
respondent nor counsel to represent her were present.
¶ 34 As the State acknowledges, respondent’s due process rights are implicated by the
way the circuit court discharged her counsel and then proceeded to a hearing on the petitions to
terminate her parental rights. The State maintains respondent’s due process rights were not
infringed upon given its interest in the timely adjudication of the minors’ cases, the absence of any
potential defense to the unfitness and best-interest allegations, and respondent’s lack of diligence
in seeking information about the minors’ cases.
¶ 35 It is well established parents have a fundamental liberty interest in raising and
caring for their children. In re M.H., 196 Ill. 2d 356, 362, 751 N.E.2d 1134, 1139 (2001); see
Br. M., 2021 IL 125969, ¶ 40. As the United States Supreme Court has stated, “When the State
initiates a parental rights termination proceeding, it seeks not merely to infringe that fundamental
liberty interest, but to end it.” Santosky v. Kramer, 455 U.S. 745, 759 (1982). As a result,
“procedures involved in terminating parental rights must meet the requisites of the due process
clause.” M.H., 196 Ill. 2d at 363.
¶ 36 This court will generally consider three factors in determining whether a parent’s
due process rights have been infringed upon:
“(1) the private interest implicated by the official action; (2) the risk
of an erroneous deprivation of that interest through the proceedings
- 14 - used, and the probable value, if any, of additional or substitute
safeguards; and (3) the government’s interest, including the function
involved and the fiscal and administrative burdens that the
additional or substitute safeguards would entail.” In re Andrea F.,
208 Ill. 2d 148, 165, 802 N.E.2d 782, 792 (2003) (citing Mathews v.
Eldridge, 424 U.S. 319, 335 (1976)).
¶ 37 Applying these factors to the present case, we conclude respondent was denied due
process when the circuit court discharged her counsel without requiring compliance with Rule 13
and then proceeded to a hearing on the petitions to terminate her parental rights without her or
counsel to represent her being present. As indicated, a parent has a fundamental liberty interest in
raising and caring for their children which will not be lightly terminated. M.H., 196 Ill. 2d at 362.
We find the risk of an erroneous deprivation of that interest as a result of the lack of compliance
with Rule 13 and the holding of a hearing on the petitions to terminate parental rights where neither
respondent nor counsel to represent her were present is great given the lack of notice to respondent
of the withdrawal of her counsel, the relatively short period between the withdrawal and the
hearing on the petitions, and the complete absence of any representation of respondent at the
hearing on the petitions. While we agree requiring compliance with Rule 13 and ordering a
continuance of the hearing on the petitions upon determining neither respondent nor counsel to
represent her were present would have extended the proceedings, we are not convinced the burden
of requiring compliance with an established supreme court rule and ordering a short continuance
to assure the necessary procedural requirements were met would have been onerous.
¶ 38 We recognize respondent has not presented a defense to the unfitness and best-
interest allegations and has demonstrated a general lack of diligence in seeking information about
- 15 - the minors’ cases. We are not convinced these facts change our conclusion. First, with respect to
the absence of a defense, the evidence presented by the State at a minimum could have been subject
to adversarial testing through cross-examination and argument. Second, with respect to
respondent’s lack of diligence in seeking information about the minors’ cases, the record shows
respondent nevertheless cooperated with DCFS following the first appearance and sought legal
assistance approximately two months after the first appearance and less than one month after the
hearing on the petitions to terminate her parental rights.
¶ 39 We note the State highlights respondent had knowledge of the scheduled hearing
on the petitions to terminate her parental rights according to the minors’ caseworker. The
caseworker’s testimony on this matter, however, is far from clear. In any event, the State fails to
explain how this knowledge would affect our analysis. We are not convinced the caseworker’s
purported oral statements to respondent about the hearing on the petitions sufficiently minimized
the risk of an erroneous deprivation of her fundamental liberty interest through the proceedings
used by the circuit court.
