In The Court of Appeals Seventh District of Texas at Amarillo ________________________
No. 07-19-00202-CV ________________________
IN RE NAVAJO NATION, RELATOR
An Original Proceeding Arising From Proceeding in the 99th District Court Lubbock County, Texas Trial Court No. 2017-527,784; Honorable William C. Sowder, Presiding
September 10, 2019
ORIGINAL PROCEEDING Before QUINN, C.J., and PIRTLE and PARKER, JJ.
By this original proceeding, Relator, the Navajo Nation, seeks a writ of mandamus
to compel Respondent, the Honorable William C. Sowder, to grant its motion to transfer
jurisdiction over the underlying parent/child termination proceeding1 to the Navajo
Nation’s Tribal Court in Arizona, pursuant to the provisions of the Indian Child Welfare
1 See TEX. FAMILY CODE ANN. §§ 161.001-161.211 (West 2014 & West Supp. 2018). Act of 1978 (“ICWA”).2 Specifically, the Navajo Nation challenges the trial court’s
determination that “good cause” existed, within the meaning of the ICWA, not to transfer
the proceeding to the Navajo Nation’s Tribal Court. See 25 U.S.C.S. § 1911(b) (2019).3
Because the Navajo Nation is not entitled to the relief requested, we deny its petition.
BACKGROUND
There are three children at issue in the underlying termination proceeding: S.R. (a
female child born in 2017), A.R. (a male child born in 2015), and H.H. (a female child born
in 2008).4 The mother’s initials are also A.R. The purported fathers of the children were
served by publication and have not participated. In October 2017, the Texas Department
of Family and Protective Services (the “Department”) investigated a complaint of physical
abuse when neighbors heard A.R. slap H.H. indoors. The Department subsequently
2 25 U.S.C.S. §§ 1901-1963 (2019). We note that portions of the ICWA were recently challenged in the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit. See Brackeen v. Bernhardt, No. 18-11479, 2019 U.S. App. LEXIS 23839 (5th Cir. Aug. 9, 2019). In reversing the federal district court; see Brackeen v. Zinke, 338 F.Supp.3d 514 (N.D. Tex. 2018), the Fifth Circuit found the challenged provisions constitutional. See Brackeen, 2019 U.S. App. LEXIS 23839, at *41-55. Because the constitutionality of the ICWA was not challenged or addressed in the trial court below, we do not reach any issue related to the constitutionality of the ICWA in this appeal. Nor is this court’s opinion to be read to express any opinion as to Brackeen or the constitutionality of the ICWA.
Throughout the remainder of this opinion, we will cite provisions of the ICWA simply as “25 U.S.C.S. § ____” and “25 U.S.C.S. section ____.”
3 25 U.S.C.S. § 1911(b) provides as follows:
(b) Transfer of proceedings; declination by tribal court. In any State court proceeding for the foster care placement of, or termination of parental rights to, an Indian child not domiciled or residing within the reservation of the Indian child’s tribe, the court, in the absence of good cause to the contrary, shall transfer such proceeding to the jurisdiction of the tribe, absent objection by either parent, upon the petition of either parent or the Indian custodian or the Indian child’s tribe: Provided, that such transfer shall be subject to declination by the tribal court of such tribe. 4To protect the privacy of the parties, we refer to them by their initials. See TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 109.002 (West Supp. 2018). See also TEX. R. APP. P. 9.8(b).
2 discovered H.H. was not attending school, there was no furniture in the house on which
the children could sleep, and the mother tested positive for methamphetamine and
marijuana. On October 23, 2017, the Department filed its original petition for the
protection of the children and among other things, sought the termination of A.R.’s
parental rights to the children under multiple provisions of the Texas Family Code. See
TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 161.001(b)(1)(D), (E), (K), (N), and (O) (West Supp. 2018).
