2024 IL App (2d) 240210-U Nos. 2-24-0210, 2-24-0211, & 2-24-0212 cons. Order filed August 1, 2024
NOTICE: This order was filed under Supreme Court Rule 23 and may not be cited as precedent by any party except in the limited circumstances allowed under Rule 23(e)(1). ______________________________________________________________________________
IN THE
APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS
SECOND DISTRICT ______________________________________________________________________________
In re L.O., M.A., and J.A., Minors, ) Appeal from the Circuit Court ) of Kane County. ) ) Nos. 21-JA-28 ) 21-JA-29 ) 21-JA-30 ) ) Honorable (The People of the State of Illinois, Petitioner- ) Kathryn D. Karayannis, Appellee v. Liz A.C., Respondent-Appellant). ) Judge, Presiding. ______________________________________________________________________________
JUSTICE JORGENSEN delivered the judgment of the court. Justices Schostok and Mullen concurred in the judgment.
ORDER
¶1 Held: The trial court’s findings that respondent is unfit and that it is in the minors’ best interests for her parental rights to be terminated were not against the manifest weight of the evidence. Affirmed.
¶2 Respondent, Liz A.C., appeals from the trial court’s orders finding her unfit to parent her
children, L.O., M.A., and J.A., and terminating her parental rights. For the following reasons, we
affirm.
¶3 I. BACKGROUND
¶4 A. Fitness Proceedings 2024 IL App (2d) 240210-U
¶5 Respondent is mother to J.O. (born in 2015), L.O. (born in 2017), J.A. (born in 2019), and
M.A. (born in 2021). 1 J.O. was born substance exposed, and respondent was ordered to complete
intact services, including substance abuse treatment, and random drug drops. However, J.A. and
M.A. were also born substance exposed. Thus, the minors came into care following M.A.’s birth.
On May 27, 2021, the court adjudicated the minors neglected and named the Department of
Children and Family Services (DCFS) their guardian and custodian. Ultimately, on March 3, 2023,
the State petitioned to terminate respondent’s parental rights. The fitness hearing took place over
several days. We summarize only that evidence we deem relevant to our resolution of the issues
on appeal.
¶6 Helenn McManaman testified that she was the caseworker from March 3, 2021, to July 11,
2022. Respondent’s service plan ultimately recommended inpatient treatment, substance abuse
treatment, parenting classes and coaching, domestic violence and anger management services, a
psychiatric evaluation, continued methadone treatment, and a parenting capacity assessment.
During the intact case, respondent had received outpatient treatment from Stonybrook, including
counseling, group therapy, drug testing, and doctor-prescribed methadone and psychotropic
treatment. Apparently due to the amount of methadone prescribed, respondent was ineligible for
an inpatient program. However, she continued her treatment at Stonybrook, maintained contact
with McManaman, provided current contact information, signed releases, and attended court and
administrative case reviews, as well as child and family meetings. Respondent completed a
1 J.O. was later placed in the custody of her father (who is not father to the other three
children) and is not involved in this case. Further, David O., father to L.O., J.A., and M.A., is not
a party to this appeal.
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domestic violence evaluation, which did not recommend further treatment, and completed anger
management services. Further, although she successfully completed parenting coaching once, a
parenting capacity assessment referred her for additional parenting coaching. Respondent was
unsuccessfully discharged from the second round of parenting coaching, as the coach expressed
concerns about her interactions with the minors during the coaching sessions. After a psychiatric
evaluation, she was diagnosed with major depression disorder, anxiety disorder, and bipolar
disorder. Respondent was also diagnosed with severe opioid use disorder.
¶7 Diana Furlan was assigned as caseworker starting July 26, 2022. Respondent initially had
weekly two-hour visits with her children, but, in October 2022, visitation decreased to monthly
visitation. Furlan did not consider extending or increasing visitation and unsupervised visitation
was not recommended.
¶8 Respondent was drug tested though Stonybrook, but was also to perform weekly drug
screening through DCFS. Respondent tested positive for cocaine on December 23, 2021.
