Opinion issued April 27, 2017
In The
Court of Appeals For The
First District of Texas ———————————— NO. 01-15-00774-CV ——————————— IN RE PATTI J. WAGNER, AS GUARDIAN OF JENNY WAGNER, AN INCAPACITATED ADULT, Relator
Original Proceeding on Petition for Writ of Mandamus
OPINION
Relator, Patti J. Wagner (“Wagner”), as guardian of Jenny Wagner
(“Jenny”), an incapacitated adult, has filed a petition for a writ of mandamus,
requesting that this Court direct respondent1 to vacate his order granting the
new-trial motion of real parties in interest, Four J’s Community Living Center, Inc.
1 Respondent is The Honorable Dan Hinde of the 269th District Court of Harris County. The underlying suit is Patti J. Wagner, as Guardian of Jenny Ann Wagner, as Incapacitated Adult v. Four J’s Community Living Center, Inc. and Anthonia Uduma, No. 2009-40925 (269th Dist. Court, Harris County, Tex.). (“Four J’s) and Anthonia Uduma, in Wagner’s suit against them for negligence. In
her sole issue, Wagner contends that respondent clearly abused his discretion in
granting a new trial and she has no adequate remedy by appeal.
We conditionally grant Wagner’s petition.
Background
In her second amended petition, Wagner alleged that on September 4, 2008,
Jenny was severely burned in a fire at a four-bedroom residential care facility (“the
facility”),2 operated by Four J’s and Uduma,3 for disabled adults. At the time of
the fire, Jenny, a resident of the facility, was thirty-five years old. She has been
legally blind since infancy, and she has cerebral palsy and “profound mental
retardation.” Jenny shared the facility with two other adult residents, Esperanza
Arzola and Tanya James, who both “had the mental capacity of small children.”
Wagner further alleged that Four J’s and Uduma had inadequately
supervised Arzola, who had obtained a cigarette lighter and used it to start the fire
in her bedroom. When the fire spread to the rest of the facility, Jenny, who was
wheelchair-bound and physically incapable of escaping the fire on her own,
sustained smoke-inhalation injuries and second- and third-degree burns to her face,
neck, chest, arms, and hands. She was hospitalized in a burn-trauma center for one
2 The record reveals that the facility is a single-story, single-family home. 3 Uduma is the president, chief executive officer, and sole shareholder of Four J’s. She is also the sole owner of the facility, which she leased to Four J’s.
2 month and endured painful treatments. The burns have permanently scarred and
disfigured Jenny. James, who was also severely burned in the fire, later died from
her injuries.
Wagner asserted that Four J’s and Uduma breached the standards of care of
a residential care facility by inadequately supervising Arzola; failing to equip the
facility with properly functioning fire-detection and prevention systems, such as
smoke detectors and overhead sprinkler systems; and failing to adequately train
staff to respond to a fire at the facility. Also, because it was reasonably foreseeable
that if a resident came into possession of a cigarette lighter, a fire would likely
result, they breached their duty to ensure that Jenny was safe from foreseeable
harm caused by other residents who were unable to understand the dangers of
incendiary devices. Moreover, the sole staff member on duty at the time of the
fire, Amuche Chinelo Udemezue, had run from the facility without attempting to
assist Jenny.
Wagner further asserted that Four J’s and Uduma’s breaches of the standards
of care proximately caused Jenny to inhale smoke and sustain second- and third-
degree burns, hospitalization for one month, painful debridement of wounds, tube
feeding due to inhalation injuries, and permanent scarring and disfigurement. And,
3 Uduma was jointly and severally liable for the wrongful and negligent conduct of
Four J’s because it is her alter ego.4
Four J’s and Uduma, in their answer, generally denied Wagner’s allegations,
and they asserted various affirmative defenses, including that their actions and
omissions did not constitute “a proximate or producing cause” of Jenny’s injuries.
Rather, Jenny’s injuries were caused by “the intervening actions of an independent,
responsible third party,” namely Arzola, “who started the fire in question.”5
At trial, Udemezue testified that she began working for Four J’s in 2007.
Her training included watching a “CD” and working with another staff member for
two days before being left to work alone at the facility. Four J’s did not give her
keys to any of the doors at the facility. Rather, a Four J’s van driver would
routinely drive her to the facility, and he would unlock the front door to let her
inside. The back door was the only other outside door at the facility; however, it
had a deadbolt lock that required a key to open it from the inside, and she did not
have a key. Udemezue noted that the garage door of the facility did not properly
function, and it would fall down if used. Thus, each week, the facility trash was
gathered from the garage and removed through the living room and front door.
4 Wylette Taylor, on behalf of James’s son, intervened to also assert claims against Four J’s and Uduma. 5 Respondent granted Four J’s and Uduma’s motion to designate Arzola as a responsible third party. See TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. Ch. 33 (Vernon 2015).
4 Udemezue explained that, initially, the facility had three residents: Jenny,
James, and Arzola. Later, a fourth resident, Elisha Campbell, moved in.
