An unpublished opinion of the North Carolina Court of Appeals does not constitute controlling legal authority. Citation is disfavored but may be permitted in accordance with the provisions of Rule 30(e)(3) of the North Carolina Rules of Appellate Procedure.
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF NORTH CAROLINA
No. COA24-783
Filed 4 June 2025
Cabarrus County, No. 24JA000042-120
IN THE MATTER OF: L.D.E.
Appeal by Respondent-Mother from an order entered 3 June 2024 by Judge
Nathaniel M. Knust in Cabarrus County District Court. Heard in the Court of
Appeals on 23 April 2025.
Ewing Law Firm, P.C., by Robert W. Ewing, for the Respondent-Appellant Mother.
Hartsell & Williams, PA, by Emily J. Arnold, for Cabarrus County Department of Social Services, Petitioner-Appellee.
McGuire Woods LLP, by Ami P. Patel, for the Guardian ad Litem.
WOOD, Judge.
Respondent-Mother (“Mother”) appeals from the 3 June 2024 order
adjudicating her child, Luke1 as neglected and dependent. Mother raises two issues
1 Pseudonyms are used to protect the identity of the minor children. See N.C. R. App. P. 42(b)(1). IN RE: L.D.E.
Opinion of the Court
on appeal, (1) the trial court erred by adjudicating the juvenile neglected because the
evidence presented at the hearing and in the findings failed to establish Luke was
impaired or exposed to a substantial risk of an impairment and (2) the trial court
erred by adjudicating Luke as dependent because the findings failed to establish both
Mother was unable to provide proper care and supervision for Luke and Mother did
not have proper alternative child care arrangements. For the reasons set forth below,
we vacate the trial court’s orders and remand to the trial court for a new hearing.
I. Factual and Procedural Background
Respondent-Mother (“Mother”) is the biological mother of Luke, born 12
November 2012. The biological father is unknown and not a party to this appeal.
On 7 January 2024, the Cabarrus County Department of Social Services
(“DSS”) received a child protective services report (“CPS report”) alleging neglect,
improper supervision, and substance abuse. The report alleged that Mother left the
child home alone until 2 a.m. without a phone while she worked; the child witnessed
Mother putting a white powdery substance up her nose; there had been a fire in the
home a few months prior while Mother was passed out; Mother was paranoid; and
in December 2023 had called 911 four times in a five hour period to report someone
had attempted to break in and had cut the power to her house. The following day, 8
January 2024, DSS received a new incident report alleging neglect, physical abuse,
improper care, unsafe discipline, and substance abuse. Both reports were filed by the
child’s maternal Grandmother.
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In response to the first report, a DSS social worker met with Mother and Luke
on 7 January 2024. During the meeting, Mother admitted a few months prior a
candle had caused a fire in her bedroom after she fell asleep. She also admitted to
drinking “alcohol and wine and to feeling paranoid regarding someone trying to break
into her home.” Both Mother and Luke reported that he spends time home alone
until the early morning hours. In a follow-up interview, Luke reported to the social
worker he was fearful of being left home alone, Mother was “passed out” during the
fire in the house, Mother “drinks Red Bull mixed with tequila and vodka every day,”
and he “witnessed her put a white powdery substance in her nose.”
Mother admitted to leaving Luke home alone at night “due to one of her sources
of income being food delivery.” The social worker reviewed Mother’s Ring doorbell
camera footage which showed Mother returning home around 1:00 AM on 26
February 2023.
On 5 March 2024, DSS filed a juvenile petition alleging Luke was neglected
and dependent contending, among other things, that Mother “has refused to
participate in creating a plan for supervision of [Luke].” That same day the trial court
entered an order granting nonsecure custody to DSS and placing Luke in the care of
Grandmother.
At the nonsecure custody hearing, DSS reported substance abuse and mental
health concerns about Mother and requested assessments for both. However, the
trial court only ordered Mother to submit a “urine drug screen and/or hair follicle
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drug screen” and for legal custody of Luke to remain with DSS. The trial court
determined that it was in Luke’s best interest to remain in placement with
Grandmother and granted Mother supervised visitation for one hour per week.
