Canty, J.
This is an appeal from an order denying an application to remove the assignee of an insolvent corporation. The corporation is Mast, Buford & Burwell Company. It was organized under the laws of this state, its principal office was in St. Paul, and [317]*317it was engaged in the business of buying, selling, and handling, on commission, agricultural implements.
P. P. Mast, of Springfield, Ohio, was, since 1885 or 1886, its president, and, at the time of the assignment, owned $30,000 of its stock, out of a total of $55,000 issued.
J. H. Burwell was the vice president, treasurer, and general manager of the corporation from 1884 until two or three weeks before the time of the assignment, and during that time, according to the record, embezzled over $60,000 of the funds of the corporation. During this time the concern kept running in debt, until, at the time of the assignment, it owed P. P. Mast & Co. over $111,000, and Mast, Foos & Co. $7,000. These were both! Ohio corporations, of which P. P. Mast was president and one of the principal stockholders. It also owed various banks and other concerns large amounts, on $70,-000 of which P. P. Mast was indorser. In August, 1893, Mast sent an agent, one Kirkpatrick, to St. Paul, to investigate the affairs of-the concern. He arrived on August 14th. Mast followed him, and arrived August 20th. As a result of the investigation, the defalcations of Burwell were discovered, which he acknowledged on August 23d, and on August 26th resigned his position as treasurer and general manager, and one Hurd was elected in his stead. The assignment for the benefit of creditors was made on September 18, 1893, to Victor Robertson, who had been in the employ of the insolvent corporation since January 1, 1892, as “credit man,” and since April 1, 1892, had general charge of the books of the concern, the work being done by bookkeepers under his supervision. After the arrival of Kirkpatrick, and before the assignment, about $30,000 of commercial paper held by the corporation was turned, over to or taken by Mast to secure or indemnify him on his said indorsements, and at least a part of it was turned over by him to the concerns holding this indorsed paper. In May previous, Mast had also received $10,000 more of this paper to secure him on his said indorsements, and had disposed of it in the same way.
Robertson had been receiving from the insolvent corporation a salary of $3,000 a year, and, at the time of the assignment to him, P. P. Mast, as president of the P. P. Mast Company, made a written agreement guarantying Robertson, for his services for one year as [318]*318assignee, the sum of $3,000, and Robertson accepted tbe trust and entered on bis duties.
Seven creditors of tbe insolvent, being four banks, two manufacturers, and P. P. Mast, beld severally a large amount, in tbe aggregate, of “dealers’ paper,” being notes given to the insolvent by its customers, and either discounted by tbe insolvent to these creditors or delivered to them as collateral security for tbe notes of tbe insolvent to tbe creditor. Much of tbis “dealers’ paper” was also secured by other collateral, being tbe notes and mortgages of tbe farmers to tbe dealers, who delivered tbis secondary collateral to tbe insolvent, as collateral security for tbe dealers’ notes to tbe insolvent. But while tbe dealers’ notes were so delivered- to these seven creditors, the secondary collateral was retained by tbe insolvent, and it bad in its hands, at tbe time of tbe assignment, $64,951 of tbis secondary collateral, securing such dealers’ notes, which notes bad been so delivered to these creditors. In many instances, tbe insolvent bad received several notes of tbe same dealer, all secured by a lump quantity of tbis secondary collateral, and delivered one of these notes to one, and another to another, of these seven creditors, retaining tbe secondary collateral itself. It seems that there was $39,906 of tbis secondary collateral in tbis condition, and much confusion and many complications presented themselves to these creditors in attempting to take and divide among themselves, or collect, tbis secondary collateral. Thereupon, on October 3, 1893, tbe agreement, Exhibit I, was made by and between these seven creditors and Victor Robertson, in bis individual capacity, providing that they should deposit with him tbe primary collateral, and notes secured by it, and that be should bold and collect all of tbe same, and also tbis $39,906 of secondary collateral, and pay all of tbe proceeds to tbe seven creditors, according to their several interests; that, in case of disputes, they shall adjust tbe same among themselves, or submit them to Robertson for decision, and, if no adjustment could be made, to withdraw tbe items in controversy from tbe operation of tbe agreement.
