Filed 11/19/13 In re N.D. CA4/2
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.
IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
DIVISION TWO
In re N.D., a Person Coming Under the Juvenile Court Law.
SAN BERNARDINO COUNTY CHILDREN AND FAMILY SERVICES, E057468
Plaintiff and Respondent, (Super.Ct.No. J245908)
v. OPINION
P.M.,
Defendant and Appellant.
APPEAL from the Superior Court of San Bernardino County. Gregory S. Tavill,
Judge. Affirmed.
Nicole Williams, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant and
Appellant.
Jean-Rene Basle, County Counsel, Jeffrey L. Bryson, Deputy County Counsel,
for Plaintiff and Respondent.
No appearance for Minor.
1 At a jurisdiction hearing, the juvenile court (1) found N.D. came within the
court’s jurisdiction, and (2) terminated the guardianship that defendant and respondent
P.M. (Grandmother) had over N.D. The guardianship had been granted by the probate
court. Grandmother contends (1) the juvenile court acted in excess of its jurisdiction by
terminating the guardianship established by the probate court, (2) substantial evidence
does not support the court’s best interests finding, and (3) the juvenile court misapplied
the “best interests” standard. We affirm the judgment.
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
N.D. is male and was born in 2010. A.D. (Mother) is N.D.’s mother.
Grandmother is N.D.’s maternal grandmother. N.D.’s alleged father’s whereabouts are
unknown. The probate court granted Grandmother legal guardianship of N.D. when
N.D. was five months old. Grandmother is also the guardian of a second ward, X.M.,
who is male and was born in 1999.
On August 6, 2012, one of Grandmother’s grandchildren, I.D., was visiting
Grandmother. I.D. is female and was approximately four years old in 2012.
Grandmother left X.M., N.D., and I.D. at home while she ran an errand. When
Grandmother called to check on the children, X.M. informed Grandmother that I.D.
placed her mouth on N.D.’s genitals. Grandmother immediately returned home.
I.D. denied touching N.D. It was eventually revealed that X.M. placed his penis
in I.D.’s mouth and anus. X.M. admitted to Grandmother that he had sexual contact
with I.D. In response, Grandmother beat “the hell out of” X.M. Grandmother admitted
that she “almost really hurt” X.M. Grandmother’s friend separated Grandmother and
2 X.M., and Grandmother called 911 to report the incident. Grandmother’s friend stayed
in the bathroom with X.M. while Grandmother tried to “figure it out.” The police
transported X.M. to a juvenile detention center in Apple Valley.
On September 4, Grandmother was arrested for identity theft (Pen. Code,
§ 530.5, subd. (a)), burglary (Pen. Code, § 459), check forgery (Pen. Code, § 470, subd.
(d)), and forging an official seal (Pen. Code, § 472). A social worker from plaintiff and
respondent San Bernardino County Children and Family Services (the Department)
spoke to Grandmother at the jail. Grandmother explained to the social worker that she
was arrested because she tried to cash a check that did not belong to her. Grandmother
said she needed the money in order to purchase a gun to protect herself and X.M. from
I.D.’s father, who wanted to hurt X.M. for sexually abusing I.D.
Grandmother admitted the allegations against X.M. were true, but placed the
blame for the incident on I.D. Grandmother explained that I.D. “‘enticed [X.M.] with
her body.’” Grandmother insisted X.M.’s sexual contact with I.D. “‘was not a crime.’”
The social worker asked Grandmother where N.D. could be found. Grandmother said
he was with his godparents. Grandmother disclosed the godmother’s first name and that
the godparents lived in San Bernardino. Grandmother said she did not know the
godparents’ address, phone number, or the godmother’s surname. Grandmother gave
the social worker Mother’s contact information. Mother gave the social worker N.D.’s
godparents’ contact information. The Department decided to detain N.D. N.D. was
placed in foster care.
3 Grandmother had been diagnosed as bipolar. Grandmother had been prescribed
three medications for her mental illness. The medications can control her illness;
however, Grandmother does not consistently take the medications due to “issues with
the mental health department” and lack of insurance. Grandmother smokes medical
marijuana three times per day in order to “slow [her] brain down.” Grandmother
explained that “sometimes [her] thinking starts thinking too fast, and it’s
overwhelming,” so the medical marijuana helps.