On October 25, 2017, the Department filed its Notice of Pending Custody
Proceeding Involving Indian Child and shortly thereafter received a letter from the United
States Department of the Interior – Bureau of Indian Affairs indicating that the Navajo
Nation’s Regional Office had received the notice and were properly notified of the pending
proceedings.5 On March 8, 2018, the matter was scheduled for a final hearing before
Associate Judge Kara L. Darnell, to be held on July 26. During the months of May and
June, A.R. tested positive for methamphetamine and amphetamine. She also refused
the requests for two other drug tests. In June, the Navajo Nation informed the Department
that it was unable to verify the children’s eligibility for tribal membership. The Department
was told by the Navajo Nation Regional Office that the intake would be closed and that
the matter would be considered as a referral for record information only. On July 26, the
final hearing was reset for October 18, 2018.
In August, the Navajo Nation advised the Department that the children were
enrolled as members of the Navajo Nation and eligible for ICWA services. The Navajo
The notice advised the Navajo Nation that the proceedings “MAY HAVE SIGNIFICANT 5
CONSEQUENCES INVOLVING THE CHILDREN INCLUDING THE POSSIBILITY OF A LOSS OF CUSTODY OR TERMINATION OF PARENTAL RIGHTS.”
3 Nation also intervened in the proceedings and assigned Delphine Segodi, the Navajo
Nation’s senior social worker, as its caseworker to receive all court filings and participate
in the proceedings. In September, A.R. failed to attend another drug test. In anticipation
of the October final hearing, the Department filed a Permanency Report indicating that
the Navajo Nation offered no relatives for possible placement but would continue
searching and the Court Appointed Special Advocate (“CASA”) filed a report
recommending termination of A.R.’s parental rights due to her continued drug use, her
failure to address the reasons for the children’s removal, her failure to establish a
consistent place of residence, her failure to maintain consistent employment, her failure
to engage in services provided, and her lack of involvement with the children. On October
11, the trial court issued a second order resetting the final hearing for January 3, 2019.
During this period of delay, the Department continued to be in communication with
the Navajo Nation regarding any possible placement; however, Segodi reported that the
Navajo Nation was unable to locate any relatives or foster families on the reservation
willing to take three children. On December 13, Segodi reaffirmed that the Navajo Nation
had no options and supported placement of the children with the foster parents who had
cared for them since the termination proceedings were initiated. On January 3, 2019, in
order to accommodate Segodi who was ill and unable to participate, the trial court issued
a third order resetting the final hearing for February 14, 2019.
On February 12, 2019, the Department filed its Permanency Report with the trial
court indicating that it was in contact with the Navajo Nation who had reported that it had
no relatives or foster families on the reservation and were in agreement with the
Department’s continuing efforts to permanently place the children with their foster
4 parents. On February 14, 2019, the trial court convened the final hearing with all parties
present. A.R. began testifying in the morning and resumed her testimony after lunch. In
the middle of the afternoon, Segodi interrupted the proceedings to speak to A.R. After
speaking with the mother, Segodi made an oral motion to transfer jurisdiction over the
proceedings to the Navajo Nation’s Tribal Court in Arizona. At the time of the motion,
Segodi had exhausted the Navajo Nation’s efforts to look for placement with family
members and there was not an opportunity for placement or adoption with other members
of the Navajo Nation.
On March 25, 2019, the trial court issued its order denying the Navajo Nation’s
motion to transfer jurisdiction, finding that good cause existed to hear the proceedings in
Texas. Associate Judge Darnell noted that the final hearing had been convened and the
mother was testifying when the motion was made, proceedings were at an advanced
stage, and the evidence necessary to decide the case could not be adequately presented
in the Navajo Nation’s Tribal Court in Arizona without undue hardship to the parties and
the witnesses. A.R. subsequently moved for a de novo hearing on the denial of the
motion.
On April 17, 2019, a de novo hearing was convened by the Honorable William C.