Respondent started missing drug screens between January and April 2022. She was aware that
missed tests were considered positive. A report reflects that she refused to provide a sample in
April 2022, and, in April and May 2022, she reported cravings for drugs, and, so, in May 2022,
her physician increased her methadone dosage. Respondent also missed screens between July
2022 and March 2023.
¶9 Respondent started attending substance abuse treatment at True for Life at the end of May
2022, in part with the hope of reducing her methadone dosage. Apparently, in July 2022, the
counselor there informed McManaman that he was concerned that respondent had been in a
substance abuse program for so long, yet her methadone dose had not decreased, she did not share
much during group sessions, and he questioned why respondent was on methadone if she was not
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using opiates. A case note reflects that, in August 2022, respondent was seen in the emergency
room after a motor vehicle accident and her urine toxicology screen was positive for opiates;
however, no confirmatory testing was performed. In sum, Furlan said that, in 2022, respondent
completed 30 out of 47 drug screens, missing 17 screens. The screens she completed were negative
for illicit drugs. In 2023, respondent completed 31 out of 35 drops. The screens she completed
were negative for illicit drugs. Furlan had informed respondent, however, that missed screens
were considered positive because they meant respondent’s sobriety could not be confirmed.
¶ 10 Damaris Colon, respondent’s parenting coach, testified that she first coached respondent
in the summer of 2021, and, then, a second time starting August 3, 2022. Respondent’s coaching
entailed seven weekly sessions of one-hour duration. Colon observed respondent’s lack of
bonding with the youngest minors and safety concerns, such as respondent’s inability to divide her
attention among the minors. Respondent asked Colon to omit her concerns from her report to the
court. Colon clarified that respondent asked that she not disclose her concerns “numerous times.”
Colon specified that the dates respondent asked her to not include her concerns in her report were
September 10, and October 29, 2022. Colon provided examples of her concerns, which included
respondent reading to the oldest minors, while not engaging in contact with the youngest, such as
respondent keeping the youngest minors in a stroller, while she was interacting with the oldest.
Colon’s concerns regarding respondent’s lack of safety with the minors were further exemplified
when she described the two youngest minors running around while respondent had no control over
them and was not watching them. During another session, the foster parent intervened, because
respondent was concentrating on the two oldest minors while the two youngest were running
around out of her sight. In December 2022, respondent was unsuccessfully discharged from parent
coaching.
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¶ 11 In her testimony, respondent agreed that she understood that missed screens were
considered positive. She testified that she never tested positive in any of the Stonybrook drops
over three years and that some (but not all) of the missed DCFS screens were the result of
transportation issues, being in the hospital, or the car accident. Respondent explained that the
doctors at Stonybrook set her methadone dosage and did not lower the dosage because, due to her
cravings, it was too risky. Respondent claimed that McManaman (with whom she described her
relationship as “awful”) told her that, if she did not lower her methadone dosage, she could “lose”
the minors. Respondent said she began using drugs in 2014, approximately five years before she
started methadone treatment in 2019. She claimed that methadone was to maintain abstinence
from drugs, in her case cocaine. She referred to herself as taking methadone “as an addict, as a
recovering addict.” Respondent admitted she was diagnosed with severe opioid use disorder, but
claimed that, although she had used heroin several times, unlike cocaine, heroin had not become a
problem. Respondent admitted she was usually tested through Stonybrook on the day she picked
up her methadone, which she received weekly, and typically on the same day. Respondent
admitted there were two times she did not take drug tests at Stonybrook, in April and December
2022. However, she testified that, other than methadone, she had not consumed any substances
since her December 23, 2021, relapse.
¶ 12 David O. testified, in part, that he was aware through communications with respondent,
that, in April or May 2022, respondent was experiencing cravings for drugs and her methadone
dosage was increased. At that time, when respondent was having cravings, he noticed changes in
her behavior and attitude.
¶ 13 The trial court found that the State proved all allegations of unfitness by clear and
convincing evidence. Specifically, it found respondent unfit on the bases that she (1) failed to
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maintain a reasonable degree of interest, concern, or responsibility as to the minors’ welfare (750
ILCS 50/1(D)(b) (West 2022)); (2) failed to protect the minors from an injurious environment (id.
§ 50/1(D)(g)); (3) suffered from habitual addiction to drugs for at least one year immediately prior
to the commencement of the unfitness proceeding (id. § 50/1(D)(k)); and (4) failed to make
reasonable progress toward the return of the minors to her during a nine-month period after an
adjudication of neglect, specifically, for the period May 28, 2021, to February 28, 2022 (id.
§1(D)(m)(ii)). In sum, the court found McManaman, Furlan, and Colon credible, while it found
respondent’s testimony “somewhat self-serving.” Further, although respondent had challenged
McManaman’s credibility, had described their relationship negatively, and the “tenor” of her
argument was that the caseworkers did not do what they should have done, the court found
McManaman was credible overall and that respondent’s conflicts with the caseworkers and
parenting coach did not impact their referrals to services on her behalf or her participation in those
services. Indeed, the court expressly found the evidence did not support respondent’s implication
that personality conflicts reflected that the caseworkers and therapists were against her and had
not done what they were supposed to.
¶ 14 The court noted that respondent has a substance abuse issue that will likely be ongoing for
the remainder of her life, especially given the length of time she has been in treatment. “I don’t
think that she willfully wants to be an addict.” Furthermore, it noted that respondent has had a
substance abuse issue for a very long time, with three minors born substance exposed over six
years. Respondent admitted that she had a cocaine problem starting in 2014 and knew she had an
addiction that, at one point, was described as a $300-$400-per-day addiction. However, even
though she was receiving methadone treatments and was involved in intact services, respondent
continued to use substances while pregnant, resulting in two of the minors at issue being born
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substance exposed. The court found this evidence reflected a failure to protect the children from
conditions within their environment that were injurious to their welfare, as well as reflecting a
failure to maintain a reasonable degree of concern or responsibility for their welfare. In addition,
the court found respondent suffered from a habitual drug addiction. The court found the evidence
clear that respondent knew that, when she failed to go to requested drug drops, they were
considered positive results, yet she failed to appear for several drops. Therefore, “the court has to
consider them as positive drops and has to consider them as evidence of habitual addiction to
substances.”
¶ 15 The court also found that, while there was no question that respondent had made efforts, it
could not find that she made sufficient, reasonable progress between May 28, 2021, and February
28, 2022. It noted that respondent was unsuccessfully discharged from parent coaching and is not
able to successfully parent the children. The court noted that it agreed that it is “hard to keep three
children in any semblance of coordination sometimes, but that is why we use a parent coach for
these cases to give us this information. They are professionals. There is no evidence that Ms.
Colon had any axe to grind[.]” Yet, Colon found a lack of bonding and a concern for safety,
especially regarding the younger minors, and explained that, on one occasion, respondent became
angry with library staff and, in the interim, two children ran away into the library and a foster
parent had to go find and protect them. The court found the “most telling” testimony regarding
the parenting coaching was respondent’s request “on numerous occasions” that Colon not report
her observations. Respondent “clearly recognized that these records were not going to be favorable
towards her and was trying to convince the parent coach not to report them.” In addition, Colon
observed that, when redirected, respondent could become angry, her hands would shake, and Colon
recommended, in September 2022, that respondent pursue additional services, including a wellness
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exam, doctor’s appointment, follow-up with her psychiatrist, and more individual therapy. While
this recommendation was made after the nine-month period, the court considered it as evidence of
respondent’s lack of progress during the period. Further, the court noted that, during the nine-
month period, respondent had not been successfully discharged from individual therapy. There
was also insufficient progress in parenting based on the parenting capacity evaluation, which
reflected respondent possibly being under the influence of medication during the appointment, as
well as a continued need for mental health services to address past trauma. Although some of the
reports were issued after the relevant period, the court again found that they reflected a lack of
progress during the period. Finally, the court found that the evidence was replete that respondent
continued to believe that she did not have a heroin addiction and, according to an April 2022 report,
she did not understand how her drug usage affected the minors. Again, the court determined that
the evaluation, though completed after the nine-month period, supported a finding of a lack of
reasonable progress during the nine-month period.
