The opinion of the court was delivered by
Johnson, P. J. :
There are only two questions in this case presented by the agreed facts for the consideration of the court. The first reason urged by the counsel for the release of the petitioner is that section 61, chapter 82, of the General Statutes of 1889, is unconstitutional. The claim is that this section violates his rights under that portion of the fifth article of the amendment to the constitution of the United States, which reads as follows : “ Nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law.” The contention is that under this statute the petitioner is deprived of his liberty without due process of law. The statute under which the petitioner is imprisoned is found in the fifth article of the code of criminal procedure, for the arrest and examination of offenders, which provides, upon complaint made by any magistrate authorized to examine into criminal offenses, that he shall examine, on oath, the complainant and any other witness produced by him, and shall reduce the complaint to writing, and if it shall appear that an offense has been committed, shall issue a warrant naming the offense charged to have been committed and the county in which it was committed, and requiring the officer to whom it is directed forthwith to take the person accused and bring him before some court or magistrate of the county to be dealt with according to law; also gives the form of the warrant and prescribes the manner of the examination of the [190]*190party accused of an offense, and.if, on the examination, it shall appear that an offense has been committed and there is probable cause to believe the prisoner guilty, and if the offense be bailable by the magistrate, and the prisoner offer sufficient bail, it shall be taken and the prisoner discharged ; but if not sufficient bail be offered or the offense be not bailable by the magistrate, the prisoner shall be committed for trial. When the prisoner is admitted to bail or committed by the magistrate, he shall also bind by recognizance such witness against the prisoner as he shall deem material to appear and testify at the next term of the court having cognizance of the offense, and in which the prisoner shall be held to answer. Section 58 provides :
‘ ‘ If the magistrate shall be satisfied that there is good cause to believe that any such witness will not perform the condition of his recognizance, unless other security be given, such magistrate may order the wit-, ness to enter into a recognizance, with such sureties as may be deemed necessary, for his appearance at court.”
The magistrate shall in like manner, at the defendant’s request, cause the material witness for the defendant to enter into a recognizance for appearing and testifying in the court, having cognizance of the offense. All witnesses required to recognize, either with or without sureties, shall, if they refuse, be committed to prison by the magistrate, there to remain until they comply with such order or be otherwise discharged according to law.
Counsel for petitioner claims that, under these several provisions of the statute, he is deprived of his liberty without due process of law. This brings us to the consideration of the constitutionality of these sections, and to determine what is meant by due proc[191]*191ess of law. Mr. Justice Valentine, in delivering tlie opinion of the court in the case of Gilchrist v. Schmidling, 12 Kas. 271, says :
“The able disquisitions found in many decisions and elementary works upon ‘due process of law,’ ‘due course of law,’ ‘law of the land,’ etc., can have but little application in Kansas, for our constitutional provision upon that subject differs from that of almost every other state in the union. It reads as follows: ‘All persons for injuries suffered in person, reputation or property shall have remedy by due course of law, and justice administered without delay.’ (Const. Bill of Rights, § 18.) We suppose that it is settled, beyond all controversy, that ‘ due process of law,’ etc., for transferring property from one person to another, before any injury has been suffered by the owner of the property, does not necessarily mean a judicial proceeding or a judicial determination. The dis-training of cattle damage-feasant, the taking up of strays, the sale of property, real or personal, for taxes, the exercise of the power of eminent domain, the passage of remedial and retrospective statutes, legalizing what had previously been defectively executed or performed, and thereby changing title to property, (52 Pa. St. 479, 480, 481; Cooley, Const. Lim. 371,) or the exercise of many police powers by the police officers of a city, is as much ‘ due process of law ’ as any judicial determination can be ; and yet they are not, as a rule, judicial' proceedings. Nor does ‘ due process of law ’ mean ‘ a legal proceeding according to tlie course of the common law ; nor must there be a personal notice to the party whose property is in question.’ ”
Judge Cooley, in his work on Constitutional Limitations (p. 353), in giving the definition to “ due process of law, ’ ’ says :
‘ ‘ What then is meant by ‘ due process of law ’ and the ‘ law of the land ’ in the several constitutional provisions which we have referred to, as they are ap[192]*192plied to the protection of rights in property, and in what cases can legislative action be annulled as not being the 'law of the land,’ or judicial or ministerial action set aside as not being ' due process of law ’ in the constitutional sense ? These definitions and these terms to be found in the reported cases are so varied that some difficulty arises in fixing upon one which shall be accurate and complete in itself, and at the time applicable in all cases. The diversity of definition is not surprising, when we consider the diversity of cases in which it has been attempted, and reflect that the definition which is sufficient for one case and applicable to its facts may be altogether insufficient or entirely inapplicable in another.”