On 21 March 2024, the trial court held another nonsecure custody hearing
which mother attended with her attorney. In the order dated 30 April 2024, the trial
court noted that during her first visit with Luke, Mother had to be redirected multiple
times because she kept actively discussing the case and raising her voice at Luke. In
addition, the trial court found Mother had completed the required drug tests on 12
March 2024. The hair follicle test was positive for cocaine, amphetamines, and THC
and the urine test was positive for methamphetamines, amphetamines and THC.
DSS attempted to discuss the drug results with Mother, but she refused to discuss
them with anyone other than her attorney.
On 25 April 2025 the trial court conducted an adjudication and disposition
hearing. During the adjudication phase of the hearing, Officer Adam Culp (“Officer
Culp”) of the Concord Police Department, Social Worker Byrd, and Grandmother
testified while Mother testified during the disposition phase. At the close of State’s
evidence Mother made a motion to dismiss arguing DSS failed to meet the standard
of clear and convincing evidence of either neglect or dependency. In response to
Mother’s motion to dismiss, DSS stated their main concern was the series of four 911
calls Mother placed on the evening of 16 December 2023 and early hours of 17
December 2023.
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In the first call, Mother reported vehicles driving up and down the road, gun
shots coming from the vehicles, and their male drivers smiling at her. Officer Culp
responded to three of the four calls and testified Mother appeared to be disoriented
and confused. Officer Culp observed cars matching the descriptions given parked in
the neighborhood and determined they were owned by the neighbors. He spoke with
a woman walking her dog about reports of shots fired. Neither she nor the neighbors
reported seeing or hearing anything suspicious. Noticing a Ring doorbell camera,
Officer Culp asked to see the footage. Mother consented but nothing corroborated
Mother’s reports. Officer Culp testified he observed Luke and did not have any
concerns about Luke’s welfare, nor did he think he was in any physical danger at the
time. “He . . . appeared calm. . . . [h]e didn’t appea[r] malnourished or anything like
that . . . .” “He had a home. He was clothed. The home was clean at the time, so I
didn’t feel like he was in any physical danger.”
Approximately thirty minutes after Officer Culp left the scene, Mother called
911 a second time reporting that one of the vehicles reported during her first call, an
Audi hatchback, had come back. Officer Culp responded to the second call, verified
and relayed to Mother that the Audi hatchback belonged to a neighbor who had just
come back from dinner.
In her fourth and final 911 call, Mother reported someone had walked through
her backyard, cut her power off, and she believed it was the same people from earlier.
Once again Officer Culp responded. He observed no signs of tampering or damage to
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the junction box and the home appeared to have power. Through the open front door,
Officer Culp observed Mother packing bags and could see Luke was present. He
asked Luke how he was doing, and Luke responded by “kind of wav[ing] and nod[ing]
and just kept doing what he was . . . doing at the time.” Officer Culp asked Mother
why she was packing. She stated, “she was going to her mother’s home” because “she
didn’t feel safe . . . at her residence anymore.” Officer Culp testified he
was concerned with her [ability] to drive because . . . her demeanor was similar to that of an impaired person. . . . it [was] concerning for [her, in] the state of mind she was in to be by herself with a child, so I asked if there was anywhere she could go. And she said she had already called her mom and that her mom was going to come to get her.
Officer Culp also testified that he noticed “items that are usually related with
paraphernalia, not necessarily paraphernalia on their own[,]” including a tray, rolling
papers, and a glass hookah in the home. However, he did not recall smelling
marijuana or any alcohol from where he stood at the front door. Mother told him the
items belonged to a friend. DSS attempted to enter a copy of Mother’s drug screen
results as Exhibit 2. Mother objected on the grounds that the drug screen results
constituted post-petition evidence, the person who administered the drug screen test
was not available for cross-examination, and no one was available to testify whether
Mother’s legal prescriptions could account for positive drug screens. The trial court
sustained the objection, and the evidence was not admitted.
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At the end of adjudication phase, the trial court made several oral findings,
including that testimony regarding the series of 911 calls was credible. Further, the
trial court found Grandmother’s testimony credible and corroborative of Officer
Culp’s concerns that Mother suffered from paranoid delusion, and that “[Mother] has
not participated in trying to rectify some of these issues and concerns that the
Department has and is not cooperating.” Based on these findings the trial court orally
concluded that DSS “has met their burden in . . . this case by clear and convincing
evidence that this child is dependent and neglected.”
Thereafter, the trial court proceeded to the disposition phase of the hearing.
