NUMBER 13-19-00573-CV
COURT OF APPEALS
THIRTEENTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS
CORPUS CHRISTI – EDINBURG
IN RE LAKEITH RAQIB AMIR-SHARIF
On Petition for Writ of Mandamus.
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Before Justices Benavides, Longoria, and Perkes Memorandum Opinion by Justice Perkes1
Relator Lakeith Raqib Amir-Sharif, proceeding pro se, filed a petition for writ of
mandamus in the above cause on November 8, 2019. Through this original proceeding,
relator seeks to compel the trial court to comply with the recusal procedures provided by
1 See TEX. R. APP. P. 52.8(d) (“When granting relief, the court must hand down an opinion as in
any other case,” but when “denying relief, the court may hand down an opinion but is not required to do so.”); see also id. R. 47.4 (distinguishing opinions and memorandum opinions). Texas Rule of Civil Procedure 18a. See TEX. R. CIV. P. 18a(f). 2 We conditionally grant
the petition for writ of mandamus.
I. BACKGROUND
According to the petition for writ of mandamus, relator filed the underlying lawsuit
as a Texas prisoner “seeking the return of and/or adequate monetary compensation for
various authorized personal property items that were improperly confiscated in July 2015
by the named defendants in the lawsuit.” Relator states that he filed a motion to recuse
the respondent on June 6, 2019. According to the record provided, the District Clerk of
Bee County received and filed the motion to recuse and forwarded a copy to the
respondent on July 22, 2019. Relator asserts that the trial court has failed to act on his
motion to recuse. He argues that the respondent has a mandatory and non-discretionary
duty to comply with Texas Rule of Civil Procedure 18a(f)(1). See id.
This Court requested that the real parties in interest, Warren Kenneth Paxton Jr.
on behalf of the Office of the Attorney General of the State of Texas, Law Enforcement
Defense Division (OAG) and Sharon Howell as General Counsel for the Texas
Department of Criminal Justice, or any others whose interest would be directly affected
by the relief sought, file a response to the petition for writ of mandamus. See TEX. R. APP.
P. 52.2, 52.4, 52.8. The OAG filed a response to the petition confirming that relator filed
a motion to recuse the respondent on June 6, 2019. The OAG further states, in relevant
part:
Relator seeks mandamus relief requiring the . . . judge to comply with the entirety of Rule 18(a), which in part requires the judge to either voluntarily recuse herself from the case or to refer the motion to the regional presiding
2This proceeding arises from trial court cause number B-16-1194-CV-A in the 36th District Court of Bee County, Texas, and the respondent is the Honorable Starr Boldrick Bauer. See id. R. 52.2.
2 judge, in this case the Hon. Sid Harle of the 4th Administrative Judicial Region. See TEX. R. CIV. P. 18(a)(f).
After contacting the Bee County District Clerk’s Office and the Clerk’s Office for the 4th Administrative Judicial Region, undersigned counsel is not aware of any filings made by the District Court relating to the Relator’s Motion for Recusal, other than the July 22, 2019 letter filed by the Clerk’s Office informing Relator that the motion to recuse was forwarded to the Hon. Judge Bauer.
The Texas Department of Criminal Justice did not file a response to relator’s petition for
writ of mandamus. See id. R. 52.4.
II. STANDARD FOR MANDAMUS RELIEF
Mandamus is an extraordinary remedy issued at the discretion of the court. In re
Garza, 544 S.W.3d 836, 840 (Tex. 2018) (orig. proceeding) (per curiam). To obtain relief
by writ of mandamus, a relator must establish that an underlying order is void or is a clear
abuse of discretion and there is no adequate appellate remedy. In re Nationwide Ins. Co.
of Am., 494 S.W.3d 708, 712 (Tex. 2016) (orig. proceeding); see In re Prudential Ins. Co.
of Am., 148 S.W.3d 124, 135–36 (Tex. 2004) (orig. proceeding); Walker v. Packer, 827
S.W.2d 833, 839–40 (Tex. 1992) (orig. proceeding).
An abuse of discretion occurs when a trial court’s ruling is arbitrary and
unreasonable or is made without regard for guiding legal principles or supporting
evidence. In re Nationwide Ins. Co. of Am., 494 S.W.3d at 712; Ford Motor Co. v. Garcia,
363 S.W.3d 573, 578 (Tex. 2012). We determine the adequacy of an appellate remedy
by balancing the benefits of mandamus review against the detriments. In re Essex Ins.
Co., 450 S.W.3d 524, 528 (Tex. 2014) (orig. proceeding); In re Prudential Ins. Co. of Am.,
148 S.W.3d at 136. In deciding whether the benefits of mandamus outweigh the
detriments, we weigh the public and private interests involved, and we look to the facts in
3 each case to determine the adequacy of an appeal. In re United Servs. Auto. Ass’n, 307
S.W.3d 299, 313 (Tex. 2010) (orig. proceeding); In re McAllen Med. Ctr., Inc., 275 S.W.3d
458, 469 (Tex. 2008) (orig. proceeding); In re Prudential Ins. Co. of Am., 148 S.W.3d at
136–37.
III. MOTIONS TO RECUSE
Texas Rule of Civil Procedure 18a(f)(1) governs the duties of the respondent judge
when a party files a motion to recuse. See TEX. R. CIV. P. 18a(f)(1). This rule states that:
“[r]egardless of whether the motion complies with this rule, the respondent judge, within
three business days after the motion is filed, must either: (A) sign and file with the clerk
an order of recusal or disqualification; or (B) sign and file with the clerk an order referring
the motion to the regional presiding judge.” Id.; see Greenberg, Benson, Fisk & Fielder,
P.C. v. Howell, 685 S.W.2d 694, 695 (Tex. App.—Dallas 1984, orig. proceeding)
(construing the former statute governing motions to recuse). Under Rule 18a(f)’s “clear
terms,” when a party files a motion to recuse, the judge must either grant or refer the
motion without regard to whether the motion meets the rule’s technical requirements. In
re Marshall, 515 S.W.3d 420, 421–22 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2017, orig.
proceeding); see In re Norman, 191 S.W.3d 858, 861 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.]
2006, orig. proceeding). Stated otherwise, the language of Rule 18a is “mandatory.” In
re State ex rel. Durden, No. 04-19-00215-CR, 2019 WL 3642650, at *2, __ S.W.3d __,
__, (Tex. App.—San Antonio Aug. 7, 2019, orig. proceeding); In re Marshall, 515 S.W.3d
at 422; Culver v. Culver, 360 S.W.3d 526, 537 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2011, no pet.).
The respondent judge’s failure to follow the procedure mandated by Rule 18a(f) renders
4 any subsequent orders void. See In re Marshall, 515 S.W.3d at 421–22; In re Susan C.
Norman, 191 S.W.3d at 861.
IV. ANALYSIS
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NUMBER 13-19-00573-CV
COURT OF APPEALS
THIRTEENTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS
CORPUS CHRISTI – EDINBURG
IN RE LAKEITH RAQIB AMIR-SHARIF
On Petition for Writ of Mandamus.
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Before Justices Benavides, Longoria, and Perkes Memorandum Opinion by Justice Perkes1
Relator Lakeith Raqib Amir-Sharif, proceeding pro se, filed a petition for writ of
mandamus in the above cause on November 8, 2019. Through this original proceeding,
relator seeks to compel the trial court to comply with the recusal procedures provided by
1 See TEX. R. APP. P. 52.8(d) (“When granting relief, the court must hand down an opinion as in
any other case,” but when “denying relief, the court may hand down an opinion but is not required to do so.”); see also id. R. 47.4 (distinguishing opinions and memorandum opinions). Texas Rule of Civil Procedure 18a. See TEX. R. CIV. P. 18a(f). 2 We conditionally grant
the petition for writ of mandamus.
I. BACKGROUND
According to the petition for writ of mandamus, relator filed the underlying lawsuit
as a Texas prisoner “seeking the return of and/or adequate monetary compensation for
various authorized personal property items that were improperly confiscated in July 2015
by the named defendants in the lawsuit.” Relator states that he filed a motion to recuse
the respondent on June 6, 2019. According to the record provided, the District Clerk of
Bee County received and filed the motion to recuse and forwarded a copy to the
respondent on July 22, 2019. Relator asserts that the trial court has failed to act on his
motion to recuse. He argues that the respondent has a mandatory and non-discretionary
duty to comply with Texas Rule of Civil Procedure 18a(f)(1). See id.
This Court requested that the real parties in interest, Warren Kenneth Paxton Jr.
on behalf of the Office of the Attorney General of the State of Texas, Law Enforcement
Defense Division (OAG) and Sharon Howell as General Counsel for the Texas
Department of Criminal Justice, or any others whose interest would be directly affected
by the relief sought, file a response to the petition for writ of mandamus. See TEX. R. APP.
P. 52.2, 52.4, 52.8. The OAG filed a response to the petition confirming that relator filed
a motion to recuse the respondent on June 6, 2019. The OAG further states, in relevant
part:
Relator seeks mandamus relief requiring the . . . judge to comply with the entirety of Rule 18(a), which in part requires the judge to either voluntarily recuse herself from the case or to refer the motion to the regional presiding
2This proceeding arises from trial court cause number B-16-1194-CV-A in the 36th District Court of Bee County, Texas, and the respondent is the Honorable Starr Boldrick Bauer. See id. R. 52.2.
2 judge, in this case the Hon. Sid Harle of the 4th Administrative Judicial Region. See TEX. R. CIV. P. 18(a)(f).
After contacting the Bee County District Clerk’s Office and the Clerk’s Office for the 4th Administrative Judicial Region, undersigned counsel is not aware of any filings made by the District Court relating to the Relator’s Motion for Recusal, other than the July 22, 2019 letter filed by the Clerk’s Office informing Relator that the motion to recuse was forwarded to the Hon. Judge Bauer.
The Texas Department of Criminal Justice did not file a response to relator’s petition for
writ of mandamus. See id. R. 52.4.
II. STANDARD FOR MANDAMUS RELIEF
Mandamus is an extraordinary remedy issued at the discretion of the court. In re
Garza, 544 S.W.3d 836, 840 (Tex. 2018) (orig. proceeding) (per curiam). To obtain relief
by writ of mandamus, a relator must establish that an underlying order is void or is a clear
abuse of discretion and there is no adequate appellate remedy. In re Nationwide Ins. Co.
of Am., 494 S.W.3d 708, 712 (Tex. 2016) (orig. proceeding); see In re Prudential Ins. Co.
of Am., 148 S.W.3d 124, 135–36 (Tex. 2004) (orig. proceeding); Walker v. Packer, 827
S.W.2d 833, 839–40 (Tex. 1992) (orig. proceeding).
An abuse of discretion occurs when a trial court’s ruling is arbitrary and
unreasonable or is made without regard for guiding legal principles or supporting
evidence. In re Nationwide Ins. Co. of Am., 494 S.W.3d at 712; Ford Motor Co. v. Garcia,
363 S.W.3d 573, 578 (Tex. 2012). We determine the adequacy of an appellate remedy
by balancing the benefits of mandamus review against the detriments. In re Essex Ins.
Co., 450 S.W.3d 524, 528 (Tex. 2014) (orig. proceeding); In re Prudential Ins. Co. of Am.,
148 S.W.3d at 136. In deciding whether the benefits of mandamus outweigh the
detriments, we weigh the public and private interests involved, and we look to the facts in
3 each case to determine the adequacy of an appeal. In re United Servs. Auto. Ass’n, 307
S.W.3d 299, 313 (Tex. 2010) (orig. proceeding); In re McAllen Med. Ctr., Inc., 275 S.W.3d
458, 469 (Tex. 2008) (orig. proceeding); In re Prudential Ins. Co. of Am., 148 S.W.3d at
136–37.
III. MOTIONS TO RECUSE
Texas Rule of Civil Procedure 18a(f)(1) governs the duties of the respondent judge
when a party files a motion to recuse. See TEX. R. CIV. P. 18a(f)(1). This rule states that:
“[r]egardless of whether the motion complies with this rule, the respondent judge, within
three business days after the motion is filed, must either: (A) sign and file with the clerk
an order of recusal or disqualification; or (B) sign and file with the clerk an order referring
the motion to the regional presiding judge.” Id.; see Greenberg, Benson, Fisk & Fielder,
P.C. v. Howell, 685 S.W.2d 694, 695 (Tex. App.—Dallas 1984, orig. proceeding)
(construing the former statute governing motions to recuse). Under Rule 18a(f)’s “clear
terms,” when a party files a motion to recuse, the judge must either grant or refer the
motion without regard to whether the motion meets the rule’s technical requirements. In
re Marshall, 515 S.W.3d 420, 421–22 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2017, orig.
proceeding); see In re Norman, 191 S.W.3d 858, 861 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.]
