DECISION RE PLAN CONFIRMATION
WILLIAM L. EDMONDS, Chief Judge.
Anders and Cynthia Knudsen seek confirmation of their chapter 12 plan. Objections were filed by the United States on behalf of the Internal Revenue Service (hereinafter “IRS”) and by the trustee,
Carol F. Dunbar. Hearing on confirmation was held July 12, 2006 in Fort Dodge. Joseph A. Peiffer appeared as attorney for Knudsens. Martin J. McLaughlin, Assistant United States Attorney, appeared for the IRS. Carol F. Dunbar appeared on her own behalf. This is a core proceeding-under 28 U.S.C. § 157(b)(2)(D).
Anders (hereinafter “Knudsen”) and his wife, Cynthia, filed their chapter 12 petition on July 1, 2005. Knudsen is 45 years old. He graduated from Iowa State University with a bachelor’s degree in agricultural business and minor studies in farm management. Cynthia has associates degrees in arts and in science. The couple has four daughters, ages 21, 17, 14 and 12. The oldest daughter is presently a junior at Iowa State University. The middle girls will be in ninth and twelfth grades. The youngest daughter has a learning disability. She receives tutoring in addition to her public schooling. The extra help is recommended by her school. The family lives in Mitchell County, Iowa, near St. Ansgar.
Knudsen is a farmer. He started farming part-time while in high school. He purchased his first farm while in college. When he graduated from college, he began farming 200 acres; he also had a small hog-operation. He has farmed over the years with his younger brother, James. The two men own various pieces of farm equipment together. Knudsen owns several interests in farm real estate acquired over the years by purchase, inheritance, and through family exchanges. Some of his interests are fractional, undivided remainder interests owned with siblings. He and Cynthia own 160 acres in Mitchell County. They own 80 of the acres as joint tenants with right of survivorship and 80 acres as tenants in common. The 160 acres include the couple’s 40-acre homestead, which has been claimed as exempt.
In the early 1990s, Knudsen enlarged his hog operation. During 1992-1993, he increased the sow herd to 250. He built a farrowing house, and started selling feeder pigs. Initially he hired others to fatten his hogs, but in the spring of 1995, he built his own finishing barn. He built a second finishing barn in 1996. By 1996 he was operating a farrow-to-finish operation and was selling his own hogs as his main source of income. During 1999, two occurrences of swine disease impaired the growth and profitability of Knudsen’s hog operation. Beginning in 2000 and through 2003, Knudsen and his lender, the St. Ans-gar State Bank, became concerned about the financial direction of his farming operation. The bank was increasingly unwilling to lend money to finance it.
Knudsen investigated the idea of becoming a custom livestock operator. In December 2003, he and Cynthia entered into two contracts to grow swine for Squealers Pork, Inc., an Austin, Minnesota corporation (SPI). SPI was to provide grower pigs to be finished at the Knudsen facility. Under the two contracts, Knudsens were to receive $14,338.00 per month. The duration of the contracts was 10 years. In addition to using his own hog facilities, Knudsen leased from his father a barn used for the gestation of SPI’s sows. The rent was $20,000.00 per year. Because of concerns over disease, SPI required that Knudsen completely dispose of his own swine.
Knudsen decided to end his grain farming. He leased out his 160 acres to a friend for cash rent of $20,000.00 per year.
Knudsen and Cynthia both work off the farm. Cynthia is employed part time by a jewelry store located in Austin, Minnesota. She earns about $7,000.00 per year. In 2005, Knudsen began employment for a local radio station as on-air talent and as a salesman. He is paid $28,000.00 in annual
salary plus benefits, including health insurance.
During 2004, Knudsen sold the last of his breeding sows. Also during 2004 he sold all of his slaughter hogs (fat hogs). The fat hogs were those raised by Knudsen and sold in the ordinary course of his business. Knudsen used the proceeds to pay the St. Ansgar State Bank, whose loan was secured by the hogs.
Knudsen’s change in operations allowed him to sell his interest in some of the farrowing equipment that he owned jointly with his brother. During 2004 he sold his interest in seven pieces of such equipment to his brother. He also sold a livestock trailer.
