CourtCourt of Appeals for the Fifth CircuitDecidedNovember 24, 2014
DocketNos. 13-30299, 13-30338, 13-30341, 13-30345, 13-30346, 13-30347, 13-30349, 13-30352, 13-30353, 13-30354, 13-30355, 13-30356, 13-30367, 13-30370, 13-30371, 13-30372, 13-30375, 13-30376, 13-30382, 13-30383, 13-30385, 13-30387, 13-30393, 13-30394, 13-30395, 13-30397, 13-30399, 13-30400, 13-30401, 13-30403, 13-30404, 13-30405, 13-30406, 13-30407, 13-30408, 13-30409, 13-30410, 13-30419, 13-30420, 13-30421, 13-30424, 13-30426, 13-30428, 13-30425, 13-30430, 13-30432, 13-30433, 13-30434, 13-30435, 13-30436, 13-30437, 13-30439, 13-30440, 13-30441, 13-30442, 13-30443, 13-30444, 13-30446, 13-30447, 13-30448, 13-30454, 13-30456, 13-30460, 13-30462, 13-30463, 13-30465, 13-30466, 13-30467, 13-30468, 13-30469, 13-30470, 13-30482, 13-30485, 13-30486, 13-30487, 13-30497, 13-30499, 13-30506, 13-30523, 13-30525, 13-30526, 13-30533, 13-30535, 13-30539
StatusPublished
Cited by13 cases
PER CURIAM:
The Louisiana Crawfish Producers Association-West and some of its members, commercial fishermen operating in the Atchafalaya Basin in Louisiana, sued a number of oil and gas companies- and their insurers, claiming aspects of the companies’ pipeline activities impeded water flows and commercial navigation, causing economic damages. The plaintiffs appeal a, dismissal for failure to state a claim in favor of two defendants, Dow Intrastate Gas Company (“DIGC”) and Willbros RPI, Inc. (“Willbros”). We affirm.
I.
The plaintiffs sued in Louisiana state court under state law and general maritime law. After dismissal of the state-law claims, one of the defendants removed to federal court. That court denied a Rule 12(b)(6) motion to dismiss maritime tort claims against the defendants alleged to have engaged in dredging. It dismissed maritime tort claims against the defendants alleged to have engaged in oil and gas exploration but not dredging, which included DIGC and Willbros. The court declined to dismiss successor-in-interest claims against most of the defendants alleged to be successors of entities that had engaged in dredging. Inconsistently with its treatment of some other defendants, however, the court did not discuss successor-in-interest claims against DIGC even though the complaint claimed that DlGG is the successor to Dow Chemical Company (“Dow”), a defendant alleged to have engaged in dredging. Nevertheless, having dismissed the maritime tort claims against DIGC, the court dismissed DIGC as a defendant.
The plaintiffs appealed. While the appeal was pending, most of the dismissed defendants settled. The only defendants that remain parties to the appeal are DIGC and Willbros.
The specific allegations against DIGC and Willbros fall into two categories. First, the plaintiffs claim DIGC and Will-bros engaged in activities that constitute maritime torts. They allege DIGC placed cement mats on exposed sections of an existing pipeline, impeding water flows and commercial navigation. They claim Will-bros built a pipeline on an existing spoil bank that it had leveled using bulldozers, obstructing gaps in the spoil bank and thereby impeding water flows and commercial navigation. In the plaintiffs’ view, both defendants’ activities violated the applicable Army Corps of Engineers (“Army Corps”) permits. The plaintiffs do not contend DIGC or Willbros used vessels in any of these projects.
Second, the plaintiffs claim that Dow is the “predecessor” to DIGC and that DIGC operated under an Army Corps permit originally issued to Dow. Plaintiffs provide no further information about the relationship between DIGC and Dow, but the defendants acknowledge in their brief that Dow and DIGC have á corporate parent-subsidiary relationship.
II.
We review de novo a dismissal for failure to state a claim, “accepting all well-pleaded facts as true and viewing those facts in the light most favorable to the plaintiff.” Stokes v. Gann, 498 F.3d 483, [1029]*1029484 (5th Cir.2007) (per curiam). The plaintiff must plead “enough facts to state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.” Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570, 127 S.Ct. 1955, 167 L.Ed.2d 929 (2007). “Factual allegations must be enough to raise a right to relief above the speculative level on the assumption that all the allegations in the complaint are true (even if doubtful in fact).” Id. at 555, 127 S.Ct. 1955 (footnote and citations omitted). Mere “labels and conclusions” or “a formulaic recitation of the elements of a cause of action” are insufficient. Id.
III.
To state a claim for a maritime tort, the plaintiff must allege facts sufficient to satisfy the “location test” and “connection test.”1 The location test is satisfied if the tort occurred on navigable waters or if the injury occurred on land but was caused by a vessel on navigable waters. Grubart, 513 U.S. at 534, 115 S.Ct. 1043. The tort “occurred on” navigable waters if the harm “took effect” there. Egorov, Puchinsky, Afanasiev & Juring v. Terriberry, Carroll & Yancey, 183 F.3d 453, 456 (5th Cir.1999) (per curiam). The connection test is satisfied if two conditions are met. Grubart, 513 U.S. at 534, 115 S.Ct. 1043. First, “the general features of the type of incident involved” must have “a potentially disruptive impact on maritime commerce.” Id. (quoting Sisson v. Ruby, 497 U.S. 358, 363, 364 n. 2, 110 S.Ct. 2892, 111 L.Ed.2d 292 (1990)). The court uses “a description of the incident at an intermediate level of possible generality,” id. at 538, 115 S.Ct. 1043, that is neither too broad to distinguish among cases nor too narrow to recognize potential effects on maritime commerce, id. at 538-39, 115 S.Ct. 1043. Second, “the general character of the activity giving rise to the incident” must show “a substantial relationship to traditional maritime activity.” Id. at 534, 115 S.Ct. 1043 (quoting Sisson, 497 U.S. at 365, 364 & n. 2, 110 S.Ct. 2892) (internal quotation marks omitted). The court considers “whether a tortfeasor’s activity, commercial or noncommercial, on navigable waters is so closely related to activity traditionally subject to admiralty law that the reasons for applying special admiralty rules would apply in the suit at hand.” Id. at 539-40, 115 S.Ct. 1043.
The location test is easily satisfied: The plaintiffs allege.the defendants’ activities impeded water flows and commercial navigation, meaning the harm “took effect” on navigable waters. See Egorov, 183 F.3d at 456. Likewise, the first prong of the connection test is met: “[T]he general feature!] of the type of incident involved,” Grubart, 513 U.S. at 534, 115 S.Ct. 1043 (quoting Sisson, 497 U.S. at 363, 110 S.Ct. 2892), is the obstruction of'water flows. Although such obstruction does not always disrupt maritime commerce, it has the potential to do so, which is all that is required. See id.
The plaintiffs have not alleged facts sufficient to satisfy the second prong of the connection test, however. The key issue is the appropriate level of generality at which to describe “the general charac[1030]*1030ter of the activity giving rise to the incident,” id. (quoting Sisson, 497 U.S. at 365, 364, 110 S.Ct. 2892) (internal quotation marks omitted). The plaintiffs urge the general character of the activity is “negligent/intentional construction activity resulting in the obstruction of navigable waters with spoil,” while the defendants maintain it is “pipeline construction and repair,” as the court found.
The latter description is the better one. The plaintiffs’ characterization conflicts with Sisson’s instruction, 497 U.S. at 364, 110 S.Ct. 2892, “that the relevant ‘activity’ is defined not by the particular circumstances of the incident, but by the general conduct from which the incident arose,” and warning not “to focus more particularly on the causes of the harm,” id. at 365, 110 S.Ct. 2892. Plaintiffs’ description is merely a statement of the cause of the harm.