2006, orig. proceeding). Stated otherwise, the language of Rule 18a is “mandatory.” In
re State ex rel. Durden, No. 04-19-00215-CR, 2019 WL 3642650, at *2, __ S.W.3d __,
__, (Tex. App.—San Antonio Aug. 7, 2019, orig. proceeding); In re Marshall, 515 S.W.3d
at 422; Culver v. Culver, 360 S.W.3d 526, 537 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2011, no pet.).
The respondent judge’s failure to follow the procedure mandated by Rule 18a(f) renders
4 any subsequent orders void. See In re Marshall, 515 S.W.3d at 421–22; In re Susan C.
Norman, 191 S.W.3d at 861.
IV. ANALYSIS
Here, under Rule 18a(f), regardless of whether relator’s pro se motion to recuse
complied with the rule, the respondent judge was required to sign and file with the clerk
either (1) an order of recusal or (2) an order referring the motion to the regional presiding
judge. See TEX. R. CIV. P. 18a(f)(1); see In re Marshall, 515 S.W.3d at 421–22; In re
Norman, 191 S.W.3d at 861. However, based on the record presented, and as conceded
by the OAG, the respondent has neither signed and filed an order of recusal nor signed
and filed an order referring the motion to the regional presiding judge. Rule 18a’s recusal-
or-referral requirement is mandatory, and mandamus relief is appropriate to compel
compliance with the rule. See, e.g., In re Marshall, 515 S.W.3d at 421–22; In re
Thompson, 330 S.W.3d 411, 417–19 (Tex. App.—Austin 2010, orig. proceeding); In re
Norman, 191 S.W.3d at 860; In re Rio Grande Valley Gas Co., 987 S.W.2d 167, 179–80
(Tex. App.—Corpus Christi–Edinburg 1999, orig. proceeding). Consequently, the
respondent abused her discretion by failing to either recuse herself or refer the motion to
recuse to the presiding judge of the administrative judicial district. See TEX. R. CIV. P.
18a(f)(1); see In re Marshall, 515 S.W.3d at 421–22; In re Norman, 191 S.W.3d at 861.
Having concluded that the respondent abused her discretion, we must determine
if relator has an adequate remedy by appeal. An order denying a motion to recuse may
be reviewed only for abuse of discretion on appeal from the final judgment, and an order
granting a motion to recuse is final and cannot be reviewed by appeal, mandamus, or
otherwise. See TEX. R. CIV. P. 18a(j). Here, however, the respondent has neither
5 granted, denied, nor referred the motion to recuse but has instead failed to rule on it. In
such circumstances, relator lacks an adequate remedy by appeal. See, e.g., In re
Marshall, 515 S.W.3d at 421–22; In re Thompson, 330 S.W.3d at 417–19; In re Norman,
191 S.W.3d at 860; Winfield v. Daggett, 846 S.W.2d 920, 922 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st
Dist.] 1993, no writ); see also In re House of Yahweh, No. 11-09-00049-CV, 2009 WL
545591, at *1 (Tex. App.—Eastland Mar. 5, 2009, orig. proceeding) (mem. op.); In re
Whatley, No. 14-05-01222-CV, 2006 WL 2948230, at *1 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.]
Oct. 13, 2006, orig. proceeding) (mem. op.). 3
V. CONCLUSION
The Court, having examined and fully considered the petition for writ of mandamus,
the response filed by the OAG, and the applicable law, is of the opinion that relator has
met his burden to obtain relief based on the record presented. The respondent judge
abused her discretion by failing to recuse or refer and relator lacks an adequate remedy
by appeal. See In re Marshall, 515 S.W.3d at 421–22; In re Thompson, 330 S.W.3d at
417–19. Accordingly, we conditionally grant the petition for writ of mandamus and direct
the respondent to sign and file an order of recusal or an order referring the motion to
recuse to the regional presiding judge. The writ will issue only if the trial court fails to
comply.
GREGORY T. PERKES Justice
Delivered and filed the 12th day of December, 2019.
3 Rule 18a(f)(3) provides that a movant “may notify the regional presiding judge” if “the respondent
judge fails to comply with a duty imposed by this rule.” TEX. R. CIV. P. 18a(f)(3). The record does not indicate that relator notified the regional presiding judge of the respondent’s failure to recuse or refer; however, we do not consider this optional step as a necessary prerequisite to mandamus relief because it fails to remedy the respondent’s ministerial duty to recuse or refer. See id.