UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT
No. 91-3676
IN RE: MEDSCOPE MARINE LIMITED and H. GLAHR & CO.,
Petitioners.
On Petition for Writ of Mandamus to the United States District Court for the Middle District of Louisiana (August 31, 1992)
Before POLITZ, Chief Judge, WILLIAMS and DUHÉ, Circuit Judges.
POLITZ, Chief Judge:
Medscope Marine Limited and H. Glahr & Company petition for a writ of mandamus asking that we vacate an order of the district
court which remanded this case to state court. Concluding that we
are without jurisdiction we dismiss the petition.
Background
Roberto Geguera died while on the high seas. The plaintiffs-
respondents, Charaito Bautista Geguera and Mamerto Geguera, filed
wrongful death claims in Louisiana state court, invoking the Jones Act,1 the Death on the High Seas Act (DOHSA),2 and general maritime
law. Medscope and Glahr removed the case, asserting that Mamerto
Geguera had a separate and independent claim under DOHSA which
would be removable if sued upon alone. The plaintiffs timely
sought remand, contending that there was no removal jurisdiction
over DOHSA claims. The district court granted the motion to remand
on that basis and denied a subsequent motion for an interlocutory
appeal certification under 28 U.S.C. § 1292(b). The instant
application for writ of mandamus followed.
Analysis
Before us is an order of remand based on a timely motion under
28 U.S.C. § 1447(c) asserting a defect in removal procedure other
than lack of subject matter jurisdiction. Our threshold
consideration is whether we have jurisdiction to entertain this
application for a writ of mandamus.
In prior decisions we have determined that we have
jurisdiction to review remand orders based upon untimely remand
motions, finding that to be a rare exception to the general rule of
nonreviewability.3 In those cases we suggested in dicta4 that a
1 46 U.S.C. App. § 688.
2 46 U.S.C. App. §§ 761-767.
3 McDermott Int'l v. Lloyd's Underwriters of London, 944 F.2d 1199 (5th Cir. 1991); In re Shell Oil Co., 932 F.2d 1518 (5th Cir. 1991); In re Shell Oil Co., 932 F.2d 1523 (5th Cir. 1991); Baris v. Sulpicio Lines, Inc., 932 F.2d 1540 (5th Cir. 1991); In re Digicon Marine, Inc., 966 F.2d 158 (5th Cir. 1992).
2 remand order based upon a timely remand motion would be
nonreviewable because of the prohibition contained in section
1447(d) which provides that:
An order remanding a case to the State court from which it was removed is not reviewable on appeal or otherwise, . . .5
In Thermtron Products, Inc. v. Hermansdorfer6 the Supreme
Court limited the broad nonreviewability language of
section 1447(d) to remand orders based on section 1447(c).
Pre-1988 section 1447(c) provided, in relevant part, that:
If at any time before final judgment it appears that the case was removed improvidently and without jurisdiction, the district court shall remand the case. . . .
In London v. United States Fire Ins. Co.7 we held that either
"improvident removal" or "lack of [subject matter] jurisdiction" is
a proper, independent basis for remand under section 1447(c). As
amended in 19888 section 1447(c) provides, in relevant part, that:
4 McDermott Int'l, 944 F.2d at 1201 n.1; In re Shell Oil Co., 932 F.2d at 1520 n.5; In re Shell Oil Co., 932 F.2d at 1527; Baris, 932 F.2d at 1543; In re Digicon Marine, Inc., 966 F.2d at 160 n.1.
5 Added by May 24, 1949, ch. 139, § 84, 63 Stat. 102. Section 1447(d) has not been amended since.
6 423 U.S. 336, 96 S.Ct. 584, 46 L.Ed.2d 542 (1976).
7 531 F.2d 257 (5th Cir. 1976).