Sowder. The State’s evidence established that during the proceedings, A.R. and one
child had received services from therapists since the removal. Other providers rendered
services under the service plan and treated A.R. and/or the children, such as the CASA,6
6 The CASA team leader testified that the CASA does not have the ability to participate in a hearing
in Arizona due to jurisdictional issues. As the children’s guardian ad litem in the proceedings, the team leader also testified that the CASA needed to represent the children’s best interests at any hearing.
5 Starcare,7 and mental/substance abuse counselors. A.R. also received addiction
treatment, was drug tested, and attended AA/NA meetings with sponsors. During the
nineteen months the proceedings had been pending prior to the motion to transfer, A.R.
resided in Lubbock, Texas, the removal occurred in Lubbock, and all the mother’s and/or
children’s service providers were in Lubbock.
The Department testified there was no mechanism for the Department to pay
providers to attend a hearing located in Arizona and any mechanism for the Department’s
caseworker to attend would be limited. The Department proposed that if Segodi was
unable to personally attend the termination proceedings, she could continue to participate
telephonically. In addition, arrangements could be made so that she could receive all
documents through mail or email. The Department also maintained that good cause to
deny the transfer existed because the stage of the proceedings was advanced, i.e., the
final hearing had been continued at least three times, with the final hearing having already
commenced and a portion of the testimony having already been taken. Furthermore, the
children had been living in the same household with foster parents approved by Navajo
Nation and the foster parents were in the process of adopting the children.
Segodi testified that although the Navajo Nation has an adoption unit and families
were recruited, there were no placements available within the Navajo Nation. No homes
were available primarily because most families wanted only a single child, not three
children. She testified that the motion to transfer the proceedings was made in order for
the Navajo Nation to be able to make its own placement and that she had orally moved
7 Starcare is a health system providing services for adults, children, and adolescents who have a diagnosis of mental illness, developmental disabilities, or substance abuse.
6 to transfer jurisdiction to the Navajo Nation’s Tribal Court during the final hearing because
she specifically wanted to avoid termination of A.R.’s parental rights. She proposed that
the Department and its service providers could participate telephonically in any further
proceedings before the Navajo Nation’s Tribal Court in Arizona.
On April 30, 2019, the trial court issued its amended order denying the Navajo
Nation’s motion to transfer jurisdiction. The trial court found good cause to deny the
motion because the evidence necessary to decide the case could not be adequately
represented in the Navajo Nation’s Tribal Court without undue hardship to the parties and
the witnesses. The trial court also found that the vast majority of the witnesses, including
caseworkers, counselors, and therapists, live in and around Lubbock. In addition, the trial
court determined that telephonic testimony before the Navajo Nation’s Tribal Court would
be insufficient for a fact finder to be able to make necessary reliability and credibility
determinations. The trial court specifically found that the Navajo Nation received timely
notice of the proceedings and “the lateness of the proceeding” could be considered in
reaching its decision. The trial court also stated that in making its decision, it did not
consider any factor regarding the propriety or effectiveness of the practices and rules of
the Navajo Nation’s Tribal Court, the best interests of the children, or the stage of the
proceedings at which time the motion to transfer was initially made. The Navajo Nation’s
request for a writ of mandamus followed.
STANDARD OF REVIEW
Mandamus is an extraordinary remedy granted only when the relator can show
that (1) the trial court committed a clear abuse of discretion and (2) no adequate appellate
remedy exists. In re Nationwide Ins. Co. of Am., 494 S.W.3d 708, 712 (Tex. 2016) (orig.
7 proceeding) (citing Walker v. Packer, 827 S.W.2d 833, 839-40 (Tex. 1992) (orig.
proceeding)). An abuse of discretion occurs when a trial court’s ruling is arbitrary and
unreasonable, made without regard for guiding legal principles or supporting evidence.