Mother testified to her preference that Luke live with her father (“Grandfather”)
rather than Grandmother because he has been the only person supportive “every step
of the way . . . he’s been the only support that [she has] had this entire time.” At the
time of the hearing, Grandfather was in the process of having a placement
assessment by DSS.
Mother testified about her concerns with Luke continuing to live with
Grandmother. Mother noted Luke has not wanted to do their typical family activities
anymore. Mother also testified about her efforts to help her case including that she
has obtained a three-bedroom house; visited a drug and rehab center prior to the
request made by DSS; had a psychological evaluation indicating she was
“experiencing situational stress”; and produced five clean drug tests since Luke has
been in DSS custody. She also reported she had voluntarily completed forty hours of
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group therapy and was starting a twelve-week “family class.” However, the “family
class” was not defined to the trial court. Mother also testified about her education
and upcoming college graduation.
The trial court entered a written order on 3 June 2024 adjudicating the juvenile
neglected and dependent and placing him in the continued custody of DSS,
maintaining his current placement with Grandmother. Mother filed a timely notice
of appeal on 17 June 2024 based on N.C. Gen. Stat. § 7B-1001(a)(3).
II. Standard of Review
On appeal, this Court “reviews an adjudication of neglect [and dependency] to
determine whether the findings of fact are supported by ‘clear and convincing
evidence,’ and whether the trial court’s findings support its conclusions of law.” In re
A.D.W., No. COA24-868, 2025 WL 1118840 at *4 (N.C. App. Apr. 16, 2025); In re L.C.,
293 N.C. App. 380, 389, 900 S.E.2d 697, 706 (2024). “Clear and convincing evidence
is evidence which should fully convince.” In re K.J.M., 288 N.C. App. 332, 338, 886
S.E.2d 589, 594 (2023) (cleaned up). “If such evidence exists, the findings of the trial
court are binding on appeal, even if the evidence would support a finding to the
contrary.” In re L.C., 293 N.C. App. 380, 389, 900 S.E.2d 697, 706 (2024) (cleaned up).
Any “[u]nchallenged findings of fact are binding on appeal.” Id.
We review a trial court’s conclusions of law de novo. In re D.H., 177 N.C. App.
700, 703, 629 S.E.2d 920, 922 (2006). “Under a de novo review, the court considers
the matter anew and freely substitutes its own judgment for that of the [trial court].”
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In re K.S., 380 N.C. 60, 64, 868 S.E.2d 1, 4 (2022) (cleaned up). “The determination
that a child is neglected [or dependent] is a conclusion of law we review de novo.” In
re L.C., 293 N.C. App. 380, 389, 900 S.E.2d 697, 706 (2024) (quoting In re J.C.M.J.C.,
268 N.C. App. 47, 51, 834 S.E.2d 670, 674 (2019)) (cleaned up).
On review, we not only focus on the impact of the unsupported findings, but
also on whether the remaining supported findings are sufficient or not to support the
trial courts’ adjudications. In re A.J., 386 N.C. 409, 413, 904 S.E.2d 707, 712 (2024).
We “disregard any unsupported findings of fact, examine whether the remaining
findings are sufficient, and if necessary, examine whether the evidentiary record
could support additional findings.” Id.
IV. Analysis
As a preliminary matter, we must address pertinent issues with the initial
background portion of the trial court’s order. We cannot simply disregard this section
as it contains the necessary findings for jurisdiction. However, it appears to be a cut
and paste of the prior nonsecure custody order and, in fact, makes findings regarding
whether there is a factual basis for the allegations in the petition and whether the
child should remain in nonsecure custody. Additionally, the first finding of fact
states, “[t]he [c]ourt accepts without objection the CCDSS and GAL Reports into
evidence and incorporated as this [c]ourt’s findings of fact.” However, the DSS and
GAL court reports may not be “considered by the court prior to the completion of the
adjudicatory hearing.” N.C. Gen. Stat. § 7B-808(a) (2024) (“No predisposition report
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shall be submitted to or considered by the court prior to the completion of the
adjudicatory hearing.”). There was no motion made to enter the reports into evidence
at the hearing. Further, the court reports contained allegations from the 7 January
2024 child protective services report and the 8 January 2024 new incident report, to
which Mother made several hearsay objections when the DSS social worker testified
to the substance of the court reports.