Udemezue routinely supervised the four residents on her own. She had to “do
virtually everything” for Jenny, who needed “total care.” They had a good
relationship, and Jenny used to sing for Udemezue. James also needed “total
care,” including assistance with bathing and brushing her teeth. Although James
was able to feed herself, she had to be prompted to complete basic tasks. She was
also “fond of hitting herself,” and she would “hurt herself most of the time” if her
hands were not kept separated. Udemezue noted that Arzola was “something
else.” She was aggressive and “acted up all the time.” Arzola often damaged
property and ran away from the facility. And Udemezue was “very scared” of
Arzola. Campbell was also aggressive and difficult for Udemezue to manage.
On the day of the fire, while Udemezue was working in Jenny’s room,
Arzola came in and tried to assist with Jenny. Udemezue, concerned about
Arzola’s handling Jenny, directed her to return to her bedroom. Arzola became
angry, but complied. Udemezue then heard a “big bang,” went to Arzola’s
bedroom, and saw that Arzola had broken a window. Udemezue telephoned a case
manager to report Arzola’s conduct, but she was unable to reach him. She also
telephoned a nurse, who told her how to treat the cuts that Arzola had sustained in
breaking the window. Arzola then calmed down and apologized to Udemezue.
5 While they were talking, Udemezue heard sirens and looked outside. She told
Arzola that it appeared that a house at the end of the road was on fire.
Later, while Udemezue was washing clothes, she heard another “big bang.”
Thinking that something had occurred outside, she rushed to investigate. Once
outside, however, she saw through a window into Arzola’s bedroom, which was
situated next to the front door, that her room was on fire. Udemezue rushed back
inside, pulled Campbell from her bedroom, and led her outside. Udemezue then
went back inside the facility toward Jenny’s and James’s rooms. However, she
panicked when she realized that the fire was very close to the front door and she
did not have a key to the back door. She also knew that the garage door did not
function. Thus, with access to only one door to the outside, Udemezue knew that
“[i]f the fire g[ot] to that front door, that’s it.” They were “finished.” She yelled to
Arzola, and together they ran from the house. After Udemezue telephoned for
emergency assistance and shouted for help from neighbors, she “passed out.” She
later awoke inside an ambulance.
Udemezue further testified that she had panicked during the fire because she
had only “one exit.” And she “would have tried [her] best if [she had] had another
door in that house.” She also noted that she was alone and there would have been
a better outcome had she had the assistance of at least one other staff member.
Although Four J’s did provide Udemezue with fire-emergency training on two
6 occasions, she, in both drills, was trained to exit through the front door. And
neither drill involved the use of a fire extinguisher or placing Jenny in a blanket to
evacuate her from the facility.
Chiaka Irondi testified that from 2006 to February 2008, she worked for
Four J’s at the facility. She noted that the back door of the facility could not be
operated without a key. Although the back-door key, at some point before Irondi
left, had been lost, she had reported it to Four J’s. And the garage door, which was
inoperative, had to be physically held up in order for one to pass underneath it.
Moreover, although Four J’s did not provide Irondi with any fire-emergency
training, Four J’s did require her to sign a statement that she had received such
training.
Kevin Kern, the Director of Residential Services for The Center in Houston,
testified as an expert about the standards of care applicable to facilities that provide
residential services to persons with intellectual and developmental disabilities.
Prior to his testimony, Kern reviewed the Four J’s evacuation plans, Udemezue’s
deposition, the Houston Fire Department (“HFD”) arson report, and documents
concerning the other residents at the facility. Based on his review, he opined that
the applicable standards of care required that a residential care provider prohibit a
resident with Arzola’s history of physical and verbal aggression and self-injurious
behavior any access to an incendiary device, such as a cigarette lighter. Further,
7 such a facility must provide adequate supervision and room inspections by staff.
Kern explained that persons like Arzola are unable to “realize the consequences of
their actions at the time that they are upset.”
Based on the individual needs of the residents at the facility, the applicable
standards of care required that “the house most definitely needed to be double
staffed.” Specifically, Kern noted that one of Four J’s residents required total care
and several of them had behavioral issues or concerns. He explained that it “would
be impossible to be bathing a client in the bathroom when you may have another
client that’s trying to leave the home or have a physical altercation with another
resident.”
Kern further explained that the applicable standards of care for a
four-bedroom residential care facility, such as here, required that it have a
fire-sprinkler system, unless each of the residents was able to evacuate within three
minutes, which is a “prompt evacuation score.” Because this training must “be
consistent across various shifts and different times of the day and night,” such a
facility must perform “third shift [fire] drill[s].” The standards of care also
dictated that facility staff be trained in the use of a fire extinguisher. Kern, based
on the reviewed HFD photographs, noted that Udemezue, while inside the facility
during the early stages of the fire, did not use the facility’s fire extinguisher. He
also noted that the only way that the keyed deadbolt lock on the back door could
8 have met the applicable standards of care was if all of the residents had had access
to a key and were mentally and physically capable of opening the door with the
key. Based on her condition, Jenny could have “never met that criteria.”