It was also provided that Robertson should receive two per cent, on each collection, and also bis necessary disbursements. Robertson entered upon tbe performance of tbis trust, and, at tbe time of tbe application to remove him, bad so collected $7,000, which be still beld. [319]*319The application to remove him was made by a minority in number and amount of the creditors, and was made and opposed on affidavits showing the foregoing and other facts, and no objection was made to its being heard on affidavits. The court denied the application, and the petitioning creditors appeal.
In answer to the charges made by the parties on each side of this controversy, it may be stated that the hand of Burwell is quite visible in the proceedings for the removal of this assignee, and the hand of Mast is quite visible on the other side, and most of the larger creditors seem to have ranged themselves as partisans of either Mast or Burwell. It is charged by the creditors petitioning for removal that Mast gave, as aforesaid, to the creditors holding his indorsements, just before the assignment, a large amount of collateral, which gave them and him an unlawful preference, and that they are opposing this application because an assignee not appointed in their interest might compel them to disgorge. On the other hand, it is charged by the friends of the assignee that the larger of these petitioning creditors are the friends of Burwell, who, just before the assignment, gave them information of the existence, location, and description of considerable property of the insolvent in other states, which enabled them to attach it, and that they are now striving to give Burwell, either directly or indirectly, the control and management of the assigned estate. It seems to us that the court would make a very serious mistake in lending itself to Burwell’s schemes, or in placing this estate in the hands of any one who could be at all influenced or used by the man who seems to have done so much to wreck it. But that is no reason why the present assignee should be retained, if he is also under improper influence; but the court should try to find an assignee who will do his whole duty, and perform his trust impartially.
We are of the opinion that the court below erred in denying this application to remove the assignee. The court below seems to have assumed that the honesty, respectability, and business standing of the assignee and his legal adviser are a complete defense to this proceeding. Where the rights of others are involved, there are many positions in which an honest man might be placed in which he is not competent to act.
[320]*320The following are the principal reasons which, in our opinion, conspire together and show conclusively that the assignee is not a proper person to manage this estate:
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Canty, J.
This is an appeal from an order denying an application to remove the assignee of an insolvent corporation. The corporation is Mast, Buford & Burwell Company. It was organized under the laws of this state, its principal office was in St. Paul, and [317]*317it was engaged in the business of buying, selling, and handling, on commission, agricultural implements.
P. P. Mast, of Springfield, Ohio, was, since 1885 or 1886, its president, and, at the time of the assignment, owned $30,000 of its stock, out of a total of $55,000 issued.
J. H. Burwell was the vice president, treasurer, and general manager of the corporation from 1884 until two or three weeks before the time of the assignment, and during that time, according to the record, embezzled over $60,000 of the funds of the corporation. During this time the concern kept running in debt, until, at the time of the assignment, it owed P. P. Mast & Co. over $111,000, and Mast, Foos & Co. $7,000. These were both! Ohio corporations, of which P. P. Mast was president and one of the principal stockholders. It also owed various banks and other concerns large amounts, on $70,-000 of which P. P. Mast was indorser. In August, 1893, Mast sent an agent, one Kirkpatrick, to St. Paul, to investigate the affairs of-the concern. He arrived on August 14th. Mast followed him, and arrived August 20th. As a result of the investigation, the defalcations of Burwell were discovered, which he acknowledged on August 23d, and on August 26th resigned his position as treasurer and general manager, and one Hurd was elected in his stead. The assignment for the benefit of creditors was made on September 18, 1893, to Victor Robertson, who had been in the employ of the insolvent corporation since January 1, 1892, as “credit man,” and since April 1, 1892, had general charge of the books of the concern, the work being done by bookkeepers under his supervision. After the arrival of Kirkpatrick, and before the assignment, about $30,000 of commercial paper held by the corporation was turned, over to or taken by Mast to secure or indemnify him on his said indorsements, and at least a part of it was turned over by him to the concerns holding this indorsed paper. In May previous, Mast had also received $10,000 more of this paper to secure him on his said indorsements, and had disposed of it in the same way.