¶ 16 B. Best Interests Proceedings
¶ 17 The case proceeded to a best interests hearing. Furlan testified that L.O. was originally
placed with her older sibling J.O. in a traditional foster home, where they remained for 1½ years.
J.A. and M.A. were placed in a traditional foster home together, where they had remained since
February 11, 2021. In July 2022, when J.O. was returned to her father, L.O. was placed with J.A.
and M.A. However, in 2023, the foster family gave notice that they could not keep L.O. due to
issues with her bonding with their son, and L.O. was returned to her original foster home.
¶ 18 As such, L.O.’s current home was comprised of the foster parents and three girls, including
L.O. and another child with whom she remained bonded from her previous placement there. L.O.
was sad but adjusting. The home was appropriate and safe. L.O. was six years old, in the first
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grade, and changed schools due to the move. She did not have an IEP, although she did attend
individual therapy. The foster parents were committed to ensuring L.O. receives the services she
needs. Moreover, L.O. was bilingual and the foster family was Latino and bilingual. L.O. was
raised with both English and Spanish, along with “other cultural rituals.” The foster family
included L.O. in family and church activities. Furlan testified that the foster family was committed
to providing permanency through adoption. Furthermore, they were committed to L.O.
maintaining a relationship with her siblings. Furlan noted that the foster mom had maintained her
relationship with both L.O. and J.O., and they went on outings that included M.A. and J.A.
¶ 19 Furlan testified that, when L.O. was moved back to the original foster home, she cried.
Furlan attributed that emotion to saying goodbye to her siblings and foster mom. Furlan explained
that L.O. was returning to the same school she attended during her prior placement, and she had
been adjusting, remembering places she had gone before, and reuniting with the foster child that
was in the home before she moved. Furlan saw L.O. in January and February in her foster home.
In January, Furlan arrived at the same time as L.O.’s foster mother, and she observed L.O. run up
and give the foster mother a big hug. L.O. told Furlan she liked being there. Furlan asked L.O.
where she would live, if given the option of living anywhere. L.O.’s first choice was with
respondent, and, if she could not live there, her second choice was with her former foster parents
because then she could visit the current home and “have both.” In February, however, L.O. told
Furlan she really liked being in the current foster home. When L.O. was asked where she would
like to be, she said she wanted to be there. L.O. was happy and making friends in school. Furlan
testified that L.O.’s foster mom said she was adjusting, after struggling in December. There were
virtual sibling visits, several times a week, but no in-person visits due to illnesses. L.O. had
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attended a birthday party for M.A. Furlan observed a bond, and L.O.’s foster parents reiterated a
desire to adopt her. They were also committed to maintaining her sibling relationships.
¶ 20 J.A. and M.A. had been in the same traditional foster home since they came into care. J.A.
was four years old, and M.A. was two years old. The home included the foster parents and their
son. The home was safe and appropriate, and the minors were included in family activities. J.A.
and M.A. appeared comfortable and approached both foster parents for their wants and needs.
When they would fall down or received minor injuries, they were comforted by their foster mom.
Furlan described J.A. and M.A. as very bonded with the foster family and testified that the minors
called the foster parents “momma and daddy.” Both minors were in speech therapy. The foster
parents were committed to ensuring J.A. and M.A. received the services they needed. J.A. attended
half-day pre-kindergarten, and M.A. attended daycare while her foster mom went to the gym. The
foster parents were willing to provide the minors permanency, and they were also committed to
maintaining J.A.’s and M.A.’s sibling relationships with L.O. and J.O.
¶ 21 Furlan opined that, despite the change in L.O.’s placement, it was in the best interests of
all three minors to be free for adoption. Furlan testified that respondent would like to keep the
minors together but that, even if adopted and they did not legally remain siblings, the minors would
always be viewed as siblings. Furlan acknowledged that, if the minors were adopted, any
continued relationship would be up to the adoptive parents, but she noted that maintaining the
sibling relationship was important to their best interests.
¶ 22 Respondent testified that she wanted the children returned to her. She testified that she had
a place for them where they could live together. Respondent stated that the minors had
relationships with her sister, mother, and niece, and that, prior to being placed in foster care, they
saw her relatives weekly. Respondent testified that, at visits, L.O. asked for respondent’s mother
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and niece. She noted that, at the end of visits, the minors’ demeanors changed, as did their faces,
indicating that they wanted to return to her. Respondent testified that she asked them what was
wrong, after which L.O. hugged J.A. and M.A. and started crying. Respondent claimed that L.O.
hugged her and said she wanted to go home with J.A. Respondent stated that she loves the minors,
and she “worship[s] them with [her] own life.” Respondent claimed she could now keep the
minors safe.
¶ 23 The trial court found that it was in the minors’ best interest for respondent’s parental rights
to be terminated. It noted that the foster placements were willing to facilitate a relationship
amongst all of the children, including with J.O., who was not involved in this case, but that
relationship was “very important for the children.”
¶ 24 Further, the court noted the minors had been in placements for three years, a substantial
period of each of their lives (specifically, it found, for half of L.O.’s life, three-quarters of J.A.’s
life, and the entirety of M.A.’s life). The court noted that L.O. had been in the same foster home
for two years, separated only by a period of an unsuccessful attempt to place the three siblings
together. Attempts over a period of months to try to maintain that placement for L.O. had not
worked out, however, she was returned to the placement where she had previously been for around
1½ years, and the court noted that the former foster mom had maintained a relationship with L.O.
during her time away. L.O. was in a placement with people who love and care about her, and
while it is difficult that she is not with her siblings, she is safe and stable. In addition, the court
found that L.O. was doing well in school and making friends, and L.O. was comfortable in her
placement and attached and bonded to her foster family.
¶ 25 As to J.A. and M.A., the trial court found they, too, were attached and bonded in their
placement, where they had been for three years, the entirety of case, and “very much of their young
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lives.” The court found the home was safe and stable. Additionally, the court noted that both
foster homes were bilingual, and the children were doing well in school and in their individual
activities. Finally, the court noted that the caseworker and guardian ad litem were both of the
opinion that it was in the best interests of the minors to be available for adoption. In addition, the
court found that McManaman gave the case proper attention and had “no question in [its] mind
about that.” Based on those factual findings and its consideration of the statutory factors, the trial
court found that the State had established by a preponderance of the evidence that it was in the
bests interests of the minors to terminate respondent’s parental rights.
¶ 26 Respondent timely appeals.
¶ 27 II. ANALYSIS
¶ 28 A. Findings of Unfitness
¶ 29 Proceedings to terminate parental rights are governed principally by the Juvenile Court Act
of 1987 (705 ILCS 405/1-1 et seq. (West 2022)) (Act) and the Adoption Act (750 ILCS 50/1 et
seq. (West 2022)). The Act provides a two-step process for the involuntary termination of parental
rights. In re Deandre D., 405 Ill. App. 3d 945, 952 (2010). First, the State must prove that the
parent is unfit by clear and convincing evidence. Id. Section 1(D) of the Adoption Act (750 ILCS
50/1(D) (West 2022)) lists the grounds under which a parent can be found unfit. In re Tiffany M.,
353 Ill. App. 3d 883, 889 (2004). Second, if the court makes a finding of unfitness, the court then
considers whether it is in the best interests of the minor to terminate parental rights. Deandre D.,
405 Ill. App. 3d at 953. The State has the burden of proving by a preponderance of the evidence
that termination is in the minor’s best interests. Id.
¶ 30 As to unfitness, we will reverse a finding of unfitness only where it is against the manifest
weight of the evidence, that is, where the determination is unreasonable. In re D.W., 386 Ill. App.