Moreover, it was apparent that a key to the deadbolt was not available, even for the
staff. Kern further testified that Four J’s, in his opinion, had breached the
standards of care in each of the areas that he had outlined.
Rick Overholt, general manager of Omni Fire and Security Systems, LP,
testified that he had installed a fire alarm at the facility. He installed a local alarm,
however, that was not designed to automatically notify HFD in the event of a fire.
Dr. K. Gollaher testified that in March 2009, she performed a court-ordered
evaluation of Arzola’s competency to stand trial for the offense of arson 6 in a
separate criminal proceeding. She deemed Arzola incompetent to stand trial.
Gollaher explained that Arzola had experienced auditory hallucinations, had
tremendous difficulty answering questions and understanding terms, and did not
understand that a death had resulted from the fire.
Uduma testified that she is the president, chief executive officer, and sole
shareholder of Four J’s. She is also the sole owner of the facility, which she leases
to Four J’s. Although Four J’s staff were “never supposed to leave” residents
unattended, there were, at the time of the fire, four clients residing at the facility
6 See TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 28.02 (Vernon 2011).
9 and only one staff member on duty. Uduma admitted that the back door of the
house had a deadbolt lock that required a key to open it from the inside, and staff
members usually did not have keys to the back door.
Uduma and Four J’s, prior to the fire, were aware that Arzola had been
diagnosed with bipolar disorder, had tried to commit suicide, and had a history of
violence toward the staff. Uduma was also familiar with Arzola’s psychological
evaluation and “Annual Individual Service Plan,” which Four J’s had completed
the month before the fire. Arzola, who was then twenty-five years old, had, as a
child, been emotionally, physically, and sexually abused, which included her being
compelled into prostitution, by her biological parents. After their parental rights
had been terminated, Arzola’s parents facilitated her unauthorized departure from
Richmond State School and took her to the Dallas area, where she “became
infected with herpes as a result of . . . sexual activity between her and her father.”
She also had a history of alcohol and narcotics abuse; numerous placements in
residential treatment centers; and “multiple contacts” with the Dallas Juvenile
Justice Department for running away, evading arrest, prostitution, probation
violations, and assault. Further, Arzola had a long history of behavioral issues,
including breaking windows and light fixtures; attempting to leap from moving
vehicles; swallowing objects; wrapping ligatures around her throat; biting herself
and others; and “headbanging,” choking, stabbing, and bludgeoning others.
10 Based on a “complete diagnostic evaluation,” Four J’s concluded that Arzola
was functioning “within the mild range of mental retardation” and her behavior
was “non-compliant most of the time.” Although she had not been adjudicated
incompetent by a court and was acting as her own legal guardian, her behavioral
problems were “severe” and required multiple psychotropic medications to
manage. And they were “typically occasioned by staff making requests of her,
delaying or denying her tangibles or services,” or “dividing their time” between
Arzola and others. Because Arzola’s aggression might result in injury to herself
and others, Four J’s directed that staff “[k]eep all sharps, medications, and
poisons” in locked storage.
Uduma further testified that although Four J’s allowed Arzola to smoke
cigarettes, it did not allow her to keep a cigarette lighter. Uduma did not know
how Arzola had obtained the cigarette lighter that she had used to start the fire.
However, she conceded that Four J’s did not ever search Arzola’s room for
contraband because the room “belong[ed] to her.” She opined that Arzola was
solely responsible for the injuries that had resulted from the fire because Arzola
was “a competent adult who was only mild[ly] mental[ly] retarded,” she had set
the fire, and law-enforcement authorities had arrested her for arson. Uduma
asserted that had Udemezue followed her training, she would have been able to
11 timely evacuate all of the residents without injury. And she noted that a key to the
back door was located in a drawer at the facility.
Ngozi Obichuku, a care coordinator at Four J’s, testified that that Jenny was
the only client at the facility who needed physical assistance to evacuate. And, on
May 13 and June 6, 2008, Obichuku had trained Udemezue about Jenny’s
individual evacuation plan. She asserted that Udemezue simply did not follow her
training during the fire. Obichuku further explained that the residents of the
facility were allowed to take “smoking breaks,” during which the staff “issue[d]
out the lighters.” And the staff were responsible for collecting the lighters “after
the clients [we]re done.”
In Question One of his charge, respondent asked the jury: “Did the
negligence, if any, of those named below [Four J’s, Uduma, and Arzola]
proximately cause the injuries in question?” In regard to both Four J’s and Uduma,
the jury answered, “Yes.” In regard to Arzola, the jury answered, “No.” In answer
to Question Two of the charge, the jury apportioned the responsibility of Four J’s
at 60 percent and Uduma at 40 percent. And it awarded Wagner damages in the
amount of $8,071,600.00.