No definition is more often quoted than that of Mr. Webster, in the Dartmouth College Case, 4 Wheat. 519 :
'' By the law of the land is most clearly intended the general law; a law which hears before it condemns ; which proceeds upon inquiry, and renders judgment only after trial. The meaning is, that every citizen shall hold his life, liberty, property and immunities under the protection of the general rules which govern society. Everything which may pass under the form of an enactment is not, therefore, to be considered the law of the land.”
These definitions are correctly used when applied to judicial proceedings which usually terminate in a judgment whereby the property of one citizen is transferred to some other individual, or where the individual is deprived of his personal liberty as a punishment for some crime, but are not applicable to matters in which the public requires the property for some legitimate purpose for the state, or where the public requires the service of the citizen. Where private rights and interests must yield to the demands of the public and for the good of society — there are many cases in which the individual citizen must yield his personal, liberty for the preservation of the [193]
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The opinion of the court was delivered by
Johnson, P. J. :
There are only two questions in this case presented by the agreed facts for the consideration of the court. The first reason urged by the counsel for the release of the petitioner is that section 61, chapter 82, of the General Statutes of 1889, is unconstitutional. The claim is that this section violates his rights under that portion of the fifth article of the amendment to the constitution of the United States, which reads as follows : “ Nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law.” The contention is that under this statute the petitioner is deprived of his liberty without due process of law. The statute under which the petitioner is imprisoned is found in the fifth article of the code of criminal procedure, for the arrest and examination of offenders, which provides, upon complaint made by any magistrate authorized to examine into criminal offenses, that he shall examine, on oath, the complainant and any other witness produced by him, and shall reduce the complaint to writing, and if it shall appear that an offense has been committed, shall issue a warrant naming the offense charged to have been committed and the county in which it was committed, and requiring the officer to whom it is directed forthwith to take the person accused and bring him before some court or magistrate of the county to be dealt with according to law; also gives the form of the warrant and prescribes the manner of the examination of the [190]*190party accused of an offense, and.if, on the examination, it shall appear that an offense has been committed and there is probable cause to believe the prisoner guilty, and if the offense be bailable by the magistrate, and the prisoner offer sufficient bail, it shall be taken and the prisoner discharged ; but if not sufficient bail be offered or the offense be not bailable by the magistrate, the prisoner shall be committed for trial. When the prisoner is admitted to bail or committed by the magistrate, he shall also bind by recognizance such witness against the prisoner as he shall deem material to appear and testify at the next term of the court having cognizance of the offense, and in which the prisoner shall be held to answer. Section 58 provides :
‘ ‘ If the magistrate shall be satisfied that there is good cause to believe that any such witness will not perform the condition of his recognizance, unless other security be given, such magistrate may order the wit-, ness to enter into a recognizance, with such sureties as may be deemed necessary, for his appearance at court.”
The magistrate shall in like manner, at the defendant’s request, cause the material witness for the defendant to enter into a recognizance for appearing and testifying in the court, having cognizance of the offense. All witnesses required to recognize, either with or without sureties, shall, if they refuse, be committed to prison by the magistrate, there to remain until they comply with such order or be otherwise discharged according to law.