8 P.L. 100-702, Title X, § 1016(c), 102 Stat. 4670.
3 A motion to remand the case on the basis of any defect in removal procedure must be made within 30 days after the filing of the notice of removal under section 1446(a). If at any time before final judgment it appears that the district court lacks subject matter jurisdiction, the case shall be remanded. . . .
The resolution of the jurisdictional question in the instant case
turns on the congressional intent in the 1988 amendment to
section 1447(c).
The second sentence of section 1447(c) commands the remand
upon discovery of lack of subject matter jurisdiction, reflecting
the established rubric that a federal court has the continuing
obligation to assure itself of its power to act in a proceeding
before it, whether the issue is raised by the parties or by the
court on its own motion.9
The first sentence of section 1447(c), however, requires a
more considered reflection. Aided by the limited legislative
history of the 1988 amendment to section 1447(c),10 we conclude that
the intent of Congress was to impose a 30-day time limit for a
remand motion based upon "any defect in removal procedure." The
relevant legislative history informs that:
Section 1447(c) now appears to require remand to state court if at any time before final judgment it appears that the removal was improvident. So long as the defect in removal procedure does not involve lack of federal subject matter jurisdiction, there is no reason why either State or Federal courts, or the parties should
9 Save The Bay, Inc. v. United States Army, 639 F.2d 1100 (5th Cir. 1980).
10 H.R. Rep. No. 889, 100th Cong., 2d Sess. 1988, reprinted in 1988 USCC&AN 5982, 6031-6034.
4 be subject to the burdens of shuttling a case between two courts that each have subject matter jurisdiction. There is also some risk that a party who is aware of a defect in removal procedure may hold the defect in reserve as a means of forum shopping if the litigation should take an unfavorable turn. The amendment provides a period of 30 days within which remand must be sought on any ground other than the lack of subject matter jurisdiction. The amendment is written in terms of "removal procedure" in order to avoid any implication that remand is unavailable after disposition of all federal questions leaves only State law questions that might be decided as a matter of ancillary or pendent jurisdiction or that might instead be remanded.11
Thus informed, we are persuaded that section 1447(c) is a mere
reconstitution of the existing statute and jurisprudence, with the
addition of a strict time limitation on the privilege of filing
remand motions. The legislative history addressed several core
concerns relating to an unbridled right to seek a remand: (1) a
party's right to seek remand at any time before final judgment on
any ground other than the lack of subject matter jurisdiction;
(2) the burden on state and federal courts; (3) the burden on the
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UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT
No. 91-3676
IN RE: MEDSCOPE MARINE LIMITED and H. GLAHR & CO.,
Petitioners.
On Petition for Writ of Mandamus to the United States District Court for the Middle District of Louisiana (August 31, 1992)
Before POLITZ, Chief Judge, WILLIAMS and DUHÉ, Circuit Judges.
POLITZ, Chief Judge:
Medscope Marine Limited and H. Glahr & Company petition for a writ of mandamus asking that we vacate an order of the district
court which remanded this case to state court. Concluding that we
are without jurisdiction we dismiss the petition.
Background
Roberto Geguera died while on the high seas. The plaintiffs-
respondents, Charaito Bautista Geguera and Mamerto Geguera, filed
wrongful death claims in Louisiana state court, invoking the Jones Act,1 the Death on the High Seas Act (DOHSA),2 and general maritime
law. Medscope and Glahr removed the case, asserting that Mamerto
Geguera had a separate and independent claim under DOHSA which
would be removable if sued upon alone. The plaintiffs timely
sought remand, contending that there was no removal jurisdiction
over DOHSA claims. The district court granted the motion to remand
on that basis and denied a subsequent motion for an interlocutory
appeal certification under 28 U.S.C. § 1292(b). The instant
application for writ of mandamus followed.
Analysis
Before us is an order of remand based on a timely motion under
28 U.S.C. § 1447(c) asserting a defect in removal procedure other
than lack of subject matter jurisdiction. Our threshold
consideration is whether we have jurisdiction to entertain this
application for a writ of mandamus.