After respondent entered a judgment on the verdict, Four J’s and Uduma
filed a motion for new trial. They argued, in part, that there is “no evidence,
legally insufficient evidence, or factually insufficient evidence” to support the
12 jury’s findings in Questions One and Two of the charge because “the evidence
established that the fire that caused the injuries to [Wagner] and the death of
[James] was caused by the intentional arson of [Arzola].” And, because “the
evidence shows that the risk of Arzola’s arson was unforeseeable to Four J’s and
[Uduma], . . . neither Four J’s nor [Uduma] had a duty, as a matter of law, to
protect [Wagner] and [James] from the criminal act of Arzola.” Four J’s and
Uduma argued that the jury’s “finding of no negligence against Arzola was against
the great weight and preponderance of the evidence” because the “undisputed
evidence revealed that the fire that caused the injuries to [Wagner] and the death of
[James] was solely caused by [Arzola], who intentionally used a lighter to start the
fire.”
Respondent granted Four J’s and Uduma’s new-trial motion, explaining:
The reason for the Court’s grant of new trial is that the jury’s failure to find negligence on [Arzola], who started the fire that was the cause- in-fact of the injuries to [Wagner] and the death of [James], is so against the great weight of the evidence as to be clearly wrong and manifestly unjust. See Cropper v. Caterpillar Tractor Co., 754 S.W.2d 646. 651 (Tex. 1988).
Wagner moved for reconsideration, asserting that even if the evidence establishes
causation-in-fact regarding Arzola, the jury could have reasonably concluded that
Arzola did not proximately cause Jenny’s injuries. Respondent denied Wagner’s
motion for reconsideration.
13 Uduma subsequently filed a motion to dismiss Wagner’s claims against her
on the ground that she is a health-care provider and Wagner had failed to timely
serve her with an expert report.7 This Court affirmed respondent’s order denying
Uduma’s motion to dismiss.8 Wagner then filed her petition for a writ of
mandamus.
Waiver
As a preliminary matter, Four J’s and Uduma argue that Wagner has
“waived the right to seek review via mandamus” because she “can offer no
justifiable excuse for a three-year delay in seeking relief.”
Although mandamus is not an equitable remedy, its issuance is controlled
largely by equitable principles. In re Int’l Profit Assocs., Inc., 274 S.W.3d 672,
676 (Tex. 2009). “One such principle is that ‘equity aids the diligent and not those
who slumber on their rights.’” Id. (quoting Rivercenter Assocs. v. Rivera, 858
S.W.2d 366, 367 (Tex. 1993)). Delay in the filing of a petition for mandamus
relief may waive the right to relief unless the relator can justify the delay. Id. To
invoke the equitable doctrine of laches, the moving party ordinarily must show that
(1) the opposing party unreasonably delayed in asserting its rights and (2) a good
7 See TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. § 74.351 (Vernon Supp. 2017). 8 Uduma v. Wagner, No. 01-12-00796-CV, 2014 WL 4259886, at *8 (Tex. App.— Houston [1st Dist.] 2014, pet. denied.).
14 faith and detrimental change in the moving party’s position because of the delay.
In re Laibe Corp., 307 S.W.3d 314, 318 (Tex. 2010).
Wagner asserts, and the record shows, that respondent signed his order
granting a new trial on March 27, 2012. On August 24, 2012, Uduma moved to
dismiss the claims against her on the ground that Wagner did not timely serve her
with an expert report. On August 30, 2013, the Texas Supreme Court held for the
first time that a trial court’s reasons articulated in a new-trial order are subject to
merits-based mandamus review. See In re Toyota Motor Sales, U.S.A., Inc., 407
S.W.3d 746, 749 (Tex. 2013). On August 27, 2014, this Court issued its opinion in
Uduma’s interlocutory appeal. Uduma v. Wagner, No. 01-12-00796-CV, 2014 WL
4259886, at *8 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2014, pet. denied). Uduma then
petitioned for review in the Texas Supreme Court. After the supreme court denied
her petition for review, we issued our mandate in the interlocutory appeal on
September 4, 2015. Wagner then filed her petition for a writ of mandamus on
September 8, 2015.
During the applicable time period from March 27, 2012, when respondent
ordered a new trial, to August 24, 2012, when Uduma filed her motion to dismiss,
no Texas Court had recognized a right to merits-based mandamus review of a trial
court’s new-trial order. When Uduma moved to dismiss the claims against her on
the ground that she had not been served with an expert report, her motion stayed
15 certain proceedings in the trial court. See TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE
§ 74.351(s) (Vernon 2017). Further, Uduma’s interlocutory appeal from
respondent’s order denying her motion to dismiss stayed the commencement of a
trial pending resolution of the appeal. See TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN.
§ 51.014(a)(9), (b) (Vernon Supp. 2016); see also In re Oceanografia, S.A. de
C.V., 494 S.W.3d 728, 730 (Tex. 2016) (delay in seeking mandamus relief
attributable, in part, to pendency of interlocutory appeal). After we resolved the
appeal, by issuing our mandate on September 4, 2015, Wagner filed her petition
for mandamus relief on the next business day. Thus, Wagner has provided an
explanation that justifies her delay in seeking mandamus relief. See In re
Oceanografia, S.A. de C.V., 494 S.W.3d at 731 (defendants’ explanations
sufficient to show they did not “slumber on their rights”); In re Int’l Profit
Associates, Inc., 274 S.W.3d at 676.