When a social worker asked Mother about Grandmother’s mental health issues,
Mother said: “‘[X.M.] was suicidal a couple of times when I was staying there and he
said [Grandmother] was like a black cloud over his head every time she came home.’
Mother reported, ‘[Grandmother] is verbally abusive; we know she loves us and wants
to take care of us, but sometimes it’s too much. . . . [M]other stated, ‘The last time she
put me out she said she wanted to kill [Mother] and [X.M.] said she always tells him
that.’” Mother opined that X.M. may have learned about sexual contact because
Grandmother dated a man that molested Grandmother’s niece. Mother was unsure if the
man “did anything” to X.M.
Mother explained that when she returned home from serving in the air force,
Grandmother was going through a divorce and Grandmother suffered a bullet graze
along her temple. Mother said Grandmother “‘has not been the same since.’” Mother
believed Grandmother had been involved with street gangs, i.e. “‘gang banging,’” since
the divorce.
4 Mother admitted a history of alcohol abuse. Mother last used alcohol in January
2012. N.D. was conceived with a staff member while Mother was an inpatient at Inland
Valley Recovery Program. In September 2012, Mother was in the process of obtaining
housing through the Veteran’s Administration. Mother was residing at the Life
Community Development Program for Veterans. Mother was also in the process of
obtaining intensive counseling through the Veteran’s Administration. Mother was
taking seven different medications for her mental health issues.
The Department filed a petition on behalf of N.D. alleging (1) Grandmother
failed to protect N.D. because she did not provide a safe and appropriate environment;
(2) Grandmother failed to protect N.D. by engaging in criminal activity;
(3) Grandmother suffers from unresolved mental health issues that negatively impact
her ability to provide for N.D.’s wellbeing; (4) X.M. sexually abused I.D., and
Grandmother’s response to the abuse and assignment of blame placed N.D. at risk of
similar abuse; and (5) Grandmother failed to protect N.D. because she did not disclose
his whereabouts to the Department. On September 19, 2012, the Department filed a
motion for the juvenile court to terminate Grandmother’s probate guardianship over
N.D.
At the jurisdiction hearing on October 19, the Department asserted terminating
the guardianship was in N.D.’s best interests and reasoned, “We should not be dividing
our efforts in this particular case. The mother is doing really well right now. We are
hoping that she will be able to reunify. We should not be trying to reunify with
Grandmother who has all these issues, and at the same time trying to reunify with Mom.
5 I just don’t see that that’s a good option in this case. [¶] Grandmother focuses attention
elsewhere, not on this child. We have no objection to her visiting the child. She can
maintain her relationship as the grandmother, but as far as maintaining the guardianship,
we would ask the Court to find it’s not in the best interest of the child.”
N.D.’s attorney also asked the court to terminate the guardianship. N.D.’s
counsel asserted Grandmother would be working on a reunification plan with X.M. and
it would not be safe for X.M. and N.D. to be in the same home, because N.D. is too
young to protect himself. Counsel argued, “I think it’s clear that [N.D.] is not safe
there. And it’s more appropriate to terminate that guardianship at this time.” Mother
agreed with the recommendation that the guardianship be terminated.
Grandmother’s attorney said, “[W]e’re not really saying the Court should not
take jurisdiction under something here, we’re just asking that, you know, she still be
considered for guardianship if the mother does not do the right thing. [¶] We’re in
favor of the mother getting her kid back. That’s not our problem. We are not saying
one bad thing about the mother. All we’re saying is, look, she’s the guardian for two
and a half years. The mother is going to get services to try to get the kid back. God
hope that she is successful, but if she is not successful, what are we going to do with the
kid?”
The juvenile court found true the following three allegations: (1) Grandmother
has unresolved mental health issues that negatively impact her ability to provide for
N.D.’s wellbeing; (2) Grandmother failed to protect N.D. by allowing X.M. to sexually
abuse I.D. and placing the blame for the sexual abuse on I.D., thus placing N.D. at risk
6 for similar abuse; and (3) Grandmother failed to protect N.D. by refusing to disclose his
whereabouts.
The court ordered N.D. be removed from Grandmother’s physical custody. The
court found there would be a substantial danger to N.D.’s physical health if he were left
in Grandmother’s custody. The court also found placement with Mother would be
detrimental. Thus, N.D. was continued in foster care. The court then said, “The Court
finds that it is in the best interest of the child to terminate the legal guardianship with
the grandmother. As such the Court does not order services to the grandmother.” The
court ordered reunification services for Mother. Grandmother was granted visitation
with N.D. dependent on the availability of the social worker and foster parent(s).
