No. 1-10-0730
SECOND DIVISION NOVEMBER 16, 2010
In re MARRIAGE OF ANASTASIA VAILAS, ) Appeal from the ) Circuit Court of Petitioner-Appellee, ) Cook County ) v. ) No. 09 D 230316 ) GEORGE N. VAILAS, ) Honorable ) Jeanne Reynolds, Respondent-Appellant. ) Judge Presiding.
OPINION
JUSTICE CONNORS delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion.
Presiding Justice Cunningham and Justice Karnezis concur in the judgment and opinion.
This appeal arises out of petitioner Anastasia Vailas' petition in the circuit court of Cook
County to modify a child support order that was issued by a Texas court following petitioner's
divorce from respondent George N. Vailas. Respondent moved to dismiss the petition for lack
of jurisdiction under the Uniform Interstate Family Support Act (750 ILCS 22/101 et seq. (West
2008)). The trial court found that it had jurisdiction and denied respondent's motion. For the
reasons that follow, we reverse and remand with directions.
BACKGROUND
The parties married in Illinois in 1986, and their son was born here about 10 years later.
The parties left Illinois and moved to Brazoria County, Texas, where they divorced in 2007. As
part of the divorce decree, the Texas court included a child support order that obliged respondent
1 No. 1-10-0730
to pay $1,200 per month to petitioner for the care of their minor son. Petitioner returned to
Illinois and took up residence here with the parties' son, while respondent remained in Texas.
On June 3, 2009, petitioner filed a petition in the circuit court to register the Texas court's
final decree of divorce as a foreign judgment. The petition did not state the statutory basis for
the registration, and it did not indicate whether petitioner sought to register the judgment for the
purpose of enforcement or modification. Respondent did not object to the registration, and on
August 24, 2009, petitioner asked the circuit court to enter an order enrolling and registering the
judgment in Illinois. This motion also did not indicate the purpose for which petitioner sought to
register the judgment. Petitioner sent respondent notice of her filings, and respondent did not
object to the enrollment of the judgment in Illinois.
Two months later, on October 19, 2009, petitioner filed the petition to modify the child
support order that is at issue in this appeal. Petitioner alleged in her petition that an increase in
support was necessary because she was unemployed and a full-time student, while respondent
was employed as a successful physician and earned between $1,000 and $2,000 per day.
Petitioner served respondent personally while he was in Illinois visiting the parties' son on
October 19, 2009, which was the same day that she filed her petition.
Two days later, on October 21, 2009, the circuit court entered an order enrolling the final
divorce decree. Based on the record, we are uncertain whether respondent was present in court
on that date. The record does not contain a notice of motion or proof of service, and there is no
appearance by respondent in the record prior to November 13, 2010. Petitioner claims in her
brief that the notice was filed with the circuit court, but she has not included this notice in the
2 No. 1-10-0730
record on appeal. Based on the record that we have before us, therefore, we must assume that
respondent was neither aware of nor present at the hearing during which the order of enrollment
was entered.
Respondent filed an appearance through counsel on November 13, 2009, and
immediately moved to dismiss the petition to modify the support order for lack of jurisdiction
under section 2-209 of the Code of Civil Procedure (735 ILCS 5/2-209 (West 2008)).
Respondent argued that the circuit court lacked both personal and subject matter jurisdiction
under Illinois’ version of the Uniform Interstate Family Support Act (“the Family Support Act”)
(750 ILCS 22/101 et seq. (West 2008)). After full briefing by the parties, the circuit court held a
hearing on February 18, 2010, and found that it had jurisdiction over this case. Respondent filed
a timely petition for interlocutory appeal under Supreme Court Rule 306(a)(3) (eff. Sept. 1,
2006), which we granted on June 24, 2010.
ANALYSIS
At issue in this appeal are the circumstances under which the circuit court has jurisdiction
to modify a foreign child support order. Respondent argues that the circuit court has neither
personal nor subject matter jurisdiction unless the prerequisites of section 611 of the Family
Support Act are met. See 750 ILCS 22/611 (West 2008). Petitioner contends that section 611 is
not relevant because respondent was served personally within Illinois, which is sufficient under
section 201(a)(1) of the Family Support Act for jurisdiction. The construction of these
provisions of the Family Support Act is a question of first impression in Illinois. We review
questions of statutory construction de novo. See Acme Markets, Inc. v. Callanan, 236 Ill. 2d 29,
3 No. 1-10-0730
35 (2009).
The Uniform Interstate Family Support Act (UIFSA) was drafted by the National
Conference of Commissioners on Uniform State Laws (NCCUSL) and was first promulgated in
1992. See Unif. Interstate Family Support Act, Prefatory note, 9 U.L.A. 161 (2001). In 1996,
Congress mandated adoption of UIFSA by all states as a condition of receiving federal funds for
child support enforcement (42 U.S.C. § 666 (2000)), and by 1998, it had been enacted in every
state. UIFSA has been amended by NCCUSL several times. Illinois first adopted UIFSA in
1994, and the 2001 amendments were incorporated into Illinois law in 2004. NCCUSL amended
UIFSA most recently in 2008, but the Illinois legislature has not yet incorporated these
amendments into Illinois law. We therefore must confine our analysis to the version of UIFSA
that was amended in 2001 and adopted Illinois in 2004 as the Family Support Act.
We first consider whether the circuit court had personal jurisdiction over respondent.
Personal jurisdiction under the Family Support Act is controlled by section 201. See 750 ILCS
22/201 (West 2008). In an action to establish or enforce a support order, the provisions of
subsection (a) control a circuit court's ability to exercise personal jurisdiction over a defendant.
See 750 ILCS 22/201(a) (West 2008). These bases of personal jurisdiction are similar to those
for civil actions in general (735 ILCS 5/2-209 (West 2008)), including personal service of the
defendant while physically present in Illinois (735 ILCS 5/2-209(b)(1) (West 2008)). The
Family Support Act specifically authorizes personal jurisdiction over a defendant who is
“personally served with notice within the State.” 750 ILCS 22/201(a)(1) (West 2008). The
parties agree that petitioner personally served respondent in Illinois on October 19, 2009, and
4 No. 1-10-0730
there is no dispute that the circuit court would therefore be able to assert personal jurisdiction
over respondent in order to establish or enforce a support order.
This case is not, however, an action to establish or enforce such an order, but is instead
an action to modify an order that is already in existence. The Family Support Act treats
jurisdiction in this situation differently, noting in section 201(b) that “[t]he bases of jurisdiction
set forth in [750 ILCS 22/201(a) (West 2008)] or in any other law of this State may not be used
to acquire personal jurisdiction for a tribunal of this State to modify a child support order of
another state unless the requirements of Section 611 *** are met.” (Emphasis added.) 750 ILCS
22/201(b) (West 2008).1 The plain meaning of this section is that, in addition to the normal
prerequisites for establishing personal jurisdiction, the requirements of section 611 must also be
met.
Petitioner ignores section 201(b) and argues that the circuit court had personal
jurisdiction over respondent because he was personally served in Illinois in compliance with
section 201(a)(1). We disagree. While in-state service would be sufficient in an action to
establish or enforce a support order, section 201 unambiguously requires more in a modification
action such as this. Petitioner's argument would have more force under UIFSA as originally
promulgated, which did not include the requirements of section 201(b). See Unif. Interstate
Family Support Act § 611, 9 U.L.A. 442 (1996). This subsection was added by the 2001
amendments to UIFSA, which Illinois has adopted as the Family Support Act. The 2001
1 Section 201(b) also requires that the requirements of section 615 be satisfied in order to exercise personal jurisdiction. However, section 615 deals with modification of child-support orders issued by foreign countries or their political subdivisions, which is a situation that is not at issue in this particular case. See 750 ILCS 22/615 (West 2008).
5 No. 1-10-0730
committee comments to section 201 note,
“[T]he addition of new Subsection (b) [is] designed to preclude a tribunal
of the forum from ignoring the restrictions on modification of child-support
orders established by UIFSA. *** The 2001 amendments make clear that a
tribunal may not apply the long-arm provisions of Subsection (a), or any other
law of the forum, and thereby assert that personal jurisdiction over both
individual parties to a support order of another State is sufficient to modify that
order. The limitations on the exercise of subject matter jurisdiction provided by
Section[] 611 *** must be observed irrespective of the existence of personal
jurisdiction over the parties. *** Subsection (b) is intended to cement the
principle that modification of an existing order is not subject solely to the usual
rules of personal jurisdiction over both parties.” Unif. Interstate Family Support
Act § 201 comment, 9 U.L.A. 187 (2001).
Although we do not find section 201 to be ambiguous and therefore need not resort to the
committee comments in our construction of section 201 (Krohe v. City of Bloomington, 204 Ill.