Knudsens filed their joint federal tax return for 2004 on or after March 1, 2005. Sales of “livestock, produce, grains, and other products” were reported at $525,384.00 (exhibit 1, Schedule F, line 4). This figure included sales of slaughter hogs. Knudsen’s net farm income for 2004 was reported as $65,336.00 (exhibit 1, schedule F). Gains from the sale of the farrowing equipment to his brother and from the sale of the livestock trailer were reported as ordinary gain on form 4797 and on line 14 of Knudsens’ form 1040. Income from sales of Knudsen’s breeding sows was reported as capital gain (exhibit 1, form 4797). Knudsens’ total tax for 2004, as shown on their initial return, was $19,550.00 (exhibit 1, form 1040, line 62).
They filed an amended return on June 21, 2005, which showed their 2004 tax as $55,839.00 (exhibit 64). The increased taxes resulted from a decision to revoke an election to treat certain hog building remodeling costs as expenses rather than to depreciate the costs over time. The revocation had the effect of decreasing farm expenses for 2004, thereby increasing income.
See
26 U.S.C. § 179. It also had the effect of increasing depreciation expenses for future tax years.
Under the initially filed return for 2004, there was self-employment tax of $9,232.00 (exhibit 1, form SE). Under the amended return, the self-employment tax was $15,176.00 (exhibit 64).
Knudsens filed their chapter 12 bankruptcy petition on July 1, 2005. They have filed a Fifth Amended and Substituted Chapter 12 Plan (doe. 136) and modified it twice to provide “technical amendments” (docs. 169,162).
The essence of the proposed plan is to take advantage of 11 U.S.C. § 1222(a) as amended by the Bankruptcy Abuse Prevention and Consumer Protection Act of 2005 (“BAPCPA”), Pub.L. No. 109-8, 119 Stat. 23. Section 1222 deals with the mandatory and permissive contents of a chapter 12 plan.
Prior to amendment, subsection 1222(a) provided that
[t]he plan shall ... provide for the full payment, in deferred cash payments, of all claims entitled to priority under section 507 of this title, unless the holder of a particular claim agrees to a different treatment of such claim.
11 U.S.C. § 1222(a)(2) (prior to amendment in 2005).
The section was amended by BAPCPA to state:
The plan shall ... provide for the full payment, in deferred cash payments, of all claims entitled to priority under section 507, unless — -(A) the claim is a claim owed to a governmental unit that arises as a result of the sale, transfer, exchange, or other disposition of any farm asset used in the debtor’s farming operation, in which case the claim shall be treated as an unsecured claim that is not entitled to priority under section 507, but the debt shall be treated in such
manner only if the debtor receives a discharge; or (B) the holder of a particular claim agrees to a different treatment of that claim.
11 U.S.C. § 1222(a)(2)(A) and (B). Although many BAPCPA amendments did not become effective until October 17, 2005, the amendment to § 1222(a)(2) became effective on enactment of BAPCPA on April 20, 2005.
As part of his plan to restructure his farming operation, Knudsen plans to sell machinery and equipment and a remainder interest in certain farmground, 120 acres of the 160-acre farm. It is estimated that outside of bankruptcy, the sales would generate significant capital gains. Knudsens concede that in order for them proposed chapter 12 plan to be feasible, the income taxes resulting from the capital gains on the sales must be given the favorable treatment provided by 11 U.S.C. § 1222(a)(2)(A), meaning that a portion of the income taxes must be treated as unsecured debt rather than as priority debt to the IRS, and that if they perform their plan successfully, the unsecured portion must be discharged, including any penalties and interest. Also, Knudsens contend that the same favorable treatment should apply to their prepetition restructuring sales of fat hogs, sows, and equipment.
The disputes over confirmation in this case involve issues as to which sales and them resulting taxes should receive special treatment under section 1222(a)(2)(A), the extent of the discharge of taxes if Knudsens successfully perform their plan, and the method of calculation for separating priority taxes from unsecured taxes in applying § 1222(a)(2)(A). There is also a disposable income issue over the payment of college expenses for their adult daughter.
Knudsens contend that the 1222(a)(2)(A) treatment should apply to prepetition and postpetition sales; that favorable tax treatment should apply to assets normally sold to produce ordinary income; that taxes from asset sales receiving favorable treatment under 1222(a)(2)(A) should be calculated on a marginal rate basis rather than a proportional basis to arrive at the division between priority and unsecured tax debt; and that when they successfully complete their plan, they should receive a full payment discharge of any taxes treated as general unsecured debt under 1222(a)(2)(A), including prepetition taxes and taxes resulting from sales during bankruptcy.