Robertson had been receiving from the insolvent corporation a salary of $3,000 a year, and, at the time of the assignment to him, P. P. Mast, as president of the P. P. Mast Company, made a written agreement guarantying Robertson, for his services for one year as [318]*318assignee, the sum of $3,000, and Robertson accepted tbe trust and entered on bis duties.
Seven creditors of tbe insolvent, being four banks, two manufacturers, and P. P. Mast, beld severally a large amount, in tbe aggregate, of “dealers’ paper,” being notes given to the insolvent by its customers, and either discounted by tbe insolvent to these creditors or delivered to them as collateral security for tbe notes of tbe insolvent to tbe creditor. Much of tbis “dealers’ paper” was also secured by other collateral, being tbe notes and mortgages of tbe farmers to tbe dealers, who delivered tbis secondary collateral to tbe insolvent, as collateral security for tbe dealers’ notes to tbe insolvent. But while tbe dealers’ notes were so delivered- to these seven creditors, the secondary collateral was retained by tbe insolvent, and it bad in its hands, at tbe time of tbe assignment, $64,951 of tbis secondary collateral, securing such dealers’ notes, which notes bad been so delivered to these creditors. In many instances, tbe insolvent bad received several notes of tbe same dealer, all secured by a lump quantity of tbis secondary collateral, and delivered one of these notes to one, and another to another, of these seven creditors, retaining tbe secondary collateral itself. It seems that there was $39,906 of tbis secondary collateral in tbis condition, and much confusion and many complications presented themselves to these creditors in attempting to take and divide among themselves, or collect, tbis secondary collateral. Thereupon, on October 3, 1893, tbe agreement, Exhibit I, was made by and between these seven creditors and Victor Robertson, in bis individual capacity, providing that they should deposit with him tbe primary collateral, and notes secured by it, and that be should bold and collect all of tbe same, and also tbis $39,906 of secondary collateral, and pay all of tbe proceeds to tbe seven creditors, according to their several interests; that, in case of disputes, they shall adjust tbe same among themselves, or submit them to Robertson for decision, and, if no adjustment could be made, to withdraw tbe items in controversy from tbe operation of tbe agreement.
It was also provided that Robertson should receive two per cent, on each collection, and also bis necessary disbursements. Robertson entered upon tbe performance of tbis trust, and, at tbe time of tbe application to remove him, bad so collected $7,000, which be still beld. [319]*319The application to remove him was made by a minority in number and amount of the creditors, and was made and opposed on affidavits showing the foregoing and other facts, and no objection was made to its being heard on affidavits. The court denied the application, and the petitioning creditors appeal.
In answer to the charges made by the parties on each side of this controversy, it may be stated that the hand of Burwell is quite visible in the proceedings for the removal of this assignee, and the hand of Mast is quite visible on the other side, and most of the larger creditors seem to have ranged themselves as partisans of either Mast or Burwell. It is charged by the creditors petitioning for removal that Mast gave, as aforesaid, to the creditors holding his indorsements, just before the assignment, a large amount of collateral, which gave them and him an unlawful preference, and that they are opposing this application because an assignee not appointed in their interest might compel them to disgorge. On the other hand, it is charged by the friends of the assignee that the larger of these petitioning creditors are the friends of Burwell, who, just before the assignment, gave them information of the existence, location, and description of considerable property of the insolvent in other states, which enabled them to attach it, and that they are now striving to give Burwell, either directly or indirectly, the control and management of the assigned estate. It seems to us that the court would make a very serious mistake in lending itself to Burwell’s schemes, or in placing this estate in the hands of any one who could be at all influenced or used by the man who seems to have done so much to wreck it. But that is no reason why the present assignee should be retained, if he is also under improper influence; but the court should try to find an assignee who will do his whole duty, and perform his trust impartially.
We are of the opinion that the court below erred in denying this application to remove the assignee. The court below seems to have assumed that the honesty, respectability, and business standing of the assignee and his legal adviser are a complete defense to this proceeding. Where the rights of others are involved, there are many positions in which an honest man might be placed in which he is not competent to act.