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3d 124, 139 (2008). “Generally, a finding of unfitness is entitled to deference and [ ] should be
upheld.” In re J.J., 201 Ill. 2d 236, 253 (2002). The grounds for finding unfitness under the
Adoption Act are independent, and we may affirm the trial court’s judgment if the evidence
supports any one of the grounds alleged. See 750 ILCS 50/1(D)(m) (West 2022); see also In re
B’Yata I., 2014 IL App (2d) 130558-B, ¶ 30.
¶ 31 In her memorandum, respondent attacks the court’s findings as to each ground of unfitness.
However, we may affirm if any one ground is supported. At a minimum, the court’s finding that
respondent’s habitual addiction rendered her unfit was not against the manifest weight of the
evidence. Specifically, section 1(D)(k) of the Adoption Act defines an unfit person as a parent
who has an “addiction to drugs, other than those prescribed by a physician, for at least one year
immediately prior to the commencement of the unfitness proceeding.” 750 ILCS 50/1(D)(k) (West
2022). An addiction to drugs means an inability or unwillingness to refrain from the use of drugs
because frequent indulgence has instilled in the person a habitual craving, manifested by an
ongoing pattern of drug use. In re Precious W., 333 Ill. App. 3d 893, 899 (2002); In re D.M., 298
Ill. App. 3d 574, 580 (1998). Evidence of indulgence without intermission is not necessary to
prove drug addiction, and short periods of voluntary abstinence will not preclude a finding of drug
addiction. In re D.M., 298 Ill. App. 3d at 580. “It is sufficient to show that a person has
demonstrated an inability to successfully gain control over his or her habitual craving to use the
drug.” Id. If the State has proven by clear and convincing evidence an addiction during the
relevant one-year period, the court may then also consider evidence outside the period. In re J.J.,
201 Ill. 2d at 245. For purposes of section 50/1(D)(k), the unfitness proceeding commences when
the State files a petition to terminate parental rights. Id. at 243.
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¶ 32 As noted, at the hearing, respondent acknowledged her addiction, but she argues on appeal
that missed drops alone are insufficient to establish by clear and convincing evidence of habitual
addiction or active use during the relevant period. Under the facts of this case, we disagree. Here,
during the one-year period preceding the petition to terminate (i.e., March 3, 2022, to March 3,
2023), and with admitted knowledge that missed drops are considered positive tests, respondent:
(1) missed around 17 DCFS drug screens between March 30, 2022, and January 1, 2023; (2)
refused two drug tests at Stoneybrook; (3) tested positive for opiates on August 16, 2022, when
admitted to the hospital after a car accident; and (4) possibly had a diluted screen. Respondent
argues that the numerous tests she completed were negative for illicit substances, and her treatment
providers were not concerned that she was actively using. She argues that recognizing her problem
and sharing with her treatment providers that she experienced cravings, which resulted in their
determination, in their medical opinion, that her methadone dosage should be increased, is not the
behavior of a parent that has a habitual addiction to drugs. Respondent notes that she should not
be punished for engaging in treatment and having conversations with her providers.
¶ 33 However, our inquiry does not involve the idea of “punishment.” Rather, the issue before
us is simple: whether there was sufficient evidence for the court to reasonably find habitual
addiction in the year preceding the termination petition’s filing. We believe that there was. Indeed,
it was not unreasonable for the court to consider approximately 17 presumptively-positive drops
as evidence of habitual addiction and as failing to evidence sobriety, even if she also took tests that
were negative (some of which, we note, were not random). Again, respondent admitted that she
knew missed tests were considered presumptively positive. Moreover, if the court were to operate
in a scheme where there was no consequence for a missed test, there would be little incentive to
comply with testing. Further, while respondent suggested that some missed tests were due to
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transportation issues or a hospitalization, she acknowledged that was not the case for all missed
tests. See, e.g., In re Angela D., 2012 IL App (1st) 112887, ¶¶ 31-32 (noting that two positive
tests were alone sufficient to support a finding a drug addiction, but that even stronger facts existed
because, in addition to the two positive tests, the parent failed to appear for at least four scheduled
tests during the one-year period); In re Precious W., 333 Ill. App. 3d at 899-900 (two positive drug
tests during the relevant one-year period demonstrated clear and convincing evidence that the
parent was addicted to drugs since the parent was aware that she would be scheduled for random
drug testing). Finally, the court did not need to ignore that, despite having received years of
substance abuse treatment, respondent expressed to her providers and David that she continued to
experience cravings for drugs during the relevant period, as this information provided context to
the numerous missed tests. As such, the foregoing evidence sufficed to establish clear and
convincing evidence of habitual addiction during the relevant period.