The trustee objects to the proposed plan because Knudsens propose to pay costs of their adult daughter’s college education out of their income, in violation of the disposable income requirement of 11 U.S.C. § 1225(b)(1)(B).
The IRS objects to Knudsens’ proposed treatment of federal income taxes under § 1222(a)(2)(A). It makes the following arguments:
(1) favorable tax treatment under section 1222(a)(2)(A) does not apply to the Knudsens’ prepetition sale of fat hogs because the hogs were not “farm assess) used in the debtor’s farming operation” within the meaning of 11 U.S.C. § 1222(a)(2)(A) and the Internal Revenue Code;
(2) the allocation of income taxes between priority tax debt and “unsecured” tax debt under § 1222(a)(2)(A) should be made by prorating the actual tax for the period according to the proportions of income arising from the sale of farm assets used in the operation and income arising from all other sources. IRS objects to Knudsens’ use of a “marginal rate” method;
(3) as to prepetition income taxes, even if Congress intended a “reclassification”
of-a portion of priority tax debt to unsecured debt, the reclassified tax debt must still be paid in full under the “best interest” test of 11 U.S.C. § 1225(a)(4);
(4) as to prepetition income taxes, if Congress did not intend “reclassification” of priority tax debt to unsecured debt, then as priority tax debt under § 507(a)(8), it may not be discharged under § 1228(a);
(5) as to debtors’ postpetition income taxes, the plan may not, as it proposes, pay any taxes as administrative expenses because such taxes are debts of the individual debtors, not taxes incurred by the bankruptcy estate; also, section 1222(a)(2)(A) treatment is inapplicable to Knudsens’ postpetition taxes because such treatment applies only to priority claims, and postpetition taxes in chapter 12 are neither an administrative expense nor a prepetition priority claim;
(6) debtors’ postpetition taxes may not be discharged because such taxes are not administrative expenses under § 503(b)(1)(B).
Issue (1)
— Tax
Treatment of the Slaughter Hogs
Section 1222(a)(2)(A) provides beneficial tax treatment for farmers in bankruptcy as to sales or other dispositions of “any farm asset used in the debtor’s farming operation.” IRS and Knudsens disagree on whether that treatment applies to Knudsen’s prepetition sale of slaughter hogs. Slaughter hogs were historically raised and sold by Knudsen for the production of farm income. IRS argues that the phrase “used in the debtor’s farming operation” should be given the same meaning and treatment as in 26 U.S.C. § 1231(b)(3), which provides capital gain treatment for taxes arising from the sale of breeding livestock. In section 1231 of the Internal Revenue Code, “property used in the trade or business” is a defined phrase
(see
26 U.S.C. § 1231(b)). Section 1222(a)(2)(A) of the Bankruptcy Code uses the term “any farm asset used in the debt- or’s farming operation.” IRS contends that the word “used” should be given the same meaning in both statutes, limiting the favorable bankruptcy treatment to sale of capital assets.
Knudsens disagree. They contend that § 1222(a)(2)(A) treatment should be extended to tax debt arising from the sale or other disposition of any farm asset, when such disposition was made in furtherance of restructuring the farmer’s operation, either before or after the filing of the chapter 12 petition. This position is supported by the testimony of Knudsens’ trial expert, Dr. Neil Harl. He testified that the sale of any farm asset, if part of a restructuring plan, should qualify for the favorable bankruptcy/tax treatment, even if the assets were normally produced by the farmer to generate ordinary income. Moreover, Dr. Harl would extend the favorable treatment to any prepetition sale of such property if it is reasonably related to the business’s restructuring as proposed by the chapter 12 plan. Dr. Harl suggests that favorable treatment should be permitted to the extent that the sales are necessary to meet the reorganization objectives of the plan. He testified that the amendment to § 1222(a)(2)(A) was the work of the Judiciary Committee of the United States Senate, and he doubts the committee was thinking of the term “used” in a tax context.
I agree with the IRS on this issue. Although the phrases in § 1231(b) of the Internal Revenue Code and in § 1222(a)(2)(A) of the Bankruptcy Code are not the same, I conclude that the term “used” as contained in both phrases should be given the same meaning. The lack of total equivalence in the phrases results
from the application of § 1231 to a wide range of business enterprises, whereas § 1222(a)(2)(A) deals only with farming, and therefore is more specific.
The use of a term of art that has an accepted meaning in tax law should be given the same meaning in a tax context in the Bankruptcy Code.
Colsen v. United States,
322 B.R. 118, 122 & n. 5 (8th Cir. BAP 2005),
aff'd,
446 F.3d 836 (8th Cir.2006). I infer that Congress in drafting § 1222(a)(2)(A) was considering farm sales in the context of the Internal Revenue Code.
I find no decisions on this issue. However, a respected bankruptcy treatise is supportive on this point:
The exception for claims owed to governmental units was enacted as part of the Bankruptcy Abuse Prevention and Consumer Protection Act of 2005 and has no counterpart in chapter 11 or chapter 13. It presumably was intended to render capital gains taxes on disposition of farm assets into general unsecured claims for purposes of treatment under a chapter 12 plan.
8 Collier on Bankruptcy, ¶ 1222.02[2] at 1222-5 (15th ed. rev.2006).
I conclude that the sales by Knudsens of slaughter hogs in 2004 do not qualify for § 1222(a)(2)(A) treatment as sales of “farm asset[s] used in the debtor’s farming operation.”
Issue (2)
— Allocation
of Taxes
Knudsens and IRS disagree as to the method for allocating tax claims between those attributable to the sale of farm assets which qualify for beneficial treatment under § 1222(a)(2)(A) and those entitled to priority status which are not attributable to such sales. IRS, understandably, makes its argument on this issue without prejudice to its position that Knudsens are not entitled to such beneficial treatment for all taxes regardless of the type of asset sold or the timing of the sale.
IRS argues that the appropriate way to allocate the taxes is to prepare a tax return which recognizes total income and all deductions and exemptions and calculates the income tax based on all taxable income. IRS would then calculate the percentage of total income attributable to sales of qualifying capital assets and the percentage of total income attributable to non-qualifying sources. The income tax would be divided according to these percentages.
See
IRS exhibit A (applying this method to Knudsens’ 1040X amended return for 2004). IRS would add the total self-employment tax to the tax for non-qualifying income because it says the self-employment tax is not based on income from the sale of capital assets. Knudsens’ 2004 tax returns show this to be so (exhibits 1 and 64).
IRS would next subtract any credits according to their relation to the sources of income. In the case of its example for 2004, it applied two credits to the non-qualifying tax calculation (tax withheld and fuels credit). IRS arrives at a net tax due for each treatment and then calculates the percentage of the tax attributable to qualifying and non-qualifying sources of income. In exhibit A, the “priority claim” is 82 per cent of the total tax, and the unsecured “general claim” is 18 per cent. IRS would then apply any payments on taxes for 2004 in accordance with the percentage relationship of net tax due for qualifying and non-qualifying income, yielding a tax balance for each. IRS calls this method a proration or proportional method.
Knudsens argue for a marginal rate method. They would calculate a tax return for all income, and then a second, pro forma tax return removing all qualifying sales income. The Knudsens contend that
this is a better method because it taxes the non-qualifying income at lower marginal tax rates. This results in a lower tax for income not entitled to beneficial treatment and likely makes reorganization more feasible, furthering the intent of the amendment. Knudsens would also apply any and all payments on taxes to the non-qualifying tax, the tax which would not be discharged unless paid. No tax payments for 2004 would be applied to the portion of the tax that would receive beneficial treatment as unsecured debt under § 1222(a)(2)(A).
IRS points out that Knudsens’ method eliminates the self-employment tax because it reduces the amount of income on which the tax is calculated. This objection would appear to be moot based on the court’s determination that the benefits of § 1222(a)(2)(A) do not apply to income from the sale of all farm assets but are limited to sales of farm assets used in the debtor’s farming operation within the meaning of 26 U.S.C. § 1231(b)(3). Given that determination, I cannot predict whether the allocation dispute would still be of consequence to the parties.
IRS otherwise objects to the marginal rate method for the very reason Knudsens support it — it calculates the remaining priority taxes at lower marginal rates. IRS argues for a method that taxes all taxable income at the marginal rates that would be applicable outside of bankruptcy and then prorates the result. Neither party provides any other argument for the proposal.
I find that the proration method is the better ■ method for determining what amount of tax qualifies for beneficial treatment under § 1222(a)(2)(A) and what does not. It recognizes all income, deductions, exemptions, and credits in arriving at a tax and allocates according to the percentage of each type of income. It divides the actual tax without regard to which sales produced the last dollar of income.
Issue (3)
— Prepetition
Taxes and the Best Interest Test
IRS argues that the plan may not be confirmed because it fails to satisfy the “best interest test.” Section 1225(a)(4) states:
Except as provided in subsection (b), the court shall confirm a plan if ... the value, as of the effective date of the plan, of property to be distributed under the plan on account of each allowed unsecured claim is not less than the amount that would be paid on such claim if the estate of the debtor were liquidated under chapter 7 of this title on such date.
11 U.S.C. § 1225(a)(4). IRS contends that the portion of its prepetition claim which is “reclassified” from priority to nonpriority unsecured under § 1222(a)(2)(A) must still be paid in full if it would have been paid in full AS A PRIORITY CLAIM in a chapter 7 case (my emphasis). IRS says that it is unclear whether Congress intended that the claim be reclassified, but that Congress’s intent, as to this argument, is irrelevant.
To support its argument, IRS points to Knudsens’ liquidation analysis at schedule 1A of the plan (doc. 136). Under Knudsens’ liquidation analysis, priority tax claims would be paid in full in a chapter 7 case.
Id.
However, under the proposed chapter 12 plan, nonpriority unsecured claims would not be paid in full.
Id.
Accordingly, IRS contends the plan may not be confirmed.
For the purpose of plan confirmation, § 1222(a)(2)(A) permits treatment of a portion of the IRS’s priority claim as a nonpriority unsecured claim. The IRS is incorrect in its argument that the plan treatment of such an unsecured claim must be the same as the treatment of that claim as a priority claim under a chapter 7 liqui
dation. In applying the
best
interest test to the portion of the IRS tax claim treated as unsecured, a debtor satisfies the best interest test by showing that the distribution to the IRS under the plan is the same as it would be under a chapter 7 liquidation for the same treatment status — that of an unsecured claim.
Section 1222(a)(2) still requires that all claims entitled to priority under § 507 be paid in full. Absent the agreement by a priority creditor to take less than payment in full, a chapter 12 debtor may not obtain confirmation unless the plan provides for payment in full of priority claims. Previous to BAPCPA, it has been the priority status of an IRS claim arising from a debtor’s sale of capital assets that often prevented chapter 12 debtors from reorganizing.
See In re Specht, No.
96-21022-D, slip op. at 4 (Bankr.N.D.Iowa Apr. 10, 1997) (Kilburg, J.) (tax effect of proposed disposition of land undermined plan’s feasibility). This is the confirmation impediment that Congress sought to remove by amending § 1222(a)(2)(A). By treating the portion of the income tax resulting from the sale of capital assets as an unsecured claim, the farmer would no longer have to pay it in full to obtain confirmation. It would be passing strange if the confirmation problem merely shifted to a failure to meet the best interest test. It would do so if reorganizing farm debtors were required to pay all nonpriority unsecured claims the same percentage dividend that priority unsecured claims were paid in a chapter 7 case. I expect that in most cases such a reading of the section would eviscerate its benefit for farmers.
A better reading of the statute is to require the Knudsens to satisfy the best interest test by showing that the portion of the IRS claim being treated as a nonpriority unsecured claim is not being paid less than it would be in a chapter 7 as a nonpriority unsecured claim. Debtors provide four different liquidation analyses: 1A, IB, 1C and ID. They contend that two of the analyses (IB and ID) satisfy the best interest test. Analysis IB deals with the sale of debtors’ remainder interests in land conjoined with favorable tax treatment under § 1222(a)(2)(A); ID deals with an inability to sell the remainder interests for an adequate price. Either of these two analyses shows that plan payments on account of nonpriority unsecured claims, including the portion of the IRS taxes receiving such treatment under § 1222(a)(2)(A), would not be less than payment on account of nonpriority unsecured claims in chapter 7, including the portion of the IRS claim which is treated as nonpriority unsecured. The plan does not violate the best interest test.
Issue (I)
— Prepetition
Taxes and Discharge
IRS argues that if Congress did not intend that the IRS’s prepetition priority tax claim be “reclassified” as an unsecured claim, then the court may not confirm Knudsens’ plan because the plan provides for discharge of the prepetition priority taxes. IRS says it is “unclear” in BAPCPA whether Congress intended such a reclassification (IRS post-hearing brief, doc. 172, p. 7). “Reclassification” is the IRS’s term. It does not appear in § 1222(a)(2)(A). As I have stated in the preceding section, the statute provides that a priority claim owed to a government unit arising from the disposition of a farm asset “shall be treated as an unsecured claim that is not entitled to priority under section 507.” 11 U.S.C. § 1222(a)(2)(A). I am not sure that an argument over whether it is a “reclassified” claim is particularly helpful.
IRS argues that if Congress did not intend a reclassification, then Knudsens’ plan is not confirmable because it proposes
discharge of a portion of the prepetition priority tax claim. IRS says such discharge is not permissible under 11 U.S.C. § 1228(a)(2). That section excepts from discharge any debt of a kind specified in § 523(a) of the Code, and such debts include debts for taxes “of the kind and for the periods specified in section ... 507(a)(8).” 11 U.S.C. § 523(a)(1)(A).
IRS’s argument is clever, but I think it depends on a too narrow reading of §§ 1222(a)(2)(A) and 1228(a). Section 1222(a)(2)(A) permits debtors to treat government tax claims as unsecured to the extent they arise from the sale or other disposition of any farm asset used in the debtor’s farming operation. A chapter 12 plan may provide such treatment, so long as a debtor’s plan complies with all other confirmation requirements. Knudsens’ plan provides for § 1222(a)(2)(A) treatment of the IRS’s prepetition priority tax claim.
Section 1228 permits discharge of all debts permissibly provided for by the plan. Section 1222(a)(2)(A) allows debtors to treat certain tax claims as unsecured rather than ¿s priority tax claims regardless of their normal status under § 507(a)(8). The exception for debts of the kind specified in § 523(a)(1)(A) is, therefore, not applicable. Because of § 1222(a)(2)(A) treatment, a portion of the IRS’s prepetition priority claim is not, for confirmation purposes, a debt of a kind specified in § 507(a)(8). The plan does not impermissibly seek to discharge debts excepted from discharge under § 1228(a)(2).
Issues (5) and (6)
— Application
of § 1222(a)(2)(A) to Postpetition Taxes and Discharge of Postpetition Taxes
Knudsens’ plan proposes sale during the case of farm assets which were used in the farming operation, including land, machinery, and equipment. There is no dispute that these assets are capital assets rather than assets normally sold by Knudsen to produce income. Knudsens contend that the tax generated by the postpetition sales of these assets should receive the favorable treatment provided by § 1222(a)(2)(A). The IRS disagrees and objects. Like most of the issues before the court in this proceeding, this issue implicates not only § 1222(a)(2)(A), but is also a feasibility issue under 11 U.S.C. § 1225(a)(6). Knudsens concede that unless they obtain favorable rulings on most if not all of these tax/diseharge issues under § 1222(a)(2)(A), the proposed plan cannot succeed.
IRS asserts that § 1222(a)(2)(A) effectuates no changes to the manner in which postpetition taxes are reported and paid in a chapter 12 case. IRS argues that the filing of a chapter 12 petition does not establish the chapter 12 estate as a separate taxable entity (IRS pre-trial memorandum, p. 4). This is true. 26 U.S.C. §§ 1399, 1398(a);
see also
26 U.S.C. § 6012(b)(4) (treating as separate entities only the estates of individual chapter 7 or 11 debtors). Chapter 12 debtors can continue to incur tax liability on income earned during the chapter 12 case. IRS argues also that there is no provision in chapter 12 similar to 11 U.S.C. § 1305(a)(1) regarding IRS’s filing of post-petition tax claims. This also is so. Moreover, a debtor cannot compel a governmental unit to file a postpetition tax claim.
IRS contends that because the estate does not incur postpetition tax liability, taxes incurred by the individual chapter 12 debtors during the case do not give rise to administrative claims under 11 U.S.C. § 503(b)(1)(B). That section states:
[T]here shall be allowed administrative expenses ... including—
(B) any tax—
(i) incurred by the estate, except a tax of a kind specified in section 507(a)(8) of this title.