Generally, “in a bench trial, we presume the trial court ignored any
inadmissible evidence unless the defendant can show otherwise.” State v. Lindsay,
292 N.C. App. 641, 649, 899 S.E.2d 25, 31 (2024). In the instant case, the trial court
clearly stated it was incorporating the inadmissible evidence into its order and
further relied on such evidence in some of its other findings. Therefore, we are unable
to presume the inadmissible evidence was ignored. These reports should not have
been incorporated into adjudication findings of fact unless there was separate
competent evidence presented to support them. Because there was no separate
competent evidence to support them, the trial court erred by incorporating them and
we overrule this finding.
Mother asserts two arguments on appeal: (1) the trial court erred by
adjudicating Luke as neglected because the evidence presented at the adjudication
hearing and the competent findings of fact failed to establish Luke was physically,
mental, or emotionally impaired or exposed to a substantial risk of such an
impairment, and (2) the trial court erred by adjudicating Luke as dependent because
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the evidence failed to establish Mother was unable to provide proper care and
supervision for Luke and did not have available to her proper alternative child care
arrangements.
A. Neglect
Neglect of a juvenile is defined in pertinent part as follows:
“[a]ny juvenile less than 18 years of age . . . (ii) whose parent, guardian, custodian, or caretaker does any of the following:
a. Does not provide proper care, supervision, or discipline. b. Has abandoned the juvenile . . . c. Has not provided or arranged for the provision of necessary medical or remedial care. ... e. Creates or allows to be created a living environment that is injurious to the juvenile’s welfare. ...
N.C. Gen. Stat. § 7B-101(15) (2024). To substantiate allegations of neglect there must
be clear and convincing evidence of current circumstances that present a risk to the
juvenile. In re J.A.M., 372 N.C. 1, 9, 822 S.E.2d 693, 698 (2019). Additionally, there
must “be some physical, mental, or emotional impairment of the juvenile or a
substantial risk of such impairment as a consequence of the failure to provide ‘proper
care, supervision, or discipline.’ ” In re G.C., 384 N.C. 62, 69, 884 S.E.2d 658, 663
(2023) (cleaned up).
Mother argues findings of fact 1, 4, 6, 9, 10 and 11 in the trial court’s order
were not supported by clear and convincing evidence and should therefore be
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disregarded. Without those findings Mother asserts that no clear and convincing
evidence exists to substantiate the allegations of neglect.
1. Findings of Fact 1 and 6
Mother argues that findings of fact 1 and 6, which were descriptions of the DSS
incident reports from 7 January 2024 and 8 January 2024, both based on the social
worker’s testimony, were not entered for the truth of the matter asserted and were
therefore unsupported as findings. During the social worker’s testimony Mother
clearly objected to the introduction of the reports and DSS responded “I would agree
that it should not be admitted for purposes of proving the truth of the matter asserted,
but for the effect on the listener.” The trial court then overruled the objection. Our
Supreme Court has stated that “out-of-court statements offered for purposes other
than to prove the truth of the matter asserted are not considered hearsay.” In re
A.J.L.H., 384 N.C. 45, 52, 884 S.E.2d 687, 692 (2023). However, these findings while
not erroneous, should be treated as “non-substantive evidentiary findings.” Id.
Therefore, findings of fact 1 and 6 are supported to the extent they indicate why DSS
investigated, however they do not in and of themselves support the allegations within
the reports.
2. Finding of Fact 4
Mother challenges a portion of finding of fact four:
4. . . . Officer Culp related to the Mother that it would be in her best interest and her son’s best interest to go and stay with [ ] (Maternal Grandmother). . . .
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Mother argues this portion of finding of fact four misstates Officer Culp’s testimony.
We agree. The adjudication hearing transcript does not support the finding that
Officer Culp instructed Mother, rather Officer Culp testified that he observed Mother
packing and “she told me that she was going to go to her mother’s home” because “she
didn’t feel safe at her . . .residence anymore.” Officer Culp then stated he thought as
long as she was arranging a ride, it would be in her best interest to go stay with her
mother. Therefore, this portion of finding of fact four is not supported by competent
evidence and should be disregarded. In re M.Y.P., 378 N.C. 667, 675, 862 S.E.2d 773,
779 (2021).
3. Finding of Fact 9
Mother contests two parts of finding of fact nine. First, she argues the portion
of the finding stating, “[t]he juvenile at one point, ran into the maternal
grandmother’s home at 11:00 p.m. and was crying and stated that he never wanted
to experience that again” should be disregarded as the trial court improperly ruled
this testimony was an excited utterance and “not being offered for the truth of the
matter asserted.” We agree.