[320]*320The following are the principal reasons which, in our opinion, conspire together and show conclusively that the assignee is not a proper person to manage this estate:
(1) He was a trusted and confidential employé of the insolvent in this same business befo're the assignment.
(2) His attorney was the attorney for the insolvent before the assignment.
(3) The president of the insolvent guarantied the amount of the compensation that the assignee should receive.
(4) The assignee accepted the trust created by Exhibit 1.
(5) The president of the insolvent corporation controlled the appointment of an assignee who he must have known would become his adversary in subsequent important litigation. There are other circumstances, but the case will be discussed principally under these main points.
1. The assignee was the “credit man,” and had supervision of the bookkeepers of the insolvent, and it is strongly urged, as a reason why he should be retained, that he is thoroughly familiar with all the details of the insolvent’s business. While this may be a strong reason for his retention, it may be wholly outweighed by other considerations. He states in his affidavit that he took no part in the giving of the preference to Mast, which must, on this appeal, be taken to be true. But it appears, by all the evidence, that he was a much trusted and confidential employé. He seems to have made no objection to the giving of these preferences on the one hand, or the defalcations of Burwell on the other, and must have known of both. Then, if he is honest and faithful, he must necessarily have regarded the officers of this corporation, and not the corporation itself, as his master. A faithful employé is always averse to using, against his old master, confidential communications received by him while in the employ of that master, and to so using secrets not imparted in confidence, but learned incidentally in his connection with the master’s business; and such master would hardly put him in a position where it became his duty so to use such secrets, if such master believed he would regard it as a duty. Neither can such ex-employé be expected to go groping around in the dark to learn adversely what he already knows confidentially. Such attempt to learn by fair adverse means what he already knows would be the mere pretense of a play, and-[321]*321not an act in real life. It is human nature that a person in such a position would be false to his former trust, or false to his present trust.
2. The attorney for the assignee was the attorney for the insolvent before the assignment. He states in his affidavit that, prior to the assignment, “deponent had been in consultation with the secretary of said company with reference to certain claims of creditors who were supposed to be preparing to attack the company through the courts;” that he afterwards advised the calling of a meeting to make the assignment, drew the deed, advised the making of the guaranty by Mast to the assignee, and drew the trust agreement, Exhibit I. Hurd, who succeeded Burwell as manager, in his affidavit states “that deponent was then advised by the attorney of the company that, if it became necessary to make an assignment, it would be first necessary to have a meeting of the board of directors of the company to authorize the same.”
In an affidavit used in rebuttal, Burwell states that this attorney was the attorney and counselor of himself and of the insolvent, and advised and conducted all the legal proceedings and business matters of the company requiring legal advice, excepting the small collections which had to be sued outside of St. Paul, and that upon the arrival of Mast at St. Paul, in August, 1893, he placed in the hands of this attorney, for legal counsel and advice, the business affairs of himself, P. P. Mast & Co., and Mast, Foos & Co., relating to the matter of said Mast, Buford & Burwell Company. The affidavit proceeds :
“Affiant further says that when the deeds to said Mast, from said insolvent, of the real estate in North Dakota and South Dakota, belonging to said insolvent, had been drawn, that he, said affiant, consulted with said attorney as to whether he, said affiant, as the vice president of said insolvent,'should execute the said deeds, and that he was told by said attorney that he, said attorney, did not see how, under the circumstances, he, said affiant, could do otherwise than sign and execute the deeds, and that thereafter, and upon such advice, said affiant did sign and execute said deeds; that all of said deeds to said Mast of said property, including said deed of the property in Grand Forks, in the state of North Dakota, were executed in the office of said attorney, and the acknowledgments thereof taken [322]*322before a notary public employed in said office, as by a certified copy of said deed to said Grand Forks property, hereto attached, and marked ‘Exhibit A,’ will more fully appear.”