11 U.S.C. § 503(b)(1)(B) (2005, pre-BAPCPA).
In addition to arguing the estate is not a taxable entity in a chapter 12, IRS argues also that because confirmation of a plan vests all property of the estate in the debtor, taxes incurred after confirmation are not incurred by the estate. IRS cites
In re Gyulafia,
65 B.R. 913, 916 (Bankr.D.Kan.1986), for this proposition.
IRS points out also that postpetition taxes are not priority claims under § 507(a)(8). I agree. Taxes given priority under § 507(a)(8) are those derived from prepetition income. IRS concludes that because postpetition taxes are not administrative claims under § 503(b)(1)(B) nor priority claims under § 507(a)(8), they are not entitled to be treated in the plan as unsecured claims under § 1222(a)(2)(A) or to be paid through the plan, either as priority or nonpriority unsecured claims.
Regarding discharge of debts in chapter 12, IRS cites § 1228(a) which in pertinent part states that, subject to cex'tain specified exceptions,
the court shall grant the debtor a discharge of all debts provided for by the plan allowed under section 503 of this title or disallowed under section 502 of this title....
11 U.S.C. § 1228(a). IRS contends that based on the foregoing legal premises, Knudsens may not obtain confirmation of their plan because it px-oposes to discharge portions of postpetition taxes incurred by them as individuals.
IRS summarizes its objection to the plan treatment of postpetition taxes as follows:
In the present case, Debtors are attempting to pay the postpetition taxes, as administrative expenses, through their Chapter 12 Plan and to discharge their postpetition tax liability as part of their Chapter 12 Plan. But, because the postpetition taxes would not be “incurred by the estate,[”] the postpetition taxes would not be pre-BAPCPA administrative expenses and would not be an “allowed” expense under pre-BAPCPA § 503.
IRS brief, doc. 172, p. 14. I disagree.
Although confirmation of a plan may, under § 1227(b), vest “all of the property of the estate in the debtor,” that does not mean the estate ceases to exist, although it may give the debtor control of the property.
See Security Bank of Marshalltown, Iowa v. Neiman,
1 F.3d 687, 691 (8th Cir.1993) (estate continues to exist after confirmation of chapter 13 plan). Knudsens’ estate may continue to hold property that is necessary for the effectuation of the plan, and debtors may sell the estate property in the performance of the plan.
Also I disagree that taxes incurred postpetition by the individual debtors cannot be administrative expenses for the purposes of payment under the plan. In a bankruptcy case, the payment of the tax imposed against a debtor may still be “divided into separate components in accox-dance with the bankruptcy laws determining the priority of payment of those claims.”
Missouri Dept. of Revenue v. L.J. O’Neill Shoe Co. (In re L.J. O’Neill Shoe Co.),
64 F.3d 1146, 1152 (8th Cir.1995). I rely on the Circuit Court’s deci sion in
O’Neill Shoe Co.,
a chapter 11 corporate case, in determining that although Knudsens’ chapter 12 estate is not a separate taxable entity, Knudsens’ plan may provide for payment of taxes arising from income earned after the filing of the petition, and such taxes may be treated for distribution purposes as administrative expenses under 11 U.S.C. § 503(b)(1)(B).
Moreover, the plan may provide for treatment of a portion of these taxes as unsecured debt under § 1222(a)(2)(A), and upon entry of a discharge order, such taxes, including penalties and interest, would be discharged under 11 U.S.C. § 1228(a) to the extent they are treated as unsecured.
The discharge provision of chapter 12 states that “after completion by the debtor of all payments under the plan ... the court shall grant the debtor a discharge of all debts provided for by the plan allowed under section 503 of this title or disallowed under section 502 of this title.... ” There seems to be a comma missing between the phrase “all debts provided for by the plan” and the phrase “allowed under section 503 of this title.” I read the sentence to mean that debts allowed under section 503 are one category of debts dischargeable in chapter 12.
See 8
Collier on Bankruptcy ¶ 1228.02[4][a] (discussing scope of chapter 12 discharge).
I conclude that a chapter 12 debtor may treat postpetition income taxes imposed on the debtor’s income earned during the pendency of the case as administrative expenses under section 503 and that the plan may propose payment of such expenses by the estate.
I conclude also that the portion of such taxes which may be treated as unsecured under § 1222(a)(2)(A) may be discharged, including any accruing penalties and interest. As has been discussed, § 1222(a)(2)(A) permits treatment of § 507 claims owed to a governmental unit as nonpriority unsecured claims. Section 507 claims include administrative expenses allowed. under § 503(b). 11 U.S.C. § 507(a)(1) (pre-BAPCPA). Section 503(b) administrative expenses include taxes incurred by the estate. Finally, treating such taxes as unsecured permits their discharge without the requirement of payment in full.