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PER CURIAM:
The Louisiana Crawfish Producers Association-West and some of its members, commercial fishermen operating in the Atchafalaya Basin in Louisiana, sued a number of oil and gas companies- and their insurers, claiming aspects of the companies’ pipeline activities impeded water flows and commercial navigation, causing economic damages. The plaintiffs appeal a, dismissal for failure to state a claim in favor of two defendants, Dow Intrastate Gas Company (“DIGC”) and Willbros RPI, Inc. (“Willbros”). We affirm.
I.
The plaintiffs sued in Louisiana state court under state law and general maritime law. After dismissal of the state-law claims, one of the defendants removed to federal court. That court denied a Rule 12(b)(6) motion to dismiss maritime tort claims against the defendants alleged to have engaged in dredging. It dismissed maritime tort claims against the defendants alleged to have engaged in oil and gas exploration but not dredging, which included DIGC and Willbros. The court declined to dismiss successor-in-interest claims against most of the defendants alleged to be successors of entities that had engaged in dredging. Inconsistently with its treatment of some other defendants, however, the court did not discuss successor-in-interest claims against DIGC even though the complaint claimed that DlGG is the successor to Dow Chemical Company (“Dow”), a defendant alleged to have engaged in dredging. Nevertheless, having dismissed the maritime tort claims against DIGC, the court dismissed DIGC as a defendant.
The plaintiffs appealed. While the appeal was pending, most of the dismissed defendants settled. The only defendants that remain parties to the appeal are DIGC and Willbros.
The specific allegations against DIGC and Willbros fall into two categories. First, the plaintiffs claim DIGC and Will-bros engaged in activities that constitute maritime torts. They allege DIGC placed cement mats on exposed sections of an existing pipeline, impeding water flows and commercial navigation. They claim Will-bros built a pipeline on an existing spoil bank that it had leveled using bulldozers, obstructing gaps in the spoil bank and thereby impeding water flows and commercial navigation. In the plaintiffs’ view, both defendants’ activities violated the applicable Army Corps of Engineers (“Army Corps”) permits. The plaintiffs do not contend DIGC or Willbros used vessels in any of these projects.
Second, the plaintiffs claim that Dow is the “predecessor” to DIGC and that DIGC operated under an Army Corps permit originally issued to Dow. Plaintiffs provide no further information about the relationship between DIGC and Dow, but the defendants acknowledge in their brief that Dow and DIGC have á corporate parent-subsidiary relationship.
II.
We review de novo a dismissal for failure to state a claim, “accepting all well-pleaded facts as true and viewing those facts in the light most favorable to the plaintiff.” Stokes v. Gann, 498 F.3d 483, [1029]*1029484 (5th Cir.2007) (per curiam). The plaintiff must plead “enough facts to state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.” Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570, 127 S.Ct. 1955, 167 L.Ed.2d 929 (2007). “Factual allegations must be enough to raise a right to relief above the speculative level on the assumption that all the allegations in the complaint are true (even if doubtful in fact).” Id. at 555, 127 S.Ct. 1955 (footnote and citations omitted). Mere “labels and conclusions” or “a formulaic recitation of the elements of a cause of action” are insufficient. Id.
III.
To state a claim for a maritime tort, the plaintiff must allege facts sufficient to satisfy the “location test” and “connection test.”1 The location test is satisfied if the tort occurred on navigable waters or if the injury occurred on land but was caused by a vessel on navigable waters. Grubart, 513 U.S. at 534, 115 S.Ct. 1043. The tort “occurred on” navigable waters if the harm “took effect” there. Egorov, Puchinsky, Afanasiev & Juring v. Terriberry, Carroll & Yancey, 183 F.3d 453, 456 (5th Cir.1999) (per curiam). The connection test is satisfied if two conditions are met. Grubart, 513 U.S. at 534, 115 S.Ct. 1043. First, “the general features of the type of incident involved” must have “a potentially disruptive impact on maritime commerce.” Id. (quoting Sisson v. Ruby, 497 U.S. 358, 363, 364 n. 2, 110 S.Ct. 2892, 111 L.Ed.2d 292 (1990)). The court uses “a description of the incident at an intermediate level of possible generality,” id. at 538, 115 S.Ct. 1043, that is neither too broad to distinguish among cases nor too narrow to recognize potential effects on maritime commerce, id. at 538-39, 115 S.Ct. 1043. Second, “the general character of the activity giving rise to the incident” must show “a substantial relationship to traditional maritime activity.” Id. at 534, 115 S.Ct. 1043 (quoting Sisson, 497 U.S. at 365, 364 & n. 2, 110 S.Ct. 2892) (internal quotation marks omitted). The court considers “whether a tortfeasor’s activity, commercial or noncommercial, on navigable waters is so closely related to activity traditionally subject to admiralty law that the reasons for applying special admiralty rules would apply in the suit at hand.” Id. at 539-40, 115 S.Ct. 1043.