Moreover, Four J’s and Uduma have not shown a detrimental change in their
position between the time respondent granted a new trial and Wagner’s filing of
her mandamus petition in this Court. See In re Laibe, 307 S.W.3d at 318; In re
Oceanografia, 494 S.W.3d at 730 (six-year delay in seeking mandamus relief not
unreasonable where plaintiffs showed no prejudice from delay); In re E.I. du Pont
de Nemours & Co., 92 S.W.3d 517, 524 (Tex. 2002) (rejecting argument four-year
delay barred mandamus relief where plaintiffs had “failed to show how the delay
16 has prejudiced them in any way”). In support of their argument, Four J’s and
Uduma rely on Salinas, in which the appellate court denied mandamus relief to a
party who had delayed seeking mandamus relief for over three months. In re
Salinas, No. 13-09-00599-CV, 2010 WL 196887, at *2 (Tex. App.—Corpus
Christi Jan. 20, 2010, orig. proceeding) (mem. op.). There, however, the relator
provided no justification for the delay. Id.
Accordingly, we hold that Wagner did not waive her right to seek mandamus
relief. See In re Int’l Profit Assocs., Inc., 274 S.W.3d at 676; In re SCI Tex.
Funeral Servs., Inc., 236 S.W.3d 759, 761 (Tex. 2007).
Standard of Review
Although trial court courts have long been afforded broad discretion in
granting new trials, a trial court’s discretion to order a new trial is not “limitless.”
In re Columbia Med. Ctr. of Las Colinas, Subsidiary, L.P., 290 S.W.3d 204, 210,
213 (Tex. 2009); see also TEX. CONST. art. 1, § 15 (right to trial by jury “shall
remain inviolate”); In re Wyatt Field Serv. Co., 454 S.W.3d 145, 152 (Tex. App.—
Houston [14th Dist.] 2014, orig. proceeding) (“[W]e may not substitute our
judgment for that of the trial court. But neither may the trial court substitute its
judgment for that of the jury in granting a new trial.”). Thus, when a trial court
orders a new trial after a case has been tried to a jury, the parties “are entitled to an
understandable, reasonably specific explanation why their expectations are
17 frustrated by a jury verdict being disregarded or set aside, the trial process being
nullified, and the case having to be retried.’” In re Bent, 487 S.W.3d 170, 175–76
(Tex. 2016) (quoting In re Columbia, 290 S.W.3d at 213).
Accordingly, a trial court, in its order granting a new trial, must state a
reason for doing so. In re Columbia, 290 S.W.3d at 213. The trial court’s “stated
reason” must be (1) “legally appropriate,” articulating a “well-defined legal
standard” or a “defect that probably resulted in an improper verdict,” and
(2) “specific enough to indicate that the trial court did not simply parrot a pro
forma template, but rather derived the articulated reason[] from the particular facts
and circumstances from the case at hand.” In re Bent, 487 S.W.3d at 173 (quoting
In re United Scaffolding, Inc., 377 S.W.3d 685, 688–89 (Tex. 2012) (granting
mandamus relief where trial court’s order premised on bare assertion new trial
warranted “in the interests of justice and fairness”)). If the trial court’s order
granting a new trial satisfies these facial requirements, an appellate court may
“conduct a merits review of the bases for [the] new trial order” and “grant
mandamus relief ‘[i]f the record does not support the trial court’s rationale for
ordering a new trial.’” In re Bent, 487 S.W.3d at 173 (quoting In re Toyota, 407
S.W.3d at 749); see also In re United Scaffolding, 377 S.W.3d at 688–89 (trial
court’s grant of new trial subject to mandamus review); In re United Servs. Auto.
Ass’n, 446 S.W.3d 162, 170 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2014, orig.
18 proceeding). We review the merits of a new-trial order under the abuse-of-
discretion standard “familiar and inherent in mandamus proceedings.” In re Bent,
487 S.W.3d at 177–78.
To be entitled to mandamus relief, a relator must demonstrate (1) the trial
court clearly abused its discretion and (2) the relator has no adequate remedy by
appeal. In re Reece, 341 S.W.3d 360, 364 (Tex. 2011). A trial court clearly abuses
its discretion if it reaches a decision so arbitrary and unreasonable as to amount to
a clear and prejudicial error of law or if it clearly fails to analyze the law correctly
or apply the law correctly to the facts. In re Cerberus Capital Mgmt. L.P., 164
S.W.3d 379, 382 (Tex. 2005).
Here, we are presented with the issue of whether respondent abused his
discretion in concluding that the jury’s negative finding as to Arzola’s negligence
was against the great weight and preponderance of the evidence, a
factual-sufficiency question. See In re United Servs. Auto. Ass’n, 446 S.W.3d at
170; see also In re Baker, 420 S.W.3d 397, 402 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2014,
orig. proceeding); In re Zimmer, Inc., 451 S.W.3d 893, 905 (Tex. App.—Dallas
2014, orig. proceeding) (“[W]e see no reason to believe the standards for factual
sufficiency review in new trial mandamus proceedings should differ from the
standards of review on appeal.”).