¶ 34 We also note that, once the court found sufficient evidence to establish habitual addiction
within the one-year period, it was able to also consider evidence outside of that period. We think
it relevant here, particularly as it might illuminate missed tests within the period, that respondent
tested positive for cocaine on December 23, 2021, only two months prior to the start of the relevant
period. Moreover, her admitted history of addiction starting in 2014, and the fact that she gave
birth to three substance-exposed children over a six-year period, also supports the inference that
respondent’s missed tests during the period, which she knew would be considered positive,
reflected habitual addiction. In sum, the court reasonably found that the State established by clear
and convincing evidence that, during the one-year period, respondent demonstrated an inability to
successfully gain control over her habitual craving to use drugs. In re D.M., 298 Ill. App. 3d at
580.
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¶ 35 Although only one ground, if established, suffices to uphold the court’s fitness finding, we
nevertheless note that the court’s findings that respondent was unfit for failing to protect the
children from an injurious environment and failing to maintain a reasonable degree of concern or
responsibility for their welfare, again, related to her drug use and the birth of three substance-
exposed children (two involved in this case and after intact services began) were also not
unreasonable.
¶ 36 Similarly, the court’s finding that respondent failed to make reasonable progress toward
the return of the minors to her during a nine-month period after the adjudication of neglect,
specifically, for the period May 28, 2021, and February 28, 2022 (750 ILCS 50/1(D)(m)(ii) (West
2022)) was also not against the manifest weight of the evidence. Specifically, reasonable progress
is an objective standard that requires, at a minimum, “measurable or demonstrable movement”
toward reunification and that allows the court to conclude that it will be able to order the children
returned to parental custody in the near future. In re Daphnie E., 368 Ill. App. 3d 1053, 1067
(2006).
¶ 37 Here, the evidence reflected that respondent did not have increased or unsupervised
visitation between May 28, 2021, and February 28, 2022 (or prior to these proceedings). The
court found that respondent was unsuccessfully discharged from parenting coaching and is not
able to successfully parent the children, and the “professional” parenting coach, Colon, found a
lack of bonding, and a lack of safety, especially regarding the younger minors. Further, the court
found the “most telling” testimony regarding the parenting coaching was respondent’s request “on
numerous occasions” that Colon not report her observations, which reflected a lack of progress,
and, in September 2022, Colon recommended respondent engage in additional services, including
psychiatric and physician’s appointments and more individual therapy. While this was after the
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nine-month period, the court considered this as evidence of respondent’s lack of progress during
the period. These findings were not unreasonable. Further, the court noted that, during the nine-
month period, respondent had not been successfully discharged from individual therapy and had
made insufficient progress in parenting based on the parenting capacity evaluation, which reflected
respondent’s continued need for mental health services. Finally, the court found that the evidence
was replete that respondent continued to believe that she does not have a heroin addiction and, as
of an April 2022 report, respondent did not understand how her drug usage affected the minors.
Again, the court determined that the evaluation, though completed after the nine-month period,
supported its finding of a lack of reasonable progress during the nine-month period. These findings
were not unreasonable.
¶ 38 According to respondent, McManaman, Colon, and Furlan were, essentially, biased against
her and reunification overall. She further argues that she performed many positive actions that the
caseworkers effectively ignored or did not report and, thus, the evidence before the court was
incomplete or failed to paint a fair picture of her progress. However, the court expressly rejected
respondent’s arguments below, the tenor of which involved her belief that personality conflicts
between her and the caseworkers or their neglect of the case contributed to her lack of progress.