I agree that the statute is ambiguous. But I believe that Congress intended to help farmers reorganize and stay in business by lessening the burden of prepetition and postpetition taxes arising from the sale of assets used in the farmer’s farming operation, assets such as equipment and land. Congress placed the entire burden for such intention on § 1222(a)(2)(A). One respected treatise has described § 1222(a)(2) as follows:
The second requirement of section 1222(a) is that the plan provide for payment in full, in deferred cash payments, of all priority claims under section 507, subject to two exceptions. The first is if the holder of the claim agrees to accept less favorable treatment. The second concerns a claim owed to a governmental unit that arises as the result of a sale or other disposition of a farm asset used in the debtor’s farming operation. Any such claim shall be treated as an unsecured claim that is not entitled to priority under section 507, but only if the debtor receives a discharge.
The exception for claims owed to governmental units was enacted as part of the Bankruptcy Abuse Prevention and Consumer Protection Act of 2005 and has no counterpart in chapter 11 or chapter 13. It presumably was intended to render capital gains taxes on disposition of farm assets into general unsecured claims for purposes of treatment under a chapter 12 plan. This may cause issues with respect to sorting out what portion of a claim held by a governmental unit is attributable to disposition of a farm asset. Another potential issue concerns the scope of the debtor’s discharge. If the intent was to treat such claims as general unsecured claims for plan purposes, the intent was probably also to render them subject to the
discharge, although no corresponding change was made to section 1228.
8 Collier on Bankruptcy ¶ 1222.02[2],
Legislative history is also helpful on this point. In 1999, Senator Charles E. Grassley introduced S.260 into the 106th Congress. This bill proposed an amendment to § 1222(a)(2) identical to the change made by BAPCPA. Senator Grassley made the following comments on this aspect of the bill amending § 1222(a)(2):
“Safety 2000” also helps farmers to reorganize by keeping the tax collectors at bay. Under current law, farmers often face a crushing tax liability if they need to sell livestock or land in order to reorganize their business affairs.... Under the bankruptcy code, the I.R.S. must be paid in full for any tax liabilities generated during a bankruptcy reorganization. If the farmer can’t pay the I.R.S. in full, then he can’t keep his farm. This isn’t sound policy. Why should the I.R.S. be allowed to veto a farmer’s reorganization plan? “Safety 2000” takes this power away from the I.R.S. by reducing the priority of taxes during proceedings. This will free up capital for investment in the farm, and help farmers stay in the business of farming.
145 Cong. Rec. S750-02, 1999 WL 20426 (Jan. 20, 1999)(statement of Sen. Grassley on S.260). This history indicates that § 1222(a)(2)(A) was intended to apply to sales during the chapter 12 proceeding.
I conclude that Knudsens may pay through the estate, as administrative expenses, income taxes incurred by them during the pendency of the case, that they may treat a portion of such taxes as nonpriority unsecured claims under the plan pursuant to § 1222(a)(2)(A) and that such nonpriority unsecured taxes incurred post-petition may be discharged with prepetition unsecured debts after completion of the plan.
Issue (7)
— Payment
of University Tuition
Knudsens propose to pay projected disposable income to the trustee. In calculating that income, they show as an expense university tuition costs for their adult daughter. The trustee objects, arguing that tuition is not a reasonable and necessary expense for the “maintenance or support of the debtor or a dependent of the debtor....” 11 U.S.C. §§ 1225(b)(1)(B) and (b)(2)(A). I agree. There has been no showing that the tuition is a necessary expense even if Knudsens’ daughter arguably remains a dependent. The plan may not be confirmed because it does not comply with § 1225(b)(1)(B).
Conclusion
Knudsens have presented a plan with several variables as to prepetition and postpetition sales of property and as to the tax treatment of those sales under 11 U.S.C. § 1222(a)(2)(A). Employment by debtors of any of these variations depends on the court’s ruling as to the discharge-ability of any portion of resulting income taxes from such sales. My rulings on the proposed plan and the objections to it have not entirely favored either the debtors or the IRS. From the arguments of debtors, I believe that my rulings against certain of their positions make the plan as proposed unconfirmable. This is certainly so as to the trustee’s objection on projected disposable income.
IT IS ORDERED that confirmation of the debtors’ Fifth Amended and Substituted Plan filed June 8, 2006 (doc. 136) and modified by two “technical amendments” filed on July 11, 2006 is denied.