19 When a party attacks the factual sufficiency of an adverse finding on an
issue on which it did not have the burden of proof, the party must demonstrate that
the adverse finding is so against the great weight and preponderance of the
evidence as to be clearly wrong and manifestly unjust. Dow Chem. Co. v. Francis,
46 S.W.3d 237, 242 (Tex. 2001). In conducting a factual-sufficiency review, we
must examine, consider, and weigh all of the evidence that supports or contradicts
the jury’s finding. See Francis, 46 S.W.3d at 242; Plas–Tex, Inc. v. U.S. Steel
Corp., 772 S.W.2d 442, 445 (Tex. 1989). In doing so, we note that the jury is the
sole judge of the witnesses’ credibility, and it may choose to believe one witness
over another; a reviewing court may not impose its own opinion to the contrary.
See Golden Eagle Archery, Inc. v. Jackson, 116 S.W.3d 757, 761 (Tex. 2003).
When presented with conflicting testimony, the fact finder may believe one
witness and disbelieve others, and it may resolve inconsistencies in the testimony
of any witness. McGalliard v. Kuhlmann, 722 S.W.2d 694, 697 (Tex. 1986).
New Trial
In her sole issue, Wagner argues that respondent abused his discretion in
granting Four J’s and Uduma a new trial because the evidence is factually
sufficient to support the jury’s finding that Arzola’s negligence, if any, in starting
the fire did not proximately cause Jenny’s injuries.
20 The elements of a negligence cause of action consist of the “existence of a
legal duty, a breach of that duty, and damages proximately caused by the breach.”
Gharda USA, Inc. v. Control Sols., Inc., 464 S.W.3d 338, 352 (Tex. 2015)
(emphasis added); LeBlanc v. Palmer, No. 01-15-00034-CV, 2015 WL 7261532, at
*2 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] Nov. 17, 2015, pet. denied) (mem. op.). The
components of proximate cause are (1) cause-in-fact and (2) foreseeability. Ryder
Integrated Logistics, Inc. v. Fayette Cty., 453 S.W.3d 922, 929 (Tex. 2015);
LeBlanc, 2015 WL 7261532, at *2. Cause-in-fact requires proof “that an act or
omission was a substantial factor in bringing about injury which would not
otherwise have occurred.” Prudential Ins. Co. of Am. v. Jefferson Assocs., Ltd.,
896 S.W.2d 156, 161 (Tex. 1995). Foreseeability exists when “the actor as a
person of ordinary intelligence should have anticipated the dangers his negligent
act creates for others.” D. Houston, Inc. v. Love, 92 S.W.3d 450, 454 (Tex. 2002).
In Question One of his charge, respondent asked the jury, “Did the
negligence, if any, of those named below [Four J’s, Uduma, and Arzola]
proximately cause the injuries in question?” (Emphasis added.) Respondent
instructed the jury that
“'Negligence” means failure to use ordinary care—that is, failing to do that which a person or company of ordinary prudence would have done under the same or similar circumstances, or doing that which a person of ordinary prudence would not have done under the same or similar circumstances.
21 “Ordinary care” means that degree of care that would be used by a person or company of ordinary prudence under the same or similar circumstances. .... “Proximate cause” means a cause that was a substantial factor in bringing about an event, and without which cause such event would not have occurred. In order to be a proximate cause, the act or omission complained of must be such that a person using ordinary care would have foreseen that the event, or some similar event, might reasonably result therefrom. There may be more than one proximate cause of an event. “New and independent cause” means the act or omission of a separate and independent agency, not reasonably foreseeable, that destroys the causal connection, if any, between the act or omission inquired about and the occurrence in question and thereby becomes the immediate cause of such occurrence.
In granting Four J’s and Uduma’s motion for new trial, respondent
concluded that
the jury’s failure to find negligence on [Arzola], who started the fire that was the cause-in-fact of the injuries to [Wagner] and the death of [James], is so against the great weight of the evidence as to be clearly wrong and manifestly unjust.
Respondent’s stated reason, which points to the evidence that Arzola started
the fire, is “specific enough to indicate that the trial court did not simply parrot a
pro forma template, but rather derived the articulated reason[] from the particular
facts and circumstances from the case at hand.” See In re Bent, 487 S.W.3d at 173
(quoting In re United Scaffolding, 377 S.W.3d at 688–89). However, respondent’s
stated reason is not one for which a new trial is “legally appropriate” because the
evidence that Arzola “started the fire that was the cause-in-fact of the injuries”
22 does not undermine the challenged jury’s finding. See In re United Scaffolding,
Inc., 377 S.W.3d at 689 (“[M]ere recitation of a legal standard, such as a statement
that a finding is against the great weight and preponderance of the evidence, will
not suffice. The order must . . . explain how the evidence (or lack of evidence)
undermines the jury’s findings.”). A finding of negligence requires a showing of
proximate cause, i.e., both cause-in-fact and foreseeability. Gharda USA, 464
S.W.3d at 352; Fayette Cty., 453 S.W.3d at 929. Thus, cause-in-fact is merely one
component. Fayette Cty., 453 S.W.3d at 929. Accordingly, we hold that
respondent’s new-trial order does not satisfy the facial requirements of In re Bent.