Moreover, the court did not question respondent’s significant efforts to comply with her
recommended services and treatments. However, it remains that reasonable progress requires
measurable or demonstrable movement toward reunification. See Daphnie E., 368 Ill. App. 3d at
1067. In short, the evidence supported the court’s findings, which were not unreasonable. The
court’s findings of unfitness were not against the manifest weight of the evidence.
¶ 39 B. Best Interests
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¶ 40 At the best interests stage, the court “focuses upon the child’s welfare and whether
termination would improve the child’s future financial, social[,] and emotional atmosphere.” In
re D.M., 336 Ill. App. 3d 766, 772 (2002). “[A]t a best interests hearing, the parent’s interest in
maintaining the parent-child relationship must yield to the child’s interest in a stable, loving home
life.” In re D.T., 212 Ill. 2d 347, 364 (2004). The court must consider the following factors in
making a best interests determination: (1) the physical safety and welfare of the child; (2) the
development of the child’s identity; (3) the child’s background and ties; (4) the child’s sense of
attachments, including where the child feels love, attachment, and security; (5) the child’s wishes
and long-term goals; (6) the child’s community ties; (7) the child’s need for permanence, including
the need for stability and continuity of relationships with parent figures, siblings, and other
relatives; (8) the uniqueness of every family and child; (9) the risks attendant to entering and being
in substitute care; and (10) the preferences of the persons available to care for the child. 705 ILCS
405/1-3(4.05) (West 2022). We will reverse a best interest finding only when it is against the
manifest weight of the evidence. In re N.B., 2019 IL App (2d) 180797, ¶ 43. Again, a finding is
against the manifest weight of the evidence only if the opposite conclusion is clearly evident or if
the determination is “unreasonable, arbitrary, and not based on the evidence.” In re Tiffany M.,
353 Ill. App. 3d 883, 890 (2004).
¶ 41 Here, respondent argues that the court’s findings were against the manifest weight of the
evidence because the court did not detail its findings as they related to each and every factor in
section 1-3(4.05), the evidence reflected that L.O. had only been returned to her original foster
home for a short time and she was upset at the separation from her siblings, and respondent’s own
testimony wherein she attempted to testify why it was in the minors’ best interest to be returned to
her was the subject of numerous sustained objections. Respondent addresses each factor in section
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1-3(4.05) and argues that the court erred due to incomplete evidence, or incorrectly failed to
consider evidence that, for example, the children were upset at being separated, they had a deep
attachment with respondent and called respondent and David “mommy” and “daddy,” they had a
relationship with respondent’s extended family and a cultural identity to preserve, and it was not
in their best interests to be separated. She concludes that the evidence so overwhelmingly favors
her on the issue of best interests that no contrary finding can stand. We disagree.
¶ 42 The court was not unreasonable in finding that the State established by a preponderance of
the evidence that termination was in the minors’ best interests. Indeed, as the court noted, for most
of their young lives, the minors have not been in respondent’s care, not even for unsupervised
visits. Despite respondent’s suggestion to the contrary, the court was clearly focused on the
importance of maintaining and preserving all sibling relationships and noted that the foster parents
had expressed both willingness to do so and had taken steps to do so. The court addressed L.O.’s
distress at being separated from her siblings, but noted that she was returned to a placement that
had maintained a relationship with her while she was gone from their home, she also had a bond
with a child in that home, as well as the parents, she was able to maintain a relationship with her
siblings, and she was young, improving, safe, and stable. The court noted that the foster families
are bilingual, are willing to meet the children’s needs, and are willing to provide the minors
permanency. Moreover, the minors are doing well in their placements. These findings were not
¶ 43 In sum, when weighing best interests, the trial court properly considered the relevant
factors, including that of permanency, and the record supports its findings. Thus, we cannot
conclude that the court’s finding that it is in the minors’ best interests to terminate respondent’s
parental rights was against the manifest weight of the evidence.
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¶ 44 III. CONCLUSION
¶ 45 For the reasons stated, the judgment of the circuit court of Kane County is affirmed.
¶ 46 Affirmed.
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