In re J.M.

• Court: Supreme Court of North Carolina
• Decided: April 23, 2021
• Docket: 363PA17-2
• Status: Published

Opinion

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF NORTH CAROLINA

2021-NCSC-48

No. 363PA17-2

Filed 23 April 2021

IN THE MATTER OF: J.M. & J.M.

Appeal pursuant to N.C.G.S. § 7B-1001(a1)(1) from orders entered on 22

January 2020 by Judge Shamieka L. Rhinehart in District Court, Durham County.

This matter was calendared in the Supreme Court on 19 March 2021 but determined

on the record and briefs without oral argument pursuant to Rule 30(f) of the North

Carolina Rules of Appellate Procedure.

The Law Office of Derrick J. Hensley, PLLC, by Derrick J. Hensley, Esq., for petitioner-appellee Durham County Department of Social Services.

Matthew D. Wunsche, for appellee Guardian ad Litem.

Richard Croutharmel for respondent-appellant father.

HUDSON, Justice.

¶1 Respondent-father appeals from orders entered by the trial court terminating

his parental rights to his daughter J.M. (Jazmin)1 and to his son J.M. (James). After

careful review, we vacate the order terminating respondent-father’s parental rights

to Jazmin and affirm the order terminating respondent-father’s parental rights to

James.

1 Pseudonyms are used to protect the identity of the minor children and for ease of

reading. IN RE J.M & J.M

Opinion of the Court

I. Factual and Procedural Background

¶2 On 11 September 2015, Durham County Department of Social Services (DSS)

filed a juvenile petition alleging that twenty-three-month-old Jazmin and two-month-

old James were abused, neglected, and dependent juveniles. On the same day, DSS

obtained nonsecure custody of the children, and the trial court approved DSS’s

placement of the children with their maternal grandparents, who lived in New York

but regularly visited Durham.

¶3 The juvenile petition alleged that the mother had previously claimed, but later

denied, that respondent-father hit Jazmin, and that the family had received in-home

services since March 2015 due to a finding of improper care based on the mother’s

allegations. Months later, marks were observed on James’s neck when the mother

took him to a well-baby checkup on 8 September 2015. James was sent to UNC

hospitals for further testing, which revealed that James had healing fractures to his

ribs, tibia, and fibula; bruising to his ear and tongue; subconjunctival hemorrhages;

and excoriation under his chin. The mother told the following to DSS: (1) she

witnessed respondent-father “flicking” James in the chin and punching James in the

stomach; (2) she witnessed respondent-father excessively discipline Jazmin by hitting

her with a back scratcher and hitting her in the face; (3) there had been domestic

violence between respondent-father and herself in the presence of the children; (4)

respondent-father smoked marijuana in the presence of the children; and (5) she had IN RE J.M & J.M

not been forthcoming during the prior Child Protective Services investigation in

February 2015. Additionally, the petition alleged James “had a history of poor weight

gain due to . . . not being fed on a regular schedule[,]”and both the mother and

respondent-father had mental health diagnoses.

¶4 In October 2015, respondent-father was arrested for child abuse related to

James. In April 2017, respondent-father was convicted of felony child abuse inflicting

serious injury upon James and sentenced to 92 to 123 months’ imprisonment.

Respondent-father’s conviction was upheld on appeal. State v. Martin, 833 S.E.2d

263, 2019 WL 5219970 (N.C. Ct. App. 2019) (unpublished), appeal dismissed and disc.

review denied, 374 N.C. 750 (2020).

¶5 Prior to the criminal proceedings, the juvenile petition was heard on 12 July

2016. In an adjudication, disposition, and permanency planning order entