FILED NOVEMBER 30, 2017 In the Office of the Clerk of Court WA State Court of Appeals, Division Ill
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON DIVISION THREE
In the Matter of the Marriage of ) No. 35067-3-111 ) ANN MONOSKIE n/k/a Anne Marshall, ) ) Appellant, ) ) UNPUBLISHED OPINION and ) ) PHILLIP C. MONOSKIE, ) ) Respondent. )
PENNELL, J. -The trial court approved relocation notices filed by former spouses
Anne Monoskie (n/k/a Anne Marshall) and Phillip Monoskie. As part of the relocation
process, the court declined to modify the parties' existing residential placement schedule,
explaining it lacked broad authority to change the pre-existing placement designations.
i Ms. Marshall appeals, contending the trial court misunderstood its modification authority.
l We disagree and affirm.
I j FACTS
The parenting plan agreed to by Anne Marshall and Phillip Monoskie in 2013 split ti 1 up the couple's five children. Ms. Marshall moved to South Carolina with two of the 1
l 1I No. 35067-3-111 In re Marriage of Monoskie
children, Mr. Monoskie stayed in Spokane with two of the children, and the youngest
child spent six months of each year with one parent. The parenting plan reserved the right
to return to court, without a showing of adequate cause, for placement of the parties'
youngest child once the child reached school age.
In 2015, both parents filed relocation notices. Ms. Marshall sought to return to
Washington, and Mr. Monoskie sought to move to Ohio. Each parent (1) opposed the
other's relocation and (2) requested all five children be placed with them. Following a
hearing, the trial court approved both proposed relocations. The court also determined
the existing residential placements should remain in place and that the youngest child
would be placed with Ms. Marshall. Ms. Marshall appeals.
ANALYSIS
Standard of review
When making family law decisions regarding child placement, trial courts enjoy
broad discretion. In re Parentage of Jannot, 149 Wn.2d 123, 127-28, 65 P.3d 664 (2003).
A child's strong interest in finality dictates that appellate courts will not overturn a trial
court's placement decision, absent an abuse of discretion. In re Marriage ofMcDole, 122
Wn.2d 604,610,859 P.2d 1239 (1993); In re Marriage ofKim, 179 Wn. App. 232,240,
317 P.3d 555 (2014). Our deferential review is limited to whether the trial court's
2 No. 35067-3-111 In re Marriage ofMonoskie
findings of fact are supported by the record and whether they reflect a consideration of
the appropriate statutory factors. Kim, 179 Wn. App. at 244.
Relocation
Relocation requests are governed by RCW 26.09.520. This statute creates a
presumption favoring relocation. In re Marriage ofPennamen, 135 Wn. App. 790,801,
146 P.3d 466 (2006). To rebut the presumption, an objecting party must demonstrate
"that the detrimental effect of the relocation outweighs the benefit of the change to the
child and the relocating person" based on factors listed in the statute. RCW 26.09.520;
see also In re Marriage of Grigsby, 112 Wn. App. 1, 7-8, 57 P.3d 1166 (2002).
I In analyzing the competing relocation notices, the trial court here recognized the
presumption favoring relocation and reasonably concluded both parents were entitled
l 1 to move forward with their plans. In its oral ruling and written findings, the court
properly analyzed each of the relocation factors set forth in RCW 26.09.520. In
summary, the court determined the parties enjoyed strong positive relationships with the
children in their primary care. RCW 26.09.520(1). Because of these strong relationships,
disrupting the children's residential placements would do more harm than good.
RCW 26.09.520(3). Both parents' requests for relocation were made in good faith.
RCW 26.09.520(5). Nothing peculiar to the children's ages, developmental needs, or
3 No. 35067-3-111 In re Marriage of Monoskie
access to resources weighed against relocation. RCW 26.09.520(6), (7). Because of the
unavoidable distance between the parents, the court was not provided with any realistic
and affordable alternatives to relocation that would have better fostered the children's
relationships with their nonprimary parent. RCW 26.09.520(8), (9), (10).
As noted by the trial court, it made little sense to disapprove either parent's request
for relocation. Because the parents were living in different states prior to relocation, little
would be gained by denying relocation. The objecting parent would still be faced with
the challenges of a long distance parent-child relationship. This unavoidable difficulty
would simply be exacerbated by the fact that the primary parent would be forced to live in
an undesired location, without adequate financial resources and familial support.
While proceedings before the trial court were initiated as requests for relocation,
the parties' real dispute was over residential placement and whether the circumstances
surrounding relocation justified modifying the parenting plan so that all five children
could be placed together. The court's modification decision involved a separate legal
determination, guided by a different standard.
Modification
The relocation context provides parties a unique opportunity to seek modification
of an existing parenting plan. Normally, a major modification to a parenting plan requires
4 No. 35067-3-111 In re Marriage of Monoskie
a threshold showing of adequate cause, including a substantial change in circumstances.
RCW 26.09.260(1). However, this prerequisite does not apply in the context of a
relocation. RCW 26.09.260(6). If a relocation notice has been filed and a decision has
been made with respect to relocation, the trial court may address the merits of a party's
request for modification without any threshold evidentiary hurdles. Id.; Grigsby, 112 Wn.
App. at 15-16; In re Marriage ofMcDevitt, 181 Wn. App. 765, 769-73, 326 P.3d 865
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FILED NOVEMBER 30, 2017 In the Office of the Clerk of Court WA State Court of Appeals, Division Ill
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON DIVISION THREE
In the Matter of the Marriage of ) No. 35067-3-111 ) ANN MONOSKIE n/k/a Anne Marshall, ) ) Appellant, ) ) UNPUBLISHED OPINION and ) ) PHILLIP C. MONOSKIE, ) ) Respondent. )
PENNELL, J. -The trial court approved relocation notices filed by former spouses
Anne Monoskie (n/k/a Anne Marshall) and Phillip Monoskie. As part of the relocation
process, the court declined to modify the parties' existing residential placement schedule,
explaining it lacked broad authority to change the pre-existing placement designations.
i Ms. Marshall appeals, contending the trial court misunderstood its modification authority.
l We disagree and affirm.
I j FACTS
The parenting plan agreed to by Anne Marshall and Phillip Monoskie in 2013 split ti 1 up the couple's five children. Ms. Marshall moved to South Carolina with two of the 1
l 1I No. 35067-3-111 In re Marriage of Monoskie
children, Mr. Monoskie stayed in Spokane with two of the children, and the youngest
child spent six months of each year with one parent. The parenting plan reserved the right
to return to court, without a showing of adequate cause, for placement of the parties'
youngest child once the child reached school age.
In 2015, both parents filed relocation notices. Ms. Marshall sought to return to
Washington, and Mr. Monoskie sought to move to Ohio. Each parent (1) opposed the
other's relocation and (2) requested all five children be placed with them. Following a
hearing, the trial court approved both proposed relocations. The court also determined
the existing residential placements should remain in place and that the youngest child
would be placed with Ms. Marshall. Ms. Marshall appeals.
ANALYSIS
Standard of review
When making family law decisions regarding child placement, trial courts enjoy
broad discretion. In re Parentage of Jannot, 149 Wn.2d 123, 127-28, 65 P.3d 664 (2003).
A child's strong interest in finality dictates that appellate courts will not overturn a trial
court's placement decision, absent an abuse of discretion. In re Marriage ofMcDole, 122
Wn.2d 604,610,859 P.2d 1239 (1993); In re Marriage ofKim, 179 Wn. App. 232,240,
317 P.3d 555 (2014). Our deferential review is limited to whether the trial court's
2 No. 35067-3-111 In re Marriage ofMonoskie
findings of fact are supported by the record and whether they reflect a consideration of
the appropriate statutory factors. Kim, 179 Wn. App. at 244.
Relocation
Relocation requests are governed by RCW 26.09.520. This statute creates a
presumption favoring relocation. In re Marriage ofPennamen, 135 Wn. App. 790,801,
146 P.3d 466 (2006). To rebut the presumption, an objecting party must demonstrate
"that the detrimental effect of the relocation outweighs the benefit of the change to the
child and the relocating person" based on factors listed in the statute. RCW 26.09.520;
see also In re Marriage of Grigsby, 112 Wn. App. 1, 7-8, 57 P.3d 1166 (2002).
I In analyzing the competing relocation notices, the trial court here recognized the
presumption favoring relocation and reasonably concluded both parents were entitled
l 1 to move forward with their plans. In its oral ruling and written findings, the court
properly analyzed each of the relocation factors set forth in RCW 26.09.520. In
summary, the court determined the parties enjoyed strong positive relationships with the
children in their primary care. RCW 26.09.520(1). Because of these strong relationships,
disrupting the children's residential placements would do more harm than good.
RCW 26.09.520(3). Both parents' requests for relocation were made in good faith.
RCW 26.09.520(5). Nothing peculiar to the children's ages, developmental needs, or
3 No. 35067-3-111 In re Marriage of Monoskie
access to resources weighed against relocation. RCW 26.09.520(6), (7). Because of the
unavoidable distance between the parents, the court was not provided with any realistic
and affordable alternatives to relocation that would have better fostered the children's
relationships with their nonprimary parent. RCW 26.09.520(8), (9), (10).
As noted by the trial court, it made little sense to disapprove either parent's request
for relocation. Because the parents were living in different states prior to relocation, little
would be gained by denying relocation. The objecting parent would still be faced with
the challenges of a long distance parent-child relationship. This unavoidable difficulty
would simply be exacerbated by the fact that the primary parent would be forced to live in
an undesired location, without adequate financial resources and familial support.
While proceedings before the trial court were initiated as requests for relocation,
the parties' real dispute was over residential placement and whether the circumstances
surrounding relocation justified modifying the parenting plan so that all five children
could be placed together. The court's modification decision involved a separate legal
determination, guided by a different standard.
Modification
The relocation context provides parties a unique opportunity to seek modification
of an existing parenting plan. Normally, a major modification to a parenting plan requires
4 No. 35067-3-111 In re Marriage of Monoskie
a threshold showing of adequate cause, including a substantial change in circumstances.
RCW 26.09.260(1). However, this prerequisite does not apply in the context of a
relocation. RCW 26.09.260(6). If a relocation notice has been filed and a decision has
been made with respect to relocation, the trial court may address the merits of a party's
request for modification without any threshold evidentiary hurdles. Id.; Grigsby, 112 Wn.
App. at 15-16; In re Marriage ofMcDevitt, 181 Wn. App. 765, 769-73, 326 P.3d 865
(2014).
While the relocation context streamlines a decision on the merits by avoiding the
threshold requirement of adequate cause, a party seeking modification must still
demonstrate that a change to the residential schedule is in the best interests of the child.
This is no easy burden. "Custodial changes are viewed as highly disruptive to children,
and there is a strong presumption in favor of custodial continuity and against
l modification." McDole, 122 Wn.2d at 610. The presumption of residential continuity is
set forth at RCW 26.09.260(2). Pertinent to this case, this provision requires a court to
retain the parties' current residential schedule "unless ... [t]he child's present
environment is detrimental to the child's physical, mental, or emotional health and the
harm likely to be caused by a change of environment is outweighed by the advantage of a
change to the child." RCW 26.09.260(2)(c).
5 No. 35067-3-111 In re Marriage ofMonoskie
The trial court's decision was justified under this provision. As previously noted,
the court determined the children were well cared for and closely bonded with their
primary residential parent. Although the court voiced some minor criticisms of
Mr. Monoskie's parenting decisions, the same was true of Ms. Marshall. None of the
court's criticisms were particularly significant. There was never a determination that the
children's present environments were detrimental to their physical, mental, or emotional
health.
Ms. Marshall places great weight on the trial court's decision to grant her primary
care of the couple's youngest child. According to Ms. Marshall, this decision indicated
the court found Mr. Monoskie unfit to parent all of his children. We disagree.
The trial court faced a different task when addressing placement of the youngest
child, as opposed to the other children. Unlike his older siblings, the youngest child did
not have a primary residential parent. As a result, there was no presumption favoring one
parent over the other and the trial court's analysis fell under RCW 26.09.187(3)
(governing initial placements) as opposed to RCW 26.09.260 (governing modifications).
With an even playing field between the two parents, the trial court determined the
youngest child would be better off residing primarily with Ms. Marshall, as opposed to
Mr. Monoskie. In making this decision, the court did not find Mr. Monoskie unfit.
6 No. 35067-3-111 In re Marriage of Monoskie
To the contrary, the trial court noted both Mr. Monoskie and Ms. Marshall were "good
parents." Clerk's Papers at 86. The trial court simply needed to make a decision and
determined the balance slightly favored Ms. Marshall. No further significance can be
accorded the trial court's decision.
Ms. Marshall finally argues that since her petition for relocation referenced
RCW 26.09.260(1) and (2), there were actually two separate proceedings and the court
should have assessed modification separately from relocation. We disagree. As
previously noted, the relocation context permitted the trial court to consider modification
without the need for a separate proceeding. This consolidated process benefited Ms.
Marshall, in that it freed her from having to establish adequate cause prior to the court's
consideration of relief on the merits. But ultimately Ms. Marshall failed to show
modification was warranted. There was no need for the court to reconsider its analysis
under the auspices of a separate modification proceeding with a heavier evidentiary
burden.
Ms. Marshall remains free to avail herself of relief under the modification statute,
should a substantial change of circumstances arise in the future. However, it is the law of
this case that the desire to place all five of the parties' children in one household is not, by
itself, sufficient to justify a contested modification petition. As the trial judge
7 No. 35067-3-111 In re Marriage of Monoskie
emphasized in her ruling, it is unfortunate that the parties chose to separate their children
in their original parenting plan. But that decision cannot be undone here. The children
have now adjusted to life with their respective primary parent. A presumption of
continuity applies and either party wishing to disrupt the current residential schedule will
face a difficult presumption against modification, as set forth in RCW 26.09.260.
CONCLUSION
The trial court's orders are affirmed. We decline to award attorney fees to either
party.
A majority of the panel has determined this ·opinion will not be printed in the
Washington Appellate Reports, but it will be filed for public record pursuant to
RCW 2.06.040.
Pennell, J. WE CONCUR:
Fearing, C .J. Lawrence-Berrey, J.\ j