An excited utterance is “[a] statement relating to a startling event or condition
made while the declarant was under the stress of excitement caused by the event or
condition.” N.C. Gen. Stat. § 8C-1, Rule 803(2) (2024). To qualify as an excited
utterance, “there must be (1) a sufficiently startling experience suspending reflective
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thought and (2) a spontaneous reaction, not one resulting from reflection or
fabrication.” State v. Smith, 315 N.C. 76, 86, 337 S.E.2d 833, 841 (1985). Here,
Grandmother testified this statement took place the evening of the 911 calls.
However, Luke’s statement was not in response to any of the calls or Mother’s
activities as they took place. In fact, the officer testified that when he responded to
the call Luke “didn’t appear stressed or worried or concerned.” Most importantly,
Luke had significant time for reflection between the time of the 911 calls at Mother’s
home and the time Mother and Luke arrived at Grandmother’s home. Because Luke
had time to reflect on the events and the statement was not a spontaneous reaction
to the events, the statement cannot be categorized as an excited utterance and
introduced as a hearsay exception. N.C. Gen. Stat. § 8C-1, Rule 803(2) (2024).
Because Grandmother’s testimony was hearsay and no other evidence was provided
concerning the statement, the finding is not supported by competent evidence and is
disregarded.
Mother’s second contention for finding of fact nine regards the finding, “Mother
has on multiple occasions driven home from Gaston County drunk.” Mother contends
there is no testimony to support this finding. We disagree. Grandmother testified
that Mother told her “I drive like this all the time. I’ve driven from Gastonia like
this.” Mother made no hearsay objection to the statement at the hearing and this
testimony provides competent support for the finding. In re F.G.J., 200 N.C. App.
681, 693, 684, S.E.2d 745, 753-54 (2009) (holding when “no objection on hearsay
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grounds [is] made . . . the testimony must be considered competent evidence.”).
Therefore, this portion of finding of fact nine is supported.
4. Finding of Fact 10
Mother contests that the statement in finding of fact ten that found,
“[Grandmother] ultimately had the mother involuntarily committed due to Mother’s
repeated concerning behaviors” is inaccurate and unsupported. We agree. This
finding was placed in a paragraph describing Mother’s behavior on the night of 911
calls and appears to conclude Grandmother had Mother involuntarily committed
after that night. This is not supported by the testimony. Grandmother’s testimony
was the only testimony regarding commitment, and she stated,
[DSS Attorney]. Okay. How many times has she been involuntarily committed before?
[GRANDMOTHER]. That was my first time attempting to do that as an adult, but when she was younger I took her.
[DSS Attorney]. Was she actually involuntarily committed as an adult, or?
[GRANDMOTHER]. No.
Grandmother’s testimony clearly states that Mother was not involuntarily
committed in response to the night at issue and has never been involuntarily
committed as an adult. Therefore, this finding is unsupported and shall be
disregarded. In re M.Y.P., 378 N.C. 667, 675, 862 S.E.2d 773, 779 (2021).
5. Finding of Fact 11
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Finally, Mother challenges a portion of finding of fact eleven which states,
“[DSS] repeatedly spoke with mother about . . . lack of follow through in mental health
services for [Luke].” Mother contends there is no evidence that she failed to follow
through with Luke’s mental health services. We agree. The social worker testified
Mother was unwilling to engage in a safety plan with DSS; however she also testified
that Luke was in therapy prior to being placed in DSS custody. There was no other
testimony or evidence presented to support a finding that Mother did not follow
through on providing mental health support for Luke when he was in her care.
Therefore, this portion of finding of fact eleven is unsupported and disregarded.
In addition to the six previously contested findings of fact, Mother also
contends that finding of fact nineteen, which is more accurately identified as
conclusions of law that grounds exist for adjudication of neglect, cannot be supported
by the remaining findings of fact. We agree.
“Whether a statement is an ultimate fact or a conclusion of law depends upon
whether it is reached by natural reasoning or by an application of fixed rules of law.”