DISCUSSION
A. EXCESS OF JURISDICTION
1. CONTENTION
Grandmother contends the juvenile court acted in excess of its jurisdiction by
terminating the probate guardianship because the proper procedures were not followed.
(Welf. & Inst. Code, § 728.)1 Grandmother asserts the following procedural errors
occurred: (1) the probate court was not notified of the juvenile court’s decision to
terminate the guardianship, (2) notice of the motion to terminate was not given to the
alleged father, siblings, grandparents, and others, (3) notice was not given 45 days
1All subsequent statutory references will be to the Welfare and Institutions Code unless otherwise indicated.
7 before the hearing, and (4) the social worker did not recommend termination prior to
filing the motion for termination.2
2. STANDARD OF REVIEW
We apply the de novo standard of review. When interpreting statutes, if the
statutory language is not ambiguous, then the plain meaning of the language governs.
(Gualala Festivals Committee v. California Coastal Commission (2010) 183
Cal.App.4th 60, 66-67.)
3. SECTION 728
A juvenile court has the authority to terminate a probate guardianship if the
minor is the subject of a section 300 petition. (§ 728, subd. (a).) The termination ruling
should be preceded by a noticed motion. (§ 728, subd. (a).) If the juvenile court
terminates a probate guardianship, then the juvenile court shall provide notice of the
ruling to the probate court. (§ 728, subd. (b).) Notice of the motion must be given to
the mother, presumed and alleged fathers, the child if the child is 10 years old or older,
any known siblings of the child, the grandparents of the child, all counsel of record, any
unknown parent, and the child’s foster parents. (§§ 294, subd. (a), 728, subd. (a).)
Notice must be given at least 45 days before the hearing date.3 (§ 294, subd. (c)(1).)
2 The Department contends Grandmother forfeited this issue by failing to raise it in the juvenile court. We choose to address the merits of Grandmother’s contention because it is easily resolved.
3 The Welfare and Institution Code statutes require 45 days notice for terminating a guardianship. (Welf. & Inst. Code, §§ 294, subd. (c)(1), 728, subd. (a).) The California Rules of Court and Probate Code require only 15 days notice in relation [footnote continued on next page]
8 4. PROCEDURAL ERRORS
First, we address Grandmother’s concern about notifying the probate court.
Section 728, subdivision (b) provides, “If the juvenile court decides to terminate or
modify a guardianship previously established under the Probate Code pursuant to
subdivision (a), the juvenile court shall provide notice of that decision to the court in
which the guardianship was originally established.” The plain language of the statute
reflects notice must be given to the probate court after the juvenile court renders its
ruling. It is notice of the rendered decision that must be given—not notice of a possible
decision. Accordingly, we disagree that failure to notify the probate court would have
affected the juvenile court’s jurisdiction at the hearing, since notification to the probate
court would have occurred after the hearing.
Second, we examine to whom the notice was given. The motion to terminate the
guardianship was served on N.D.’s attorneys, Grandmother’s attorneys, and Mother’s
attorneys. Section 294, subdivision (a), requires notice to be served on “[a]ll counsel of
record,” in addition to the mother, grandparents, siblings, foster parent(s), and presumed
and alleged fathers. In the instant case, notice was served only upon the counsel of
record. It does not appear notice was given to the paternal grandparents (if their
[footnote continued from previous page] to terminating a guardianship. (Prob. Code, § 1511, subd. (a); Cal. Rules of Court, rule 5.620(e)(1).) To the extent there is a legal problem here, we need not resolve it for purposes of this opinion. For the sake of thoroughly addressing Grandmother’s argument, we will present the rule as requiring 45 days notice.
9 whereabouts were known), the foster parents, or Mother and Grandmother as
individuals—as opposed to their attorneys. Thus, notice was not given as required.
Third, we consider the timing of the notice. The motion was filed with the
juvenile court and placed in the U.S. mail on September 19, 2012. The notice was not
timely because there are not 45 days between September 19 and October 19, when the
hearing took place.
The fourth error alleged by Grandmother is that the social worker did not
recommend termination prior to filing the motion for termination. In In re Angel S.