2d 392, 395 (2003)), we find them to be instructive. Based on the plain language of section
201(b) and the intent of the drafters, serving respondent with process in Illinois was a necessary
prerequisite for the circuit court to exercise personal jurisdiction in this case, but it was not
sufficient by itself. Section 611 must also be satisfied.
Section 611 of the Family Support Act enumerates the prerequisites for a court to
exercise subject matter jurisdiction over modification of a registered foreign child support order.
6 No. 1-10-0730
The Family Support Act’s requirement that section 611 be satisfied in order to exercise both
personal and subject matter jurisdiction makes the jurisdictional analysis in this case unusual. In
order to determine whether the circuit court had personal jurisdiction over respondent under
section 201(b), we must simultaneously determine whether the circuit court had subject matter
jurisdiction over this action pursuant to section 611.
We consequently next examine whether the circuit court had subject matter jurisdiction.
Under section 611, a previously issued child support order may be modified only if, “after notice
and hearing,” the circuit court finds that one of two sets of conditions are met. 750 ILCS
22/611(a) (West 2008). First, the order may be modified if “(A) neither the child, nor the
petitioner who is an individual, nor the respondent resides in the issuing state; (B) a petitioner
who is a nonresident of this State seeks modification; and (C) the respondent is subject to the
personal jurisdiction of the tribunal of this State.” 750 ILCS 22/611(a)(1) (West 2008).
Alternatively, the order may be modified if “[Illinois] is the State of residence of the child, or a
party who is an individual is subject to the personal jurisdiction of the tribunal of this State and
all of the parties who are individuals have filed consents in a record in the issuing tribunal for a
tribunal of this State to modify the support order and assume continuing, exclusive jurisdiction.”
750 ILCS 22/611(a)(2) (West 2008).
The record before us does not contain any findings by the circuit court that either set of
requirements under section 611 for modification were met. Although the circuit court heard
arguments and reviewed the parties' written briefs on this issue, the circuit court did not make
any section 611 findings on the record. We are therefore unable to determine whether the circuit
7 No. 1-10-0730
court had personal jurisdiction over respondent pursuant to section 201(b) or subject matter
jurisdiction under section 611.
Petitioner contends that the lack of section 611 findings does not prevent the circuit court
from exercising jurisdiction for three reasons. First, petitioner argues that respondent has waived
his personal jurisdiction arguments because he allegedly did not file an objection to jurisdiction.
Second, relying on Burnham v. Superior Court of California, 495 U.S. 604 (1990), petitioner
argues that personal service of respondent in Illinois is sufficient for the circuit court to exercise
personal jurisdiction. Third, petitioner argues that the legislature does not have the authority
under the Illinois constitution to limit the subject matter jurisdiction of the courts through
UIFSA. We find each of these contentions to be without merit.
Petitioner first asserts that respondent never filed an objection to the court's jurisdiction
as required by section 2-301 of the Code of Civil Procedure (735 ILCS 5/2-301 (West 2008)),
and that respondent's arguments are therefore forfeited. This argument is meritless. Section 2-
301 allows a party who objects to the court's jurisdiction to file a motion to dismiss for lack of
jurisdiction. See 735 ILCS 5/2-301(a) (West 2008). The motion must be filed before the party
files any pleadings or other motions (735 ILCS 5/2-301(a) (West 2008)), or else the
jurisdictional objection is forfeited (735 ILCS 5/2-301(b) (West 2008)). The record in this case
demonstrates that respondent filed his motion to dismiss for lack of jurisdiction on the day that
he entered his appearance, and that he has not filed any additional pleadings or motions. We
therefore find that respondent has not forfeited his objection to jurisdiction.
Second, petitioner argues that the fact that respondent was personally served in Illinois
8 No. 1-10-0730
resolves any jurisdictional issues, citing Burnham v. Superior Court of California, 495 U.S. 604
(1990). In Burnham, the petitioner was a nonresident of California who was legally separated
from his wife and who resided in New Jersey. The petitioner traveled to California in order to
visit his children and conduct business, and while in California he was personally served with
divorce papers by his wife. The petitioner moved to quash the summons under the due process
clause of the U.S. Constitution, arguing that he lacked sufficient minimum contacts with
California for its courts to constitutionally exercise personal jurisdiction over him. The circuit
court denied the motion and the California appellate court affirmed, finding that jurisdiction was
proper because it was “a 'valid jurisdictional predicate for in personam jurisdiction' that the
'defendant [was] present in the forum state and personally served with process.' [Citation.]” Id.
at 608. The U.S. Supreme Court affirmed, holding that “the Due Process Clause does not
prohibit the California courts from exercising jurisdiction over petitioner based on the fact of in-
state service of process.” Id. at 628.