Woodard v. Mordecai, 234 N.C. 463, 472, 67 S.E.2d 639, 645 (1951) (citations
omitted). Finding of fact nineteen clearly makes conclusions by explicitly stating and
applying legal principles such as the statutory requirements of neglect. This Court
has previously held that, “[t]he determination of neglect requires the application of
the legal principles set forth in . . . [N.C. Gen. Stat.] § 7B-101(15) and is therefore a
conclusion of law.” In re K.J.M., 288 N.C. App. 332, 339, 886 S.E.2d 589, 595 (2023)
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(cleaned up). “[I]f the lower tribunal labels as a finding of fact what is in substance
a conclusion of law, we review that ‘finding’ as a conclusion de novo.” In re V.M., 273
N.C. App. 294, 298, 848 S.E.2d 530, 534 (2020).
In determining whether evidence exists to support finding nineteen and to
adjudicate Luke as neglected, we review the remaining substantive evidentiary
findings to determine if they support the conclusions of law. In regard to neglect, the
trial court concluded,
The status of the juvenile has been determined to be neglected [ ] in that the juvenile’s parent, guardian, custodian or caretaker does not provide proper care, supervision or discipline, the juvenile’s parent, guardian, custodian or caretaker has abandoned the juvenile, the juvenile’s parent, guardian, custodian or caretaker has not provided or arranged for the provision of necessary medical care, the juvenile’s parent, guardian, custodian or caretaker has not provided or arranged for the provision of necessary remedial care, the juvenile’s parent, guardian, custodian or caretaker creates or allows to be created a living environment that is injurious to the juvenile’s welfare.
The remaining findings of fact fail to support any of these conclusions. Findings two,
three, and four summarize the events of 16 December 2023 when Mother made the
series of 911 calls. However, none of those findings allege any issues pertaining to
Luke let alone evidence of any harm or impairment. Findings of fact five and eight
indicate that Mother would sometimes drink alcohol and occasionally leave Luke
home alone. It is not illegal for a parent over the age of twenty-one to consume wine
on occasion. Additionally, leaving an eleven-year-old at home alone is not, in and of
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itself, illegal and certainly does not rise to the level of abandonment. In fact, in North
Carolina, the American Red Cross provides babysitting service training to children
eleven-years-old and older. If a child is old enough to provide babysitting services to
others, it would stand to reason they are old enough to spend time home alone.2 This,
of course, depends on the maturity and development of each individual child. No
evidence was presented suggesting Luke was not mature enough to be home alone for
limited periods of time.
Findings of fact seven, eight and eleven describe Mother’s refusal to cooperate
with DSS. However, there is no requirement that Mother must comply with DSS’
recommendations prior to a court order and her unwillingness to voluntarily comply
cannot be used against her in these adjudication proceedings. In re E.B., 375 N.C.
310, 324, 847 S.E.2d 666, 676 (2020) (discussing a parent’s voluntary involvement
with DSS prior to a court order cannot be used against them to support grounds for
termination). Further, it is not enough that Mother “frustrated [DSS’] ability to
gather evidence” because “misconduct is insufficient to allow a conclusion that [Luke]
did not receive proper care or lived in an injurious environment.” In re J.C.M.J.C.,
268 N.C. App. 47, 60, 834 S.E.2d 670, 679 (2019).
2 American Red Cross, Babysitting Training in North Carolina, https://www.redcross.org/local/north-
carolina/take-a- class/babysitting?srsltid=AfmBOopp4GhtZvk_m401TsLv9BfPEIf5oXgxWUeXIk2TWv28y8XWyc91 (last visited May 16, 2025).
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Findings of fact nine and ten outline Grandmother’s concerns with Mother’s
mental health and behavior. However, none of the incidents describe any
involvement or risk to Luke. In fact, finding of fact nine explicitly states that during
the incident of Mother’s inebriation at TGI Friday’s Luke was at summer camp.
