In re May

16 F. Cas. 1208, 17 Nat. Bank. Reg. 192, 1878 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 222

Opinion

LOWELL, District Judge.

I have been asked to revise the decision given in Re Hol-brook [Case No. 6,5SS]. The argument has been ably presented, but the law is too well settled to be changed. Our statute has borrowed and put into the act itself the practice of the courts of bankruptcy, by which a creditor having security upon the bankrupt's estate is to give credit for its value before proving his debt. There was no such general rule in equity in England, and in settling the estates of insolvents deceased, or in winding up insolvent corporations, or limited companies as they are called in England, a secured creditor could prove for his whole debt and retain his security besides, until he received full payment. By a late statute the proceedings in winding up cases are put on the footing of bankruptcy in this respect. In this country the rule in bankruptcy has been adopted in some of the states, and in others rejected, when no statute governed the point. But whenever there has been a statute upon the subject, it has followed the practice in bankruptcy, so far as I am informed.

The insolvent law of Massachusetts contained a provision very much like that in our present statute, and, under it, the courts held that where two or more persons had given their joint and several promissory notes, and all, or even one of them had given security for its payment, the value must be deducted, before proof was made against either. Richardson v. Wyman, 4 Gray, 553; Lanckton v. Wolcott, 6 Metc. [Mass.] 305, as explainea in Bank v. Bodman, 11 Gray, 134, in which the decision was that a creditor may prove in full against a corporation, although he holds security on the property of a shareholder. It is not too much to say that Lanckton v. Wolcott, even as explained, has not met with approval. The general rule, both here and in England, is that the security which is to be valued and accounted for is that of the bankrupt against whose estate the proof is offered. Take the case of a surety pledging his own property for the debt of the principal; if this is to be applied. before proof is . made against the estate of the principal, the debt is cut in two and the surety proves for what he has paid or what his property has paid, while the creditor can only prove for what is left unpaid. This is unjust, both to the creditor and the surety, though the gain to the bankrupt’s estate would be nothing. The equity rests on the sole ground that the secured creditor has something in his hands which the general creditors would have had but for the mortgage or pledge to him. Without this, they have no interest in the property, and no right to diminish his proof. This is admitted in the later cases in Massachusetts, as well as in all the cases decided under the bankrupt act [of 1867 (14 Stat 517)]. Ex parte Cram [Case No. 3,343]; In re Dunkerson [Id. 4,157]; In re Anderson [Id. 350]; Ex parte Parr, 1 Rose, 76; Ex parte Hedderly, 2 Mont D. & D. 487; Ex parte Jones, 2 De Gex, F. & J. 554; Ex parte Turney, 3 Mont D. & D. 576; Ex parte English & American Bank, 4 Ch. App. 49; Ex parte Peacock, 2 Glyn & J. 27; Ex parte Bowden, 1 Deac. & C. 135; Ex parte Manchester & Liverpool Dist. Banking Co., L. R. 18 Eq. 249, 3 Ch. Div. 481; Rolfe v. Flower, L. R. 1 P. C. 27; Ex parte Connell, 3 Deac. 201; Re Chaffey, 30 U. C. Q. B. 64. But this is now changed by statute in Canada. Clarke, Insolv. 1875, p. 255. Partners and their estates come under the rule for the reason that in bankruptcy the estates are settled separately; the joint creditors are to have the joint assets, and vice versa; and although there is no contribution between joint and separate estates, unless there should be a surplus of one or the other, yet when the property of one is pledged for the debt of the other, a court of equity will apply the right of sub-rogation precisely as it would if the contracting parties were not partners, and thus do justice to the different sets of creditors. Many of the cases above cited are cases of partners.

It is true, as was argued, that there is nothing on the face of this note to prove that John J. May was the surety, and the firm the principals; but evidence is always admissible between principal and surety to show what their equitable rights towards each other are. Indeed, it would be admissible against the creditor, if he was aware of the fact; so, of course, with the other fact that the land was the separate property of John J. May, the surety. It was argued that there was something to be found in the examination of one of the bankrupts, tending to show that this land should be treated as firm property by virtue of some sort of estoppel. It was not said to have been bought with the money or used in the business of the firm in fact, or to have been dedicated to the firm in any way, but to have been held out as part of the resources of the firm. It strikes me as improbable that such an estoppel could be made out in any case. If it is so, the assignees must look to it, and have the property distributed to the joint creditors. On this certificate I have no right to look at the evidence, but must take the fact to be that it was the separate property of one partner. It follows, that the creditor may prove, and indeed is bound to prove at the request of the separate creditors, his whole debt without deduction, against the joint assets; but only the deficiency, after disposing of the security, against the separate assets of J. J. May. Proof to stand, in full, against the estate of the firm-