Based on Burnham, petitioner here argues that the circuit court may exercise personal
jurisdiction over respondent because he was served with notice of the petition for modification
while he was physically present in Illinois, and that the requirements of section 611 are therefore
irrelevant. We disagree, and we find that Burnham does not apply to this case. The question
presented in Burnham was whether the Due Process Clause of the U.S. Constitution prohibited
personal jurisdiction over the petitioner because he had no contacts with California other than his
physical presence in the state when he was served with process. We have no doubt that
jurisdiction over petitioner in this case is constitutionally permissible under Burnham because he
9 No. 1-10-0730
was served personally in Illinois. Rather, the question at bar is whether jurisdiction is
permissible under Illinois law, and specifically under the Family Support Act.
As the U.S. Supreme Court noted in Burnham, “[a]mong the most firmly established
principles of personal jurisdiction in American tradition is that the courts of a State have
jurisdiction over nonresidents who are physically present in the State.” Burnham, 495 U.S. at
610. However, states may choose to limit their own jurisdictional reach to something less than
that allowed by the due process clause, as Illinois law did prior to 1989. See Cook Associates,
Inc. v. Lexington United Corp., 87 Ill. 2d 190, 197 (1981) (“[T]his due process standard
represents only the outer limits beyond which a State may not go to acquire jurisdiction over
nonresidents. A State is free to set its own limits in acquiring this jurisdiction within the
perimeters allowed by the due process clause.”). In 1989, Illinois amended section 2-209 of the
Code of Civil Procedure in order to extend its jurisdiction to the maximum extent permitted
under the due process clause. See Pilipauskas v. Yakel, 258 Ill. App. 3d 47, 55 (1994). With the
enactment of the Family Support Act in 2004, however, Illinois elected to limit its jurisdiction
over petitions for modification of child-support orders.
The extensive comments by NCCUSL to the 2001 amendments of UIFSA section 611
explain the rationale behind this decision, and they are worth quoting at length:
“Several arguments sustain the jurisdictional choice made by UIFSA.
First, 'jurisdiction by ambush' will be avoided. That is, personal service on either
the custodial or noncustodial party found within the state borders will not yield
jurisdiction to modify. Thus, a parent seeking to exercise rights of visitation,
10 No. 1-10-0730
delivering or picking-up the child for such visitation, or engaging in unrelated
business activity in the State, will not be involuntarily subjected to protracted
litigation in an inconvenient forum. The rule avoids the possible chilling effect on
the exercise of parental contact with the child that the possibility of such litigation
might have. Second, almost all disputes about whether the tribunal has
jurisdiction will be eliminated; submission by the petitioner to the State of
residence of the respondent alleviates this issue completely. Finally, because
there is an existing order the primary focus will shift to enforcement, thereby
curtailing to a degree unnecessary, time-consuming modification efforts. The
array of enforcement procedures available administratively to support
enforcement agencies may be invoked without resort to action by a tribunal.”
Unif. Interstate Family Support Act §611 comment, 9 U.L.A. 256-57 (2001).
The drafters of UIFSA were also fully aware of the reach of Burnham, codifying its holding as
one of the bases for jurisdiction when establishing or enforcing an order of support. See 750
ILCS 22/201(a)(1) (2008); see also Unif. Interstate Family Support Act § 201 comment, 9
U.L.A. 187 (2001). However, the drafters specifically elected to limit personal and subject
matter jurisdiction in modification cases to something less than what is allowed under the due
process clause.
Contrary to petitioner's arguments, it is abundantly apparent that the drafters of UIFSA
specifically intended section 611 to prohibit personal and subject matter jurisdiction in the
precise factual situation presented by this case. As the comments to section 611 note,
11 No. 1-10-0730
“This restriction attempts to achieve a rough justice between the parties in the
majority of cases by preventing a litigant from choosing to seek modification in a
local tribunal to the marked disadvantage of the other party. For example, an
obligor visiting the children at the residence of the obligee cannot be validly
served with citation accompanied by a motion to modify the support order. Even
though such personal service of the obligor in the obligee's home State is
consistent with the jurisdictional requisites of Burnham v. Superior Court, 495
U.S. 604 (1990), the motion to modify does not fulfill the requirement of being
brought by 'a [petitioner] who is a nonresident of this State.' ” Unif. Interstate
Family Support Act § 611 comment, 9 U.L.A. 256 (2001).