Based on these remaining findings there is no support for the contention that
there has been “some physical, mental, or emotional impairment” of Luke or that
there is “substantial risk of such impairment” because of the failure to provide proper
care, supervision, or discipline as required. In re H.P., 278 N.C. App. 195, 207, 862
S.E.2d 858, 868 (2021). While “[t]here is no requirement of a specific written finding
of a substantial risk of impairment . . . the trial court must make written findings of
fact sufficient to support its conclusion of law of neglect.” In re G.C., 384 N.C. 62, 69,
884 S.E.2d 658, 663 (2023). Here, notwithstanding GAL’s assertion that “[i]t is well-
established that the trial court need not wait for actual harm to occur to the child if
there is a substantial risk of harm to the child in the home,” no substantial risk of
harm to Luke is demonstrated by the remaining supported findings. In re T.S., III,
178 N.C. App. 110, 113, 631 S.E.2d 19, 22 (2006). While the findings outline concerns
for Mother’s mental health and her risk of being charged for misuse of 911, they fail
to prove how these mental health concerns have impacted Luke or created a
substantial risk to Luke necessary to adjudicate him neglected. “In adjudicating a
child neglected, ‘the circumstances and conditions surrounding the child,’ not ‘the
fault or culpability of the parent,’ are ‘what matters.’” In re R.B., 280 N.C. App. 424,
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432, 868 S.E.2d 119, 125 (2021) (cleaned up).
The trial court made no findings that Luke lives in an environment injurious
to his welfare. There is no evidence to show current circumstances present a risk to
Luke. In re J.A.M., 372 N.C. 1, 9, 822 S.E.2d 693, 698 (2019). For all findings
regarding Mother’s concerning behaviors, apart from the 911 call evening, testimony
indicates Luke was not present, thus neither did he witness nor was he endangered
at these times. Significantly, on the evening of the 911 calls, Mother demonstrated
she had a safety plan in place when she arranged for Luke to be with Grandmother
once she no longer felt safe in her home.
Because the trial court failed to make sufficient findings of fact in support of
the conclusion of law to adjudicate Luke as neglected, we vacate the trial court’s
adjudication of neglect and remand for further findings of fact as to whether evidence
exists from which the adjudication could be supported. In re L.B., __ N.C. App. __,
__, 909 S.E.2d 711, 717 (2024).
B. Dependency
Mother argues, just like finding of fact nineteen was actually a conclusion of
law concerning neglect, similarly finding of fact twelve a conclusion of law regarding
dependency. Finding twelve states,
Mother does not have an appropriate care plan for the juvenile. Mother has not taken protective action to care for the juvenile or provide a care plan for the juvenile; has abdicated her parental duties as to the juvenile; and refused to perform the natural and legal obligations of
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parental care and support.
As explained supra when a finding requires the “application of fixed rules of law” it
is more accurately a conclusion of law and therefore reviewed de novo and must be
supported by the remaining findings of fact. Woodard v. Mordecai, 234 N.C. 463, 472,
67 S.E.2d 639, 645 (1951); In re V.M., 273 N.C. App. 294, 298, 848 S.E.2d 530, 534
(2020). Finding of fact twelve clearly requires the application of law in determining
a parent’s legal obligation of care and is therefore a conclusion of law that must be
supported by the findings. Mother contends the remaining substantive evidentiary
findings cannot support the conclusion that Luke is dependent. We agree.
A dependent juvenile is defined as “[a] juvenile in need of assistance or
placement because . . . the juvenile’s parent, guardian, or custodian is unable to
provide for the juvenile’s care or supervision and lacks an appropriate alternative
child care arrangement.” N.C. Gen. Stat. § 7B-101(9) (2024). “An adjudication of
dependency requires the trial court to ‘address both (1) the parent’s ability to provide
care or supervision, and (2) the availability to the parent of alternative child care
arrangements.’” In re H.P., 278 N.C. App. 195, 207, 862 S.E.2d 858, 868-69 (2021)
(quoting In re P.M., 169 N.C. App. 423, 427, 610 S.E.2d 403, 406 (2005)). “Findings
that a parent is unable to care for her children and that the parent lacks an
alternative child care arrangement support a dependency adjudication.” In re of A.J.,
386 N.C. 409, 416, 904 S.E.2d 707, 714 (2024). “Findings of fact addressing both
prongs must be made before a juvenile may be adjudicated as dependent, and the
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court’s failure to make these findings will result in reversal of the court.” In re H.P.,
278 N.C. App. 195, 207, 862 S.E.2d 858, 869 (2021); In re L.C., 253 N.C. App. 67, 80,
800 S.E.2d 82, 91-92 (2017.
Here, the findings do not denote Mother’s inability to provide care or
supervision for her minor child. Rather, they point to a few specific instances of
concerning behaviors by Mother, all which fail to show Luke was harmed, at a
substantial risk of harm, or even that he was present. There is no evidence or
reasoning as to how the court concluded that Mother was not caring for Luke aside
from Mother’s refusal to work with DSS to create an official safety plan. There is no
requirement, however, that Mother must comply with DSS’ recommendations prior
to a court order and her unwillingness to voluntarily comply cannot be used against
her in these adjudication proceedings. See In re E.B., 375 N.C. 310, 324, 847 S.E.2d
666, 676 (2020). Rather, ample competent evidence was presented that while Mother
had some mental health concerns, Luke lived in a safe home, was clean, clothed and
well fed, attended school and therapy and Mother effectively and purposely relied on
Grandmother when she had moments of struggle.