See In re Bent, 487 S.W.3d at 173.
Even were we to conclude that respondent’s new-trial order satisfies the
facial requirements of In re Bent, the record does not support respondent’s
rationale for ordering a new trial. See id.; In re Toyota, 407 S.W.3d at 749; In re
United Servs. Auto Ass’n, 446 S.W.3d at 176–77 (“Even if the order satisfied
United Scaffolding,” new trial improper because jury verdict not against great
weight and preponderance of evidence). The jury heard ample evidence from
which it could have reasonably concluded that Arzola’s act in starting the fire was
not the proximate cause of Jenny’s injuries. See Fayette Cty., 453 S.W.3d at 929;
Yap v. ANR Freight Sys., Inc., 789 S.W.2d 424, 425–26 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st
Dist.] 1990, no pet.) (“The question of proximate cause is one of fact particularly
23 within the province of the jury, and a jury finding on proximate cause will be set
aside only in the most exceptional circumstances.”).
Uduma herself testified that she and Four J’s, prior to the fire, were aware
that Arzola had been diagnosed with bipolar disorder, had tried to commit suicide,
and had a history of violence toward the staff. Uduma’s testimony, along with
Arzola’s psychological evaluation and “Annual Individual Service Plan,” which
Four J’s had completed the month before the fire, establish that Arzola, as a child,
had been emotionally, physically, and sexually abused, which included her being
compelled into prostitution by her biological parents. She had a history of alcohol
and narcotics abuse; numerous placements in residential treatment centers; and
“multiple contacts” with the Dallas Juvenile Justice Department for running away,
evading arrest, prostitution, probation violations, and assault. Further, Arzola had
a long history of behavioral issues, including breaking windows and light fixtures;
attempting to leap from moving vehicles; swallowing objects; wrapping ligatures
around her throat; biting herself and others; and “headbanging,” choking, stabbing,
and bludgeoning others.
Four J’s characterized Arzola’s behavioral problems as “severe,” requiring
multiple psychotropic medications to manage. They were “typically occasioned by
staff making requests of her, delaying or denying her tangibles or services,” or
“dividing their time” between Arzola and others. Because Arzola’s aggression
24 might result in injury to herself and others, Four J’s directed that staff “[k]eep all
sharps, medications, and poisons” in locked storage. Regardless, according to
Uduma’s testimony, Four J’s allowed Arzola to smoke cigarettes, and it did not
perform room inspections for contraband. Obichuku also testified that Four J’s
allowed its residents to take “smoking breaks,” during which the staff “issued out
the lighters.” And the staff was responsible for collecting the lighters “after the
clients were done.”
Kern, Wagner’s expert, testified that Four J’s breached the standards of care
applicable to a residential care provider by not providing adequate staff at the
facility; not providing adequate supervision; not conducting room inspections; and,
based on her history, allowing Arzola to have access to an incendiary device, i.e., a
cigarette lighter. He explained that persons like Arzola are unable to “realize the
consequences of their actions at the time that they are upset.”
Uduma did opine that Arzola alone was responsible for the injuries that
resulted from the fire because Arzola was “a competent adult who was only
mild[ly] mental[ly] retarded” and law-enforcement authorities had arrested Arzola
for arson. However, the jury could have reasonably found Kern’s testimony that
persons like Arzola are unable to “realize the consequences of their actions at the
time that they are upset” to be more credible. See Jackson, 116 S.W.3d at 761
(fact finder sole judge of credibility of witnesses and weight given their testimony).
25 From the evidence, the jury could have reasonably concluded that although
Arzola’s act in starting the fire was a cause-in-fact of Jenny’s injuries, Arzola was
not “a person of ordinary intelligence [who] should have anticipated the dangers”
that her actions created for Jenny. See Love, 92 S.W.3d at 454 (defining
foreseeability component of proximate causation); see also Doe v. Boys’ Clubs of
Greater Dall., Inc., 907 S.W.2d 472, 478 (Tex. 1995). (“An injury is shown to be
foreseeable if a person of ordinary intelligence and prudence would have
reasonably anticipated it under the circumstances.”); Prudential Ins. Co. of Am.,
896 S.W.2d at 161 (cause-in-fact); see also Fayette Cty., 453 S.W.3d at 929
(proximate causation requires both (1) cause-in-fact and (2) foreseeability).
Further, the jury could have reasonably concluded, as it did, that Jenny’s
injuries were proximately caused by Four J’s and Uduma’s breaches of the
standards of care in supervising their residents, i.e., Arzola, training their staff, and
maintaining their facility, which prevented Jenny’s timely escape from the fire.
Four J’s and Uduma’s own evidence shows that they were aware, prior to
the fire, of the extent of Arzola’s behavioral issues, the dangers she posed to
herself and others, and that she was not capable of governing herself.