(2007) 156 Cal.App.4th 1202, 1207 (Angel S.), the appellate court described
guardianship termination as a two-step procedure: (1) the social worker recommends
termination to the juvenile court, and (2) a motion to terminate is filed. We note
California Rules of Court, rule 5.620(e), provides: “If the social worker recommends to
the court . . . that an existing guardianship be modified or terminated . . . .” (Italics
added.) Given the “if” language, we will reserve deciding whether we agree with the
Angel S. conclusion that there is a required two-step procedure. For the sake of judicial
efficiency and thoroughly addressing Grandmother’s contention, we will assume,
without deciding, that the court erred by ruling on the motion for termination without
previously receiving a recommendation from the social worker.
5. LAW CONCERNING JURISDICTION
Grandmother asserts these procedural errors caused the juvenile court to act in
excess of its jurisdiction when it terminated the guardianship. “‘In its fundamental
sense, “jurisdiction” refers to a court’s power over persons and subject matter.
10 [Citation.] Less fundamentally, “jurisdiction” refers to a court’s authority to act with
respect to persons and subject matter within its power. [Citation.] Issues relating to
jurisdiction in its fundamental sense indeed may be raised at any time. [Citations.] By
contrast, issues relating to jurisdiction in its less fundamental sense may be subject to
bars including waiver . . . [citation] and forfeiture . . . [citation].’ [Citation.] ‘The
concept of jurisdiction embraces a large number of ideas of similar character, some
fundamental to the nature of any judicial system, some derived from the requirement of
due process, some determined by the constitutional or statutory structure of a particular
court, and some based upon mere procedural rules originally devised for convenience
and efficiency, and by precedent made mandatory and jurisdictional.’ [Citation.] The
latter two categories in particular can give rise to acts by the court in excess of
jurisdiction, i.e., acts which do not comply with a particular statutory procedure or
applicable rules. [Citation.] Acts in excess of jurisdiction are not void in any
fundamental sense but are, at most, voidable if properly raised by an interested party.
[Citations.]” (Angel S., supra, 156 Cal.App.4th at p. 1209.)
6. FUNDAMENTAL JURISDICTION
In Grandmother’s Appellant’s Opening Brief, she is focused on the fundamental
jurisdictional authority of the court. Grandmother contends the dependency court “is a
court of limited jurisdiction[, which] can only make the limited determinations
authorized by the legislative grant of special powers under the Welfare and Institutions
Code . . . .” Grandmother asserts the failure to comply with the notice provisions “left
the court without the authority to act.”
11 Contrary to Grandmother’s position, section 728, subdivision (a), provides: “The
juvenile court may terminate or modify a guardianship of the person of a minor
previously established under the Probate Code, or appoint a coguardian or successor
guardian of the person of the minor, if the minor is the subject of a petition filed under
Section 300, 601, or 602.” The plain language of the statute grants the juvenile court
the authority to terminate a guardianship established in the probate court. The statute
then goes on to identify the procedures a juvenile court must follow when terminating a
probate guardianship, but the authority to terminate the guardianship exists outside of
those procedures. In other words, the first sentence of the statute establishes the
juvenile court’s authority, while the rest of the statute describes the procedures for
exercising that authority. As a result, the juvenile court’s fundamental authority to
terminate a probate guardianship is not dependent on the procedural rules being
followed—the authority and procedure are not intertwined. Accordingly we conclude
the court had fundamental authority to terminate the guardianship.
7. DUE PROCESS
In Grandmother’s Appellant’s Reply Brief, she alludes to being personally
harmed by the procedural failings. Grandmother writes, “a probate guardian such as
[Grandmother] will always be prejudiced by not having the full 45 day statutory period
to prepare for the hearing.” Failure to follow proper notice procedures can compel
reversal when a party is denied notice and asserts her right to notice of the proceedings.
(Angel S., supra, 156 Cal.App.4th at p. 1210.)
12 It does not appear Grandmother was given notice; however, her attorney was
notified. For the sake of judicial efficiency, we will assume this was error. A lack of
notice is subject to harmless error review. (See In re Angela C. (2002) 99 Cal.App.4th
389, 395 [lack of notice for a continued termination hearing is subject to harmless error
review].) We consider whether the error was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt. (Id.
at pp. 394-395.)