In this case, respondent was served with process by petitioner for the purpose of modification
while he was visiting his children in Illinois and has been drawn into litigation in a state that he
is not a resident of, which is the precise scenario sought to be avoided by UIFSA. By adopting
UIFSA in Illinois, the legislature has chosen to create a specific statutory process for establishing
personal and subject matter jurisdiction in child-support order modification cases. It is
compliance with this procedure alone, as set forth in sections 201(b) and 611 of UIFSA, that
confers jurisdiction over an obligor in modification cases. We therefore reject petitioner's
second argument and hold that personal service within Illinois, while constitutionally sufficient
for jurisdiction under Burnham in other instances, does not confer either personal or subject
matter jurisdiction in modification cases absent compliance with section 611.2 2 Although Illinois has not yet adopted the 2008 amendments to UIFSA, we note that our reasoning and holding are also fully consistent with the intent of the drafters as expressed in those amendments. The most recent comments to section 611 discuss the reason for limiting
12 No. 1-10-0730
Third, petitioner argues that the legislature does not have the authority under the Illinois
Constitution to limit the subject matter jurisdiction of the courts. Petitioner raises this argument
for the first time on appeal, and we ordinarily will not consider issues that were not raised in the
circuit court. See In re Cerven, 317 Ill. App. 3d 895, 902 (2000). Moreover, a party challenging
the constitutionality of a state statute must notify the Attorney General of the challenge so that
the Attorney General may enter an appearance and represent the interests of the state in the
action. See Ill. S. Ct. R. 19(a), (c) (eff. Sept. 1, 2006). Failure to comply with Rule 19 results in
forfeiture of the issue. See Village of Lake Villa v. Stokovich, 211 Ill. 2d 106, 119 (2004). While
we have discretion to excuse late compliance with Rule 19 (Village of Lake Villa, 211 Ill. 2d at
119), we will not excuse noncompliance (Pappas v. Calumet City Municipal Officers' Electoral
Board, 288 Ill. App. 3d 787, 791 (1997)). Petitioner here both failed to raise this issue in the
circuit court and failed to notify the Attorney General of her intent to challenge the
constitutionality of the Family Support Act on appeal. We will not address the constitutionality
of the Family Support Act without giving the attorney general an opportunity to present the
state's position on the matter. Cf. Pappas, 288 Ill. App. 3d at 791 (1997). We consequently find
jurisdiction in modification cases: “The deciding factor, determined after extended debate, centered on curbing or eliminating the undesirable effect of 'ambush or tag' jurisdiction, e.g., the likelihood that the parties would vie to strike first to obtain a home-town advantage. Although constitutional under Burnham v. Superior Court, 495 U.S. 604 (1990), such lawsuits would discourage continued contact between the child and the obligor, or between the parties for fear of a lawsuit in a distant forum. Thus, the goal was to avoid the situation in which modification would be available in a forum having personal jurisdiction over both parties based solely on the ground that service of process was made in the would-be forum state.” Unif. Interstate Family Support Act §611 comment, 9 U.L.A. 134 (2010 Supp.).
13 No. 1-10-0730
that petitioner has forfeited her third argument.
Finally, we turn to the circuit court's ruling on the motion to dismiss. The circuit court
accepted petitioner's reliance on Burnham and found that it had jurisdiction over respondent
because he had been personally served in Illinois. Because we hold that jurisdiction over
petitions for modification is only proper pursuant to sections 201 and 611 of the Family Support
Act, we reverse the circuit court's order.
However, because the circuit court relied on Burnham rather than the Family Support Act
in its ruling, the circuit court did not make any factual findings on the record as required by
section 611. See 750 ILCS 22/611 (West 2008). As a result, we are unable to determine from
the record whether jurisdiction is proper in this case. We must therefore remand this matter to
the circuit court with directions to conduct a hearing pursuant to section 611 of UIFSA in order
to determine whether jurisdiction is proper. If the requirements of sections 201 and 611 have not
been met, then the circuit court is directed to enter an order dismissing the case for lack of
jurisdiction.
CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, the order of the circuit court denying respondent's motion to
dismiss is reversed. This case is remanded to the circuit court with directions to conduct a
hearing and make findings pursuant to section 611 of the Uniform Interstate Family Support Act
(750 ILCS 22/611 (West 2008)).
Reversed and remanded with directions.