Nevertheless, they allowed Arzola to have access to cigarette lighters. Also Four
J’s had itself concluded that Arzola’s behavioral problems were “severe” and
“typically occasioned” by staff “dividing their time” between her and other
26 residents. Nevertheless, it assigned Udemezue to work alone at the facility, and
she had to divide her time among Arzola and three other residents—two of whom
required “total care.”
Moreover, the back door of the facility had a deadbolt lock that required a
key to open it from the inside, the door was kept locked, and staff members did not
have a key. Kern opined that the keyed deadbolt lock on the back door, to which
even the staff members did not have a key, did not meet the standard of care for a
four-bedroom residential facility. He further opined that Four J’s should have
installed a fire-sprinkler system at the facility, conducted “third shift [fire] drill[s],”
and trained its staff in the use of a fire extinguisher. And Kern explained that Four
J’s did not provide adequate staff at the facility, did not provide adequate
supervision, and did not conduct room inspections.
Udemezue testified that by the time she discovered that Arzola had set fire to
her bedroom, the flames were very close to the front door. And although she went
back inside the facility toward Jenny’s and James’s rooms to try to rescue them,
she panicked when she realized that she had only “one exit.” She did not have a
key to the back door, and the garage door did not function. With access to only
one door to the outside, Udemezue knew that “[i]f the fire g[ot] to that front door,
that’s it.” They were “finished.” She “would have tried [her] best if [she had] had
another door in that house.” And the outcome would have been better had she had
27 assistance from at least one other staff member. Although Four J’s did provide
Udemezue with fire-emergency training on two occasions, she, in both drills, was
trained to exit “through the front door.” And neither drill involved the use of a fire
extinguisher or placing Jenny in a blanket to evacuate her from the facility.
Irondi also testified that there was no key available to the back door of the
facility, and she had reported it lost to Four J’s at least seven months before the
fire. She further noted that Four J’s had not provided her with any fire-emergency
Although Obichuku testified that she had trained Udemezue to implement
Jenny’s individual evacuation plan and Udemezue simply did not follow her
training during the fire, it was within the province of the jury to resolve conflicts in
the testimony. See McGalliard, 722 S.W.2d at 697. The jury could have
disbelieved Obichuku and believed Udemezue’s testimony that the outcome would
have been better had she had “another door in that house,” another staff member to
help her, or been adequately trained to handle a fire emergency. See Jackson, 116
S.W.3d at 761 (fact finder is sole judge of credibility of witnesses and weight
given their testimony).
Having considered all of the evidence, both that which supports and that
which contradicts the jury’s finding that Arzola’s negligence, if any, in starting the
fire did not proximately cause Jenny’s injuries, we conclude that there is ample
28 evidence to support the jury’s finding. See Maritime Overseas Corp. v. Ellis, 971
S.W.2d 402, 406–07 (Tex. 1998); Cain v. Bain, 709 S.W.2d 175, 176 (Tex. 1986).
Thus, the jury’s finding is not so against the great weight and preponderance of the
evidence as to be manifestly unjust. See Francis, 46 S.W.3d at 242; In re United
Servs. Auto Ass’n, 446 S.W.3d at 173–74.
Accordingly, we hold that respondent abused his discretion in ordering a
new trial on the ground that the evidence is factually insufficient to support the
jury’s finding that Arzola’s negligence, if any, in starting the fire did not
proximately cause Jenny’s injuries. See In re Baker, 420 S.W.3d at 404 (“[T]he
grant of the new trial improperly intruded on the jury’s province.”).
Adequate Remedy by Appeal
Wagner argues that she has no adequate remedy by appeal because requiring
a new trial will waste significant time and money and she may lose her right to a
judgment on the first verdict.
The Texas Supreme Court has explained that “absent mandamus review,”
parties “will seemingly have no appellate review” of orders granting new trials.
See In re Columbia, 290 S.W.3d at 209. Even if a party could obtain appellate
review of a new-trial order following a second trial, it could not obtain reversal of
an unfavorable verdict unless it convinced an appellate court that the granting of
the new trial constituted harmful error. Id. Furthermore, even if an unfavorable
29 verdict were reversed and rendered in the party’s favor, “it would have lost the
benefit of a final judgment based on the first jury verdict without ever knowing
why, and would have endured the time, trouble, and expense of the second trial.”
Id. at 209–10. Thus, parties do not have an adequate appellate remedy. Id. at 210.
Accordingly, we hold that Wagner has no adequate remedy by appeal. See
id.; see also In re Toyota, 407 S.W.3d at 762; In re United Servs. Auto Ass’n, 446
S.W.3d at 180 (granting mandamus relief where trial court’s reasons for ordering
new trial not “legally appropriate” or grounded in facts of case).
Conclusion
Because respondent abused his discretion in granting Four J’s and Uduma’s
motion for new trial and Wagner does not have an adequate remedy by appeal, we
conditionally grant Wagner’s petition for a writ of mandamus and direct
respondent to vacate his order granting a new trial. A writ from this Court will
issue only if respondent does not comply.
Terry Jennings Justice
Panel consists of Chief Justice Radack and Justices Jennings and Keyes.
Jennings, J., concurring.