Counsel for petitioner claims that, under these several provisions of the statute, he is deprived of his liberty without due process of law. This brings us to the consideration of the constitutionality of these sections, and to determine what is meant by due proc[191]*191ess of law. Mr. Justice Valentine, in delivering tlie opinion of the court in the case of Gilchrist v. Schmidling, 12 Kas. 271, says :
“The able disquisitions found in many decisions and elementary works upon ‘due process of law,’ ‘due course of law,’ ‘law of the land,’ etc., can have but little application in Kansas, for our constitutional provision upon that subject differs from that of almost every other state in the union. It reads as follows: ‘All persons for injuries suffered in person, reputation or property shall have remedy by due course of law, and justice administered without delay.’ (Const. Bill of Rights, § 18.) We suppose that it is settled, beyond all controversy, that ‘ due process of law,’ etc., for transferring property from one person to another, before any injury has been suffered by the owner of the property, does not necessarily mean a judicial proceeding or a judicial determination. The dis-training of cattle damage-feasant, the taking up of strays, the sale of property, real or personal, for taxes, the exercise of the power of eminent domain, the passage of remedial and retrospective statutes, legalizing what had previously been defectively executed or performed, and thereby changing title to property, (52 Pa. St. 479, 480, 481; Cooley, Const. Lim. 371,) or the exercise of many police powers by the police officers of a city, is as much ‘ due process of law ’ as any judicial determination can be ; and yet they are not, as a rule, judicial' proceedings. Nor does ‘ due process of law ’ mean ‘ a legal proceeding according to tlie course of the common law ; nor must there be a personal notice to the party whose property is in question.’ ”
Judge Cooley, in his work on Constitutional Limitations (p. 353), in giving the definition to “ due process of law, ’ ’ says :
‘ ‘ What then is meant by ‘ due process of law ’ and the ‘ law of the land ’ in the several constitutional provisions which we have referred to, as they are ap[192]*192plied to the protection of rights in property, and in what cases can legislative action be annulled as not being the 'law of the land,’ or judicial or ministerial action set aside as not being ' due process of law ’ in the constitutional sense ? These definitions and these terms to be found in the reported cases are so varied that some difficulty arises in fixing upon one which shall be accurate and complete in itself, and at the time applicable in all cases. The diversity of definition is not surprising, when we consider the diversity of cases in which it has been attempted, and reflect that the definition which is sufficient for one case and applicable to its facts may be altogether insufficient or entirely inapplicable in another.”
No definition is more often quoted than that of Mr. Webster, in the Dartmouth College Case, 4 Wheat. 519 :
'' By the law of the land is most clearly intended the general law; a law which hears before it condemns ; which proceeds upon inquiry, and renders judgment only after trial. The meaning is, that every citizen shall hold his life, liberty, property and immunities under the protection of the general rules which govern society. Everything which may pass under the form of an enactment is not, therefore, to be considered the law of the land.”
These definitions are correctly used when applied to judicial proceedings which usually terminate in a judgment whereby the property of one citizen is transferred to some other individual, or where the individual is deprived of his personal liberty as a punishment for some crime, but are not applicable to matters in which the public requires the property for some legitimate purpose for the state, or where the public requires the service of the citizen. Where private rights and interests must yield to the demands of the public and for the good of society — there are many cases in which the individual citizen must yield his personal, liberty for the preservation of the [193]*193public peace, the protection of society, and defense of the government against rebellion or insurrection — all citizens must respond to the call of the sheriff or other police officers for the apprehension of felons, to pursue fugitives from justice, and must obey the summons of the proper officers to appear as jurors or witnesses. Temporary deprivation of liberty must often take place through the action of ministerial or executive officers or functionaries. For instance, a notary public, in taking depositions, may commit a refractory witness. Any court may attach one who fails to obey a subpoena, or imprison one in contempt of court. Mr. Justice Miller, in delivering the opinion of the court in the case of Davidson v. New Orleans, 96 U. S. 102, says :
“A most exhaustive judicial inquiry into the meaning of the words ‘ due process of law ’ as found in the fifth amendment, resulted in the unanimous decision of this court that they do not necessarily imply a regular proceeding in a court of justice, or after the manner of such courts.”