¶ 40 Because we conclude respondent was denied due process when the circuit court
discharged her counsel without requiring compliance with Rule 13 and then proceeded to a hearing
on the petitions to terminate her parental rights without her or counsel to represent her being
present, we find the court’s judgments must be reversed and the matters remanded for further
proceedings. We need not, therefore, consider respondent’s additional challenges.
¶ 41 Almost 20 years ago, this court reached the same result when addressing an issue
similar to the one now before this court. In In re Robert S., 357 Ill. App. 3d 214, 218, 828 N.E.2d
899, 901-02 (2005), a case cited by neither party, we held the circuit court erred when it discharged
the parent’s counsel without requiring compliance with Rule 13 and then immediately conducted
- 16 - a hearing on the petition to terminate parental rights. Although not addressed in a due process
framework, we found the court’s error required a reversal and remand for further proceedings. Id.
Our prior decision, therefore, supports our decision in this case.
¶ 42 Following the issuance of our decision in Robert S., the Third District reached a
different result when addressing a similar issue. In In re A.M., 402 Ill. App. 3d 720, 725, 932
N.E.2d 82, 86-87 (2010), a case relied upon by the State but not addressed by respondent, the Third
District held, although the circuit court’s decision to allow the parent’s counsel to be “excused”
from attending the proceedings until the parent had contacted counsel or the court increased the
risk of an erroneous deprivation of parental rights, the risk of such a deprivation “was minimal
when balanced against the State’s interest in preventing a delay in adjudicating the [parent’s] rights
and preserving [the minor’s] best interest.” In support of its decision, the Third District
emphasized, amongst other things, (1) the parent “voluntarily chose” not to contact his counsel,
caseworkers, or the court while the case was pending and (2) counsel was “readily available” to
the parent “at any time.” Id. These facts, emphasized by the Third District, demonstrate the facts
of the present case are distinguishable, and as a result, we find the Third District’s decision does
not change our decision.
¶ 43 More recently, the Third District again had the opportunity to consider a similar
issue and reached a different result from the one we now reach in this case. In In re S.P., 2019 IL
App (3d) 180476, ¶¶ 43-44, 123 N.E.3d 1101, a case cited by neither party, the Third District held,
although the circuit court erroneously discharged the parent’s counsel without requiring
compliance with Rule 13, the error did not constitute a due process violation, as the risk the parent
was erroneously deprived of the fundamental right to parent was minimal. In support of its
decision, the Third District emphasized, amongst other things, (1) the only proceedings that took
- 17 - place while the parent was without counsel concerned the other parent’s progress in obtaining a
parenting assessment and (2) the parent was reappointed counsel at a later proceeding and was
fully represented at the hearing on the petition to terminate parental rights. Id. ¶ 44. These facts,
emphasized by the Third District, demonstrate the facts of the present case are distinguishable, and
as a result, we find the Third District’s decision does not change our decision.
¶ 44 Shortly after the Third District’s decision was issued, the Second District had the
opportunity to consider a similar issue and reached the same result we now reach in this case. In
M.B., 2019 IL App (2d) 181008, ¶ 18, a case cited by respondent but not addressed by the State,
the Second District held the circuit court erred when it discharged the parent’s counsel without
requiring compliance with Rule 13 and then conducted the fitness portion of the hearing on petition
to terminate parental rights without the presence of the parent or counsel to represent the parent.
The Second District found the court’s error amounted to a due process violation, requiring a
vacatur and remand for further proceedings. Id. ¶ 21. We note the Second District found Robert S.
instructive and S.P. distinguishable. Id. ¶¶ 25-26. The Second District’s decision, therefore,
supports our decision in this case.
¶ 45 Finally, we must address two recent unpublished orders cited by respondent, only
one of which the State addresses. See Ill. S. Ct. R. 23(e)(1) (eff. Feb. 1, 2023) (a nonprecedential
order entered under Rule 23(b) after January 1, 2021, “may be cited for persuasive purposes”).