In answer to this the attorney makes an affidavit as follows: “That while engaged in the practice of law in St. Paul, during the past ten years, he has been frequently employed by J. H. Burwell and Mast, Buford & Burwell Co., although he has never been retained generally, either by said Burwell or said company; that he was consulted by said company as to certain specific questions during the summer of 1893, and while said Burwell was its general manager, but was never informed as to the condition of the business in general, until about the time that said Burwell resigned as general manager; that on the arrival of P. P. Mast in St. Paul, and about August 21, 1893, said Mast and his attorney, C. C. Kirkpatrick, had a conversation with deponent, as attorney for said Mast, Buford & Burwell Co.; that deponent never saw said Mast again until the day the assignment was made; that deponent has acted solely as attorney for said Mast, Buford and Burwell Company, and for its assignee, and not as attorney for said Mast, or P. P. Mast & Co., or Mast, Foos & Co.; that the deeds referred to in said Burwell’s affidavit were not drawn in deponent’s office, but that said Burwell did ask deponent if he could execute them as vice president, and whether he should execute them, and that deponent did inform said Burwell that he could execute such deeds, and that, if he was requested to execute the same by the others in authority, deponent did not see how he could refuse; that said deeds were brought to deponent’s office by said Burwell and Kirkpatrick, but that deponent was not then consulted in regard thereto, but, as deponent is informed, they were executed there.”
While we believe this attorney to be an honorable man, yet it seems to us that, under the circumstances, the assignee should not have employed him, and he should not have consented to act for the assignee.
3. While the agreement guarantying the compensation of the assignee might be sufficiently explained if it stood alone, it does not stand alone, but must be considered with too many other things which require explanation.
i. When Exhibit I was made, Robertson reserved no right to retain the proceeds of the paper claimed to have been delivered to Mast [323]*323as an illegal preference. On the contrary, by his agreement, he turned over to himself, as trustee, this secondary collateral or farmers' paper in his hands as assignee, and bound himself, as such trustee, to deliver a part of the proceeds thereof to parties who are beyond the jurisdiction of the courts of this state.
In a communication to one of these seven creditors, just after the assignment, he states: “There is general security, to various groups of dealers’ notes in the shape of farmers’ paper, aggregating $64,956. * * * This farmers’ paper, as collateral to the dealers’ notes, is in my hands as assignee, and it is proper that the security should follow the notes which passed out of the possession of Mast, Buford & Bur-well Co. prior to the assignment. Some of this paper is in the hands of banks and attorneys in the country for collection and remittance to Mast, Buford & Burwell Co. at St. Paul. Some of the paper is in my possession.”
It does not seem to have occurred to the assignee that it might be an advantage to the insolvent estate to retain in his hands, as assignee, at least the part of this farmers’ paper claimed by these nonresidents, as a step towards setting aside the preference to Mast, and not embarrass himself by agreeing with these creditors to hold it as trustee for them.
5. In conclusion, we will say that Mast was the owner of a majority of this stock, and it is fair to presume that he chose an assignee of his own selection. He had just taken, for his indemnity, over $30,-000 of securities, which appears to be an illegal preference. He had just discovered the defalcations of Burwell, for which he may be liable for neglect of his duty for six or eight years as president. However honest he may be, he is human, and the temptation to appoint an assignee whom he believed he could control was very great. For this reason alone, his acts and those of the assignee should be carefully scrutinized. But there are added to this too many other acts and circumstances which have to be carefully scrutinized. An attempt has been made to explain all of these matters, and many of the explanations must be taken by an appellate court to be sufficient. But, from the accumulation of circumstances, matters may reach a point where explanations cease to explain. As a question of law, we are of the opinion that it is not consistent with sound policy to permit an assignee to retain his trust, who is apparently tied up [324]*324to, and involved with, adverse interests as much as this assignee appears to be. In the discharge of his duty as assignee he should be free from such influence. He should be ever on the alert to perform his duty, and should know no other duty. That this assignee is a man of honesty and integrity is not disputed; but he might have to be a man of the greatest firmness and most heroic moral courage to be able to do his whole duty under the circumstances of this case.
The order appealed from should be reversed. So ordered.
Buck and Collins, JJ., absent.
(Opinion published 59 N. W. 1044.)