In prior decisions we have determined that we have
jurisdiction to review remand orders based upon untimely remand
motions, finding that to be a rare exception to the general rule of
nonreviewability.3 In those cases we suggested in dicta4 that a
1 46 U.S.C. App. § 688.
2 46 U.S.C. App. §§ 761-767.
3 McDermott Int'l v. Lloyd's Underwriters of London, 944 F.2d 1199 (5th Cir. 1991); In re Shell Oil Co., 932 F.2d 1518 (5th Cir. 1991); In re Shell Oil Co., 932 F.2d 1523 (5th Cir. 1991); Baris v. Sulpicio Lines, Inc., 932 F.2d 1540 (5th Cir. 1991); In re Digicon Marine, Inc., 966 F.2d 158 (5th Cir. 1992).
2 remand order based upon a timely remand motion would be
nonreviewable because of the prohibition contained in section
1447(d) which provides that:
An order remanding a case to the State court from which it was removed is not reviewable on appeal or otherwise, . . .5
In Thermtron Products, Inc. v. Hermansdorfer6 the Supreme
Court limited the broad nonreviewability language of
section 1447(d) to remand orders based on section 1447(c).
Pre-1988 section 1447(c) provided, in relevant part, that:
If at any time before final judgment it appears that the case was removed improvidently and without jurisdiction, the district court shall remand the case. . . .
In London v. United States Fire Ins. Co.7 we held that either
"improvident removal" or "lack of [subject matter] jurisdiction" is
a proper, independent basis for remand under section 1447(c). As
amended in 19888 section 1447(c) provides, in relevant part, that:
4 McDermott Int'l, 944 F.2d at 1201 n.1; In re Shell Oil Co., 932 F.2d at 1520 n.5; In re Shell Oil Co., 932 F.2d at 1527; Baris, 932 F.2d at 1543; In re Digicon Marine, Inc., 966 F.2d at 160 n.1.
5 Added by May 24, 1949, ch. 139, § 84, 63 Stat. 102. Section 1447(d) has not been amended since.
6 423 U.S. 336, 96 S.Ct. 584, 46 L.Ed.2d 542 (1976).
7 531 F.2d 257 (5th Cir. 1976).
8 P.L. 100-702, Title X, § 1016(c), 102 Stat. 4670.
3 A motion to remand the case on the basis of any defect in removal procedure must be made within 30 days after the filing of the notice of removal under section 1446(a). If at any time before final judgment it appears that the district court lacks subject matter jurisdiction, the case shall be remanded. . . .
The resolution of the jurisdictional question in the instant case
turns on the congressional intent in the 1988 amendment to
section 1447(c).
The second sentence of section 1447(c) commands the remand
upon discovery of lack of subject matter jurisdiction, reflecting
the established rubric that a federal court has the continuing
obligation to assure itself of its power to act in a proceeding
before it, whether the issue is raised by the parties or by the
court on its own motion.9
The first sentence of section 1447(c), however, requires a
more considered reflection. Aided by the limited legislative
history of the 1988 amendment to section 1447(c),10 we conclude that
the intent of Congress was to impose a 30-day time limit for a
remand motion based upon "any defect in removal procedure." The
relevant legislative history informs that:
Section 1447(c) now appears to require remand to state court if at any time before final judgment it appears that the removal was improvident. So long as the defect in removal procedure does not involve lack of federal subject matter jurisdiction, there is no reason why either State or Federal courts, or the parties should