In re Nationwide Ins. Co. of Am., 494 S.W.3d at 712. Similarly, a trial court abuses its
discretion when it fails to analyze or correctly apply the law. Id. (citing In re Southwestern
Bell Tel. Co., 226 S.W.3d 400, 403 (Tex. 2007) (orig. proceeding)).
The Texas Supreme Court has held that mandamus review is appropriate in child
custody cases where there is a jurisdictional dispute. Geary v. Peavy, 878 S.W.2d 602,
603 (Tex. 1994) (orig. proceeding). Moreover, the Texas Supreme Court has frequently
held that an appeal is inadequate to protect the rights of children and parents in family
law situations. See Yavapai-Apache Tribe v. Mejia, 906 S.W.2d 152, 160 (Tex. App.—
Houston [14th Dist.] 1995, orig. proceeding); Hutchings v. Biery, 723 S.W.2d 347, 350
(Tex. App.—San Antonio 1987, orig. proceeding). “Justice demands a speedy resolution
of child custody and child support issues.” Proffer v. Yates, 734 S.W.2d 671, 673 (Tex.
1987).
THE ICWA
The ICWA provides for a dual jurisdictional scheme. Mississippi Band of Choctaw
Indians v. Holyfield, 490 U.S. 30, 36, 109 S. Ct. 1597, 104 L. Ed. 2d 29 (1989). See §
1911(b). First, the Act attempts to protect the welfare of Indian families by giving exclusive
jurisdiction to tribal courts in any child custody proceeding involving an Indian child who
resides or is domiciled within the tribe’s reservation. Holyfield, 490 U.S. at 36. This
protection is codified in section 1911(a) which states as follows:
8 An Indian tribe shall have jurisdiction exclusive as to any State over any child custody proceeding involving an Indian child who resides or is domiciled within the reservation of such tribe, except where such jurisdiction is otherwise vested in the State by existing Federal law. Where an Indian child is a ward of a tribal court, the Indian tribe shall retain exclusive jurisdiction, notwithstanding the residence or domicile of the child.
§ 1911(a).
Under the ICWA, however, state courts are not completely divested of jurisdiction
over children covered by that Act. Kiowa Tribe of Oklahoma v. Lewis, 777 F.2d 587, 591
n.4 (10th Cir. 1985), cert. denied, 479 U.S. 872, 107 S. Ct. 247, 93 L. Ed. 2d 171 (1986).
Section 1911(b) creates concurrent jurisdiction in the case of children not domiciled on
the reservation with a presumption in favor of tribal court jurisdiction. Holyfield, 490 U.S.
at 36.
Thus, although state courts exercise jurisdiction concurrently with tribal courts with
respect to Indian children who are not domiciled on their tribe’s reservation, a state court
must defer to the tribal court unless: (1) either parent objects; (2) the tribe declines the
transfer; or (3) “good cause” is shown for the retention of state jurisdiction. See § 1911(b).
See also Holyfield, 490 U.S. at 36. If there is no objection by a parent and no refusal by
the tribe to accept jurisdiction, as here, the determination of whether the proceeding
should be transferred turns on the issue of whether “good cause” exists to deny the
transfer. See § 1911(b).
Here, there is no dispute whether these are “child custody proceedings” to which
the ICWA applies. The children are “Indian children” within the meaning of the ICWA,
they do not reside on the reservation, a parent has not opposed the Navajo Nation’s
9 motion to transfer, and the Navajo Nation has agreed to accept jurisdiction. Therefore,
the determinative issue in this appeal is the application of the “good cause” exception,
allowing a trial court to deny the transfer of jurisdiction.
Determining whether good cause exists to retain jurisdiction is a matter within the
trial court’s discretion. Mejia, 906 S.W.2d at 163. A good cause determination is
necessarily made on a case-by-case basis, after consideration of all the facts and
circumstances involved, and the burden of establishing good cause not to transfer
jurisdiction to the tribal court is on the party opposing the transfer. Id. (citations omitted).