Grandmother’s attorney was notified of the hearing. Grandmother appeared at
the hearing with her attorney. Grandmother testified at the hearing. Grandmother’s
attorney argued against terminating the guardianship. It appears from the record that
Grandmother was prepared for the hearing and was able to present her arguments
concerning the termination motion. Grandmother does not explain what she would
have done differently if the errors had not occurred. Grandmother only asserts people
are always prejudiced when given inadequate notice. Since Grandmother does not
explain what, if anything, would have been different if the errors did not occur, and it
appears from the record Grandmother adequately presented her arguments, we conclude
the errors were harmless beyond a reasonable doubt.
8. CONCLUSION
There is no basis to reverse the juvenile court’s order terminating the probate
guardianship because (1) the juvenile court had the fundamental authority to terminate
the guardianship, and (2) the procedural errors were harmless to the extent they
personally impacted Grandmother. (See generally Angel S., supra, 156 Cal.App.4th at
p. 1210 [similar conclusion].)
13 B. BEST INTERESTS
Grandmother contends substantial evidence does not support the juvenile court’s
finding that termination of the guardianship was in N.D.’s best interests.
“The sole criterion for termination of a probate guardianship is whether
termination is in the minor’s best interests. [Citation.] We review a juvenile court’s
order terminating a probate guardianship under the substantial evidence standard.
[Citation.]” (In re Xavier R. (2011) 201 Cal.App.4th 1398, 1416.) Under this standard,
we view the evidence in the light most favorable to the judgment, resolve all disputes in
favor of the judgment, and draw all reasonable inferences in support of the judgment.
(Ibid.)
Grandmother testified that she is bipolar and does not consistently take her
medication. Grandmother said at times her “thinking starts thinking too fast, and it’s
overwhelming.” When Grandmother learned about X.M. sexually abusing I.D.,
Grandmother “started beating the hell out of him.” Grandmother admitted she “almost
really hurt [X.M.]” Grandmother had to be stopped by a friend who was visiting the
house. While Grandmother admitted the sexual abuse allegations against X.M. were
true, she blamed the four-year-old victim for “enticing” X.M. and insisted X.M.’s
actions did not constitute a crime.
The foregoing is substantial evidence supporting the findings that
(1) Grandmother suffers unresolved mental health issues because she is inconsistent
with her medication and suffers overwhelming thoughts, and (2) Grandmother
responded violently to X.M.’s abuse and placed the blame on the victim. Given
14 Grandmother’s unstable mental health, her violent reaction, and denials of X.M.’s
responsibility for sexually abusing a four year old, it appears being in Grandmother’s
care poses a risk of danger to N.D.’s wellbeing because N.D. is too young to protect
himself. As a result, there is substantial evidence supporting the juvenile court’s
conclusion that it would be in N.D.’s best interests to terminate the guardianship.
C. BEST INTERESTS ANALYSIS
Grandmother contends the juvenile court erred in conducting its best interests
analysis because, rather than considering more abstractly whether it was in N.D.’s best
interests to terminate the guardianship, the court considered whether N.D.’s interests
would be better served by reunifying with Mother or Grandmother—weighing the two
parental options against one another.
When terminating Grandmother’s guardianship of N.D., the juvenile court said it
adopted the Department’s attorney’s “argument as the basis for the [c]ourt’s findings.”
The Department argued the guardianship should be terminated because (1) Grandmother
acted irresponsibly by leaving I.D. and N.D. in the care of X.M. on the day of the sexual
abuse; (2) Grandmother has unresolved mental health issues and is self-medicating with
marijuana; and (3) Mother was better suited to reunification with N.D. than
Grandmother.
As set forth ante, the termination of a probate guardianship is reviewed for
substantial evidence (In re Xavier R., supra, 201 Cal.App.4th at p. 1416), and
substantial evidence supports the juvenile court’s ruling. The juvenile court’s decision
in this case was based on evidence, i.e., Grandmother’s actions and mental health issues,
15 and the comparison between Mother and Grandmother. Grandmother has seized on the
comparison aspect of the reasoning. This argument is not persuasive because this court
reviews rulings, not reasoning. (In re Zamer G. (2007) 153 Cal.App.4th 1253, 1271.)
Therefore, while part of the juvenile court’s reasoning may have been flawed, that will
not support reversal of the judgment, because, as set forth ante, substantial evidence
supports the court’s termination of the guardianship and we do not review reasoning.
DISPOSITION
The judgment is affirmed.
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
MILLER J.
We concur:
HOLLENHORST Acting P. J.
KING J.