9 Save The Bay, Inc. v. United States Army, 639 F.2d 1100 (5th Cir. 1980).
10 H.R. Rep. No. 889, 100th Cong., 2d Sess. 1988, reprinted in 1988 USCC&AN 5982, 6031-6034.
4 be subject to the burdens of shuttling a case between two courts that each have subject matter jurisdiction. There is also some risk that a party who is aware of a defect in removal procedure may hold the defect in reserve as a means of forum shopping if the litigation should take an unfavorable turn. The amendment provides a period of 30 days within which remand must be sought on any ground other than the lack of subject matter jurisdiction. The amendment is written in terms of "removal procedure" in order to avoid any implication that remand is unavailable after disposition of all federal questions leaves only State law questions that might be decided as a matter of ancillary or pendent jurisdiction or that might instead be remanded.11
Thus informed, we are persuaded that section 1447(c) is a mere
reconstitution of the existing statute and jurisprudence, with the
addition of a strict time limitation on the privilege of filing
remand motions. The legislative history addressed several core
concerns relating to an unbridled right to seek a remand: (1) a
party's right to seek remand at any time before final judgment on
any ground other than the lack of subject matter jurisdiction;
(2) the burden on state and federal courts; (3) the burden on the
parties; and (4) the potential sandbagging should the federal
litigation take an unfavorable turn. All of these concerns are
ameliorated by the imposition of a 30-day time limit for the filing
of the remand motions. Thus, brief that it is, the legislative
history of section 1447(c) convinces us that the "removed
improvidently" language of pre-1988 section 1447(c) was replaced,
without intent to change the meaning, with the "defect in removal
procedure" in the current section 1447(c).
Having thus concluded that section 1447(c) is a specific,
11 Id. at 6033.
5 time-limited reconstitution of the earlier statute, in light of
intervening jurisprudence, we may now address the jurisdictional
question, guided by controlling Supreme Court precedent. The
Thermtron court held that section 1447(d)
prohibits review of all remand orders issued pursuant to § 1447(c) whether erroneous or not and whether review is sought by appeal or by extraordinary writ . . . If a trial judge purports to remand a case on the grounds that it was removed 'improvidently and without jurisdiction,' his order is "unreviewable."12
We have consistently followed Thermtron's teachings. The cases
cited in footnotes 3 and 4, supra, involved orders of remand based
upon untimely motions to remand for a defect in removal procedure.
Because such a remand order is not a section 1447(c) remand, review
was not precluded by section 1447(d) or Thermtron.
In the instant case, the district court remanded because a
DOHSA case may not be removed to federal court. State and federal
courts have concurrent original jurisdiction over DOHSA cases;13
thus, the case before us could not be remanded for lack of subject
matter jurisdiction. If DOHSA cases are not removable, then
removal of a DOHSA case necessarily constitutes a defect in the
manner by which the DOHSA case was brought before the federal
court. This would be a defect in the removal procedure,14 waived
12 Thermtron, 423 U.S. at 343, 96 S.Ct. at 589, 46 L.Ed.2d at 549 (emphasis ours).
13 Offshore Logistics, Inc. v. Tallentire, 477 U.S. 207, 106 S.Ct. 2485, 91 L.Ed.2d 174 (1986).
14 Baris, 932 F.2d at 1343.
6 absent a timely motion to remand. On the other hand, if DOHSA
cases are removable, then the remand order premised upon a defect
in removal procedure, although erroneous, would not be reviewable
under Thermtron.15 We have pretermitted the question of DOHSA-case
removability on a number of prior occasions.16 Because of the
Thermtron teaching that a section 1447(c) remand order is
nonreviewable, "whether erroneous or not," we are not now required
to solve the DOHSA removability conundrum.17
We conclude that we are without jurisdiction to entertain the
instant application for writ of mandamus to vacate an order of
remand based upon a timely section 1447(c) motion raising a defect
in the removal procedure.
DISMISSED FOR LACK OF APPELLATE JURISDICTION.
15 Thermtron, supra.
16 Baris, 932 F.2d at 1543 n.3.
17 See Filho v. Pozos Int'l Drilling Services, Inc., 662 F.Supp. 94 (S.D.Tex. 1987) (for a persuasive, well-reasoned, and scholarly opinion concluding that DOHSA cases are nonremovable).