The ICWA does not define the term “good cause,” does not establish a procedure
for determining whether good cause exists and does not suggest how a good cause
determination is reviewed on appeal. The legislative history of the ICWA states that the
use of the term “good cause” was designed to provide state courts with flexibility in
determining the disposition of a placement proceeding involving an Indian child. Chester
County Dep’t of Social Servs. v. Coleman, 372 S.E.2d 912, 914 (S.C. Ct. App. 1988)
(citing H.R. Rep. No. 1386, 95th Cong. 2nd Ses. 21, reprinted in 1978 U.S. CODE CONG.
& ADMIN. NEWS 7530, 7544). The primary sources of aid in the interpretation and
application of the ICWA are the interpretive guidelines issued by the Bureau of Indian
Affairs (“BIA”). Although not binding, in that they are interpretive rather than legislative in
form, the interpretations in the BIA Guidelines should be given important significance.
Mejia, 906 S.W.2d at 164 (citations omitted).
The current version of the BIA Guidelines was issued in 2016. U.S. Dep’t of the
Interior, Bureau of Indian Affairs, Guidelines for Implementing the Indian Child Welfare
10 Act (Dec. 2016) (“2016 BIA Guidelines”).8 The 2016 BIA Guidelines do not provide any
examples of what constitutes good cause, but instead, set out a list of prohibited grounds
for finding good cause. 2016 BIA Guidelines § F.5 at 49. See 25 C.F.R. § 23.118 (2019).9
The 2016 BIA Guidelines also explain that the legislative history indicates that this
provision is intended to permit a state court to apply a modified doctrine of forum non
conveniens, in appropriate cases, to insure that the rights of the child as an Indian, the
Indian parents or custodian, and the tribe are fully protected. 2016 BIA Guidelines § F.4
at 48-49. “[T]he ‘good cause’ determination whether to deny transfer to Tribal court
should address which court is best positioned to adjudicate the child-custody proceeding,
not predictions about the outcome of that proceeding.” 2016 BIA Guidelines § F.5 at 49.
(Emphasis added).
8See: https://bia.gov/sites/bia.gov/files/assets/bia/ois/pdf/idc2-056831.pdf (last visited September 10, 2019). 9 25 C.F.R. § 23.118(c) provides as follows:
In determining whether good cause exists, the court must not consider:
(1) whether the foster-care or termination-of-parental-rights proceeding is at an advanced stage if the Indian child’s parent, Indian custodian, or Tribe did not receive notice of the child-custody proceeding until an advanced stage;
(2) whether there have been prior proceedings involving the child for which no petition to transfer was filed;
(3) whether transfer could affect the placement of the child;
(4) the Indian child’s cultural connections with the Tribe or its reservation; or
(5) socioeconomic conditions or any negative perception of Tribal or BIA social services or judicial systems.
11 When the Yavapai-Apache Tribe sought to transfer an Indian child custody
proceeding from Texas to Arizona, the Mejia court applied a modified forum non
conveniens test to determine whether a tribal court was an inconvenient forum under the
ICWA. Mejia, 906 S.W.2d at 165-68.10 The Mejia court determined that “good cause”
existed to deny the motion where all the evidence and witnesses necessary for a custody
determination were in Texas. Id. at 168.
Here, the Department’s evidence at the de novo hearing established that the
mother and children have, at a minimum, lived in Lubbock throughout the proceedings
which had lasted in excess of nineteen months. The removal proceedings occurred in
Lubbock. All service providers for the mother and/or the three children were also in
Lubbock, and all the Department’s caseworkers were in Lubbock and/or the surrounding
area. In addition, if the proceeding were transferred to Arizona, there is no mechanism
for the Department to bear the expense of having service providers attend and any
reimbursement for Department employees would be limited. Thus, as in Mejia, all
material witnesses and evidence necessary for the custody proceedings to go forward
are in Texas.