Before addressing those cases, we remind respondent’s counsel for future appeals a copy of any
cited unpublished order must be “furnished to all other counsel and the court.” Id.
¶ 46 First, in In re T.A., 2023 IL App (5th) 220572-U, ¶¶ 22-25, the case cited by
respondent but not addressed by the State, the Fifth District held the lack of compliance with Rule
13 prior to the discharge of the parent’s counsel amounted to a “clear error” that was “egregious
- 18 - enough as to challenge the integrity of the judicial process since the error resulted in a hearing
where the *** parental fitness was at issue and the [parent] was not present or represented by
counsel at the hearing.” The Fifth District reversed the circuit court’s judgment terminating
parental rights and remanded for further proceedings. Id. ¶ 28. The Fifth District’s decision,
although decided under the plain-error doctrine, supports our decision in this case.
¶ 47 Second, in In re K.W., 2023 IL App (3d) 220425-U, ¶ 28, a case cited by respondent
and relied upon by the State, the Third District held, although the circuit court erroneously
discharged the parent’s counsel without requiring compliance with Rule 13, the error did not
constitute second-prong plain error, as “there was minimal risk of harm” based on the record
presented. In support of its decision, the Third District emphasized, amongst other things, (1) the
parent’s counsel was allowed to withdraw approximately eight months prior to the filing of the
petition to terminate parental rights and (2) the parent personally appeared at the hearing on the
petition to terminate parental rights. Id. ¶¶ 27-28. These facts, emphasized by the Third District,
demonstrate the facts of the present case are distinguishable, and as a result, we find the Third
District’s decision does not change our decision. Additionally, we note the Third District, despite
not finding second-prong plain error related to the lack of compliance with Rule 13, found the
failure to reappoint the counsel after the parent appeared at the hearing on the petition to terminate
parental rights amounted to plain error, requiring a reversal and remand. Id. ¶ 36.
¶ 48 In the end, the result in this case is unfortunate. Similar to the actions of the circuit
court in M.B., the circuit court’s actions in this case, “taken presumably in the name of efficiency
and finality, [have], regrettably, resulted in the opposite: delay, inefficiency, and uncertainty.”
M.B., 2019 IL App (2d) 181008, ¶ 31. We emphasize, however, the circuit court is not solely
responsible for the result—all parties, including respondent’s counsel, the State, and the GAL,
- 19 - should have ensured the necessary procedural requirements were met, especially before
proceeding with a hearing on the petitions to terminate respondent’s parental rights where neither
¶ 49 The result in this case, moreover, could have been easily avoided. Justice
Steigmann, a panel member in this case, issued a special concurrence in Robert S. cautioning
against allowing appointed counsel to withdraw when a parent is not present in court. Robert S.,
357 Ill. App. 3d at 219 (Steigmann, J., specially concurring). Had Justice Steigmann’s cautionary
advice been heeded, the result in this case would have been avoided, at least to the extent it
followed from respondent’s challenge to the discharge of her appointed counsel.
¶ 50 Thankfully, the record indicates the minors are placed together in a loving foster
home where their needs are being met. We commend the foster parents for their continued efforts
in caring for the minors while these cases endure.
¶ 51 III. CONCLUSION
¶ 52 For the reasons stated, we reverse the circuit court’s judgment and remand for
further proceedings.
¶ 53 Reversed; cause remanded.
- 20 - In re R.H., 2024 IL App (4th) 241048
Decision Under Review: Appeal from the Circuit Court of Peoria County, Nos. 21-JA- 266, 21-JA-267; the Hon. David A. Brown, Judge, presiding.
Attorneys Louis P. Milot, of Peoria, for appellant. for Appellant:
Attorneys Jodi M. Hoos, State’s Attorney, of Peoria (Patrick Delfino, for David J. Robinson, and Connor Goetten, of State’s Attorneys Appellee: Appellate Prosecutor’s Office, of counsel), for the People.
- 21 -