Additionally, the evidence and testimony at trial clearly support the contention
that Mother had appropriate alternative childcare arrangements prior to
intervention by DSS. It has been “consistently held that in order for a parent to have
an appropriate alternative childcare arrangement, the parent must have taken some
action to identify viable alternatives.” In re C.B., 245 N.C. App. 197, 211, 783 S.E.2d
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206, 216 (2016). Additionally, the alternative care provider must be willing and able
to provide care. In re D.J.D., 171 N.C. App. 230, 239, 615 S.E.2d 26, 32 (2005).
Grandmother testified that she regularly helped care for Luke and that Mother
brought Luke to her on the night of the 911 calls incident. The officer testified that
Mother decided to take Luke to Grandmother when she was scared and not doing
well. In finding of fact ten the trial court found that “the juvenile remained in the
home with the maternal grandmother since that night” clearly indicating Mother
made the choice to leave Luke with Grandmother as needed. It is uncontroverted
that Mother was consistently utilizing Grandmother as an alternative childcare
provider prior to any DSS involvement and DSS determined her to be a viable
provider as the trial court found “[Luke] is doing well in his placement with his
maternal grandmother and currently [DSS] does not plan on moving him.” Findings
four, nine, and ten all provide information about Grandmother’s involvement caring
for Luke prior to DSS involvement and finding of fact sixteen evidences DSS’ approval
and continued reliance on Grandmother. Further, finding of fact seventeen notes
Mother also requested that her father, Grandfather, be considered as an alternative,
he agreed and was in the process of being assessed by DSS. There are no findings or
evidence in the record to support the conclusion that Mother lacked alternative
childcare arrangements.
Because the trial court failed to make sufficient findings of fact in support of
the conclusion of law to adjudicate Luke as dependent, we vacate the trial court’s
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adjudication of dependency.
V. Conclusion
For the foregoing reasons, we vacate the adjudication order finding the juvenile
to be a neglected and dependent juvenile. As we have vacated the adjudication, we
must also vacate the resulting disposition. In re S.C.R., 217 N.C. App. 166, 170, 718
S.E.2d 709, 713 (2011). We remand this matter to the trial court for further findings
of fact as to whether evidence exists from which the adjudication could be supported
or, in the absence of such evidence, for dismissal of the petition. In re L.B., __ N.C.
App. __, __, 909 S.E.2d 711, 717 (2024).
VACATED AND REMANDED.
Chief Judge DILLON concurs by separate opinion.
Judge STADING concurs in result only.
Report per Rule 30(e).
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DILLON, Chief Judge concurring.
I concur in the majority opinion. Our General Assembly has provided that
“[w]here a juvenile is alleged to be abused, neglected, or dependent, the rules of
evidence in civil cases shall apply.” N.C.G.S. § 7B-804. In its order, the trial court
states that it “accepts without objection the CCDSS and GAL Reports into evidence
and incorporated as this [c]ourt’s findings of fact.” The trial court then makes several
findings, as outlined in the majority opinion, that are based on information in those
Reports. However, the record clearly shows that those Reports were not allowed into
evidence as substantive evidence of the information contained therein. And the
witnesses who had firsthand knowledge of the matters therein did not testify
regarding those matters.
The trial court did appropriately make findings showing Mother’s paranoid
and potentially dangerous behavior through the testimonies of the witnesses who
testified at the hearing with firsthand knowledge. But there was also evidence of
other potentially dangerous behavior by Mother in which the trial court made no
finding. For instance, as stated in the majority, Grandmother testified Mother
admitted to routinely driving her car in an impaired condition, which is some
evidence, when coupled with evidence of Mother’s episodes of paranoid behavior, of
potential risk of harm to Luke. Therefore, I agree the appropriate mandate is for
Order to be vacated and the matter be remanded to properly reconsider the matter. IN RE: L.D.E.