The Navajo Nation asserts that any witnesses necessary for these proceedings to
continue before the tribal court could attend telephonically if the proceedings were
transferred. However, the burden of participating telephonically would be better borne by
10 “Forum non conveniens” generally applies when “an appropriate forum—even though competent
under the law—may divest itself of jurisdiction if, for the convenience of the litigants and the witnesses, it appears that the action should proceed in another forum in which the action might also have been brought.” Black’s Law Dictionary 680-81 (8th ed. 2004). See also TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE. ANN. § 71.051 (West Supp. 2018). The doctrine is modified so that the state court must also consider and protect the rights of the Indian child and the tribe in its review. Mejia, 906 S.W.2d at 165 (collected cases cited therein).
12 the Navajo Nation as opposed to bringing all witnesses and evidence in Texas to Arizona
or requiring them to participate telephonically. The Navajo Nation’s representative was
involved early in the proceedings, appeared telephonically during hearings, and received
all Texas court filings, documents, and evidence. Further, as the trial court noted, having
material witnesses appear telephonically would make credibility and reliability
determinations difficult, or impossible, for the fact finder. The Navajo Nation also asserts
that it intends to place the children in services and seek to establish a guardianship for
the children. However, per the 2016 BIA Guidelines, the trial court was constrained from
considering whether the transfer could affect the placement of the children. 2016 BIA
Guidelines § F.5 at 49. See 25 C.F.R. § 23.118(c)(3) (2019).
The 2016 BIA Guidelines state that the “good cause” determination whether to
deny transfer to a tribal court should address which court is best positioned to adjudicate
the child-custody proceeding, not predictions about the outcome of the proceeding. 2016
BIA Guidelines at § F.5 at 49. We interpret the trial court’s order to be a finding that under
the circumstances of this case, it was “best positioned” to adjudicate the pending
termination proceeding under the ICWA.11 On this record, we cannot say that the trial
court’s determination was arbitrary and unreasonable, or made without regard for guiding
legal principles or supporting evidence. See Mejia, 906 S.W.2d at 168. See also In re
11 Because we decide this proceeding on the basis of which court is “better positioned” to adjudicate
the underlying case, we find it unnecessary to discuss whether an “undue hardship” test should be applied to make the determination and whether the “advanced stage” of the case also warranted that jurisdiction remain in Texas. See TEX. R. APP. P. 47.1.
13 Children of Shirley T., 199 A.3d 221, 230-31 (Me. 2019).12 Accordingly, we deny the
Navajo Nation’s petition.
CONCLUSION
The Navajo Nation’s petition for writ of mandamus is denied.
Patrick A. Pirtle Justice
12 For example, the Iowa Supreme Court considered the denial of a motion filed by the Oglala Sioux
Tribe in South Dakota to transfer child protection proceedings initiated in Iowa. In the Interest of J.R.H., 358 N.W.2d 311, 317 (Iowa 1984). The court upheld the denial on the ground that “[t]he bulk of the evidence and the majority of the witnesses will come from Iowa.” Id. at 317. Accord People ex rel. T.E.R., 305 P.3d 414, 418-19 (Colo. App. 2013) (involving a transfer from Colorado to Michigan); Tubridy v. Iron Bear, 657 N.E.2d 935, 943 (Ill. 1995) (Illinois to Montana); In re Interest of A.P., 961 P.2d 706, 712-13 (Kan. Ct. App. 1998) (Kansas to South Dakota); In re Interest of Bird Head, 331 N.W.2d 785, 790 (Neb. 1983) (Nebraska to South Dakota); In re C.J., 108 N.E.3d 677, 695 (Ohio Ct. App. 2018) (“Good cause to deny transfer has been found where, as here, almost all the parties and witnesses reside in the county of the state court and have no contact with the tribal court.”); Chester County. Dep’t of Soc. Servs. v. Coleman, 399 S.E.2d 773, 775-77 (S.C. 1990) (South Carolina to South Dakota).