The location test is easily satisfied: The plaintiffs allege.the defendants’ activities impeded water flows and commercial navigation, meaning the harm “took effect” on navigable waters. See Egorov, 183 F.3d at 456. Likewise, the first prong of the connection test is met: “[T]he general feature!] of the type of incident involved,” Grubart, 513 U.S. at 534, 115 S.Ct. 1043 (quoting Sisson, 497 U.S. at 363, 110 S.Ct. 2892), is the obstruction of'water flows. Although such obstruction does not always disrupt maritime commerce, it has the potential to do so, which is all that is required. See id.
The plaintiffs have not alleged facts sufficient to satisfy the second prong of the connection test, however. The key issue is the appropriate level of generality at which to describe “the general charac[1030]*1030ter of the activity giving rise to the incident,” id. (quoting Sisson, 497 U.S. at 365, 364, 110 S.Ct. 2892) (internal quotation marks omitted). The plaintiffs urge the general character of the activity is “negligent/intentional construction activity resulting in the obstruction of navigable waters with spoil,” while the defendants maintain it is “pipeline construction and repair,” as the court found.
The latter description is the better one. The plaintiffs’ characterization conflicts with Sisson’s instruction, 497 U.S. at 364, 110 S.Ct. 2892, “that the relevant ‘activity’ is defined not by the particular circumstances of the incident, but by the general conduct from which the incident arose,” and warning not “to focus more particularly on the causes of the harm,” id. at 365, 110 S.Ct. 2892. Plaintiffs’ description is merely a statement of the cause of the harm. Were we to use the characterization “negligent/intentional construction activity resulting in the obstruction of navigable waters with spoil,” there would be no more specific cause.2 As a result, “the general character of the activity giving rise to the incident”3 is “pipeline construction and repair.”4
The only remaining issue is whether “pipeline construction and repair” shows “a substantial relationship to traditional maritime activity.”5 The caselaw shows it does not,6 so the plaintiffs have failed to state a claim for a maritime tort against DIGC and Willbros.
IV.
The general rule of corporate-successor liability is that a corporation that purchases another corporation “is not responsible for the seller’s debts or liabilities, except where (1) the purchaser expressly or impliedly agrees to assume the obligations; (2) the purchaser is merely a continuation of the selling corporation; or (3) the transaction is entered into to escape liability.” Golden State Bottling Co. v. NLRB, 414 U.S. 168, 182 n. 5, 94 S.Ct. 414, 38 L.Ed.2d 388 (1973). We have not addressed which test should govern corporate-successor liability in maritime-tort cases, but the plaintiffs have offered no reason to depart from the Golden State [1031]*1031rule,7 and other courts considering the issue have used that general approach.8 Accordingly, we adopt the Golden State rule where a defendant is alleged to be a corporate successor to a maritime tortfeasor but is not accused of having engaged in tortious conduct.
The plaintiffs’ allegations that Dow is the “predecessor” to DIGC and that DIGC operated under an Army Corps permit originally issued to Dow do not show that an exception to Golden State’s default rule of nonliability plausibly applies. Without more, they have failed to state a claim for successor liability against DIGC.
AFFIRMED.