In re Ebenhack, Petitioner, 17 Kas. 620 : This was a proceeding in habeas corpus for the discharge of the petitioner, who was imprisoned in the jail of Greenwood county, Kansas, for failure to pay costs taxed against him in a case where he was the complaining ■witness in a prosecution before a justice of the peace for a misdemeanor, and on trial the defendant was acquitted, and the prosecutor adjudged to pay the costs or give bond for the same and stand committed until they were paid or bond given, and on his refusal to comply with the order of the justice was committed to jail. It was claimed that section 18, chapter 81 of the General Statutes of 1868, was unconstitutional, and that his imprisonment was without due process of [194]*194law. Brewer, J., delivering the opinion of the court, says :
“We do not consider the objection well taken. By-coming into court and filing his complaint, he submits himself to the jurisdiction of the justice, and at the same time that the question of the guilt of the person, by his affidavit charged with crime, is tried, his own conduct in the premises is inquired into. True, he is not upon the record as a party plaintiff or defendant, but the prosecution is instituted at his instance, and he appears upon the record as complaining party.”
■ In the case of Weimer v. Bunbury, 30 Mich. 210, in which the constitutionality of certain revenue laws of Michigan was under consideration, the court held that due process of law is not necessarily judicial process, and that much of the process by means of which the government is carried on and the order of society maintained is purely executive or administrative, which is as much due process of law as is judicial process.
After a thorough examination of the decisions of the various courts of this country, we are of the opinion that § 61, chapter 82, General Statutes of 1889, is not unconstitutional; that it only subjects witnesses for the state in criminal cases to the same general rules which govern every other citizen of the state as the settled maxims of the law sanction and require for the protection of society and good government ; and the requirements of this statute are simply to secure the presence of persons who are material witnesses for the public in the trial of those charged with offenses against the laws of the state. The same burden is imposed upon every citizen of the state alike who may happen to possess the information which is necessary to protect society against the criminal and to vindicate the majesty of the law.
[195]*195Haying decided that the section of the statute under which the petitioner is confined is constitutional, we next proceed to consider the second reason urged for his release : Were the forms of the statute complied with ? It is agreed and shown by the record that the petitioner made complaint before B. 0. Garrison, a justice of the peace for Fort Scott, Bourbon county, Kansas, charging one Mart. Tooney with the crime of robbery in that county; that the complaint was reduced to writing, signed and sworn to by the petitioner ; that a warrant was duly issued thereon by the justice of the peace, and Mart. Tooney arrested and brought before him for examination; that he waived examination, and the justice thereupon required him to enter into a recognizance in the sum of $300, with sureties, for his appearance at the next term of the district court of Bourbon county, Kansas, to answer the charge contained in said complaint; that said Mart. Tooney failed to give such recognizance and was committed to the jail of said county to answer said charge at the next term of the court. Thereupon, the magistrate required the petitioner to enter into a recognizance in the sum of $300 to appear at the next term of the district court of Bourbon county, as a witness of the state in said case, and the magistrate being satisfied that the petitioner would not perform the conditions of said recognizance, unless-, such security be given, the magistrate ordered that, he enter into recognizance, with sureties, in the sum of $300 for his appearance at the next term of the district court of said county, and said witness, neglecting and refusing to recognize with sureties as required by said magistrate, was thereupon committed to jail until he complied with such order.
The contention of counsel is that, because the per[196]*196son charged with the crime waived his right to an examination, there was no evidence showing that petitioner was a material witness for the state, and that there could be no judicial determination on the part of the examining magistrate that would authorize him to find that he was a material witness for the state. We think that, when the complainant voluntarily went before the magistrate and made complaint, apd it was by the magistrate reduced to writing and subscribed and sworn to by the complainant, these facts furnished the very strongest evidence that he was a material witness for the state, and, if his complaint as sworn to was true, a very material witness ; and the magistrate could have no stronger evidence of that fact if an examination had been held. The record and agreed facts show that the petitioner is confined in jail under a statute that is constitutional, and the forms of the statute have been duly observed in the matter.
It is the order of this court that the petitioner be remanded to the jailer of said county until such time as he comply with the order of the court and enter into a recognizance, as required by the examining magistrate, or is otherwise discharged by due course of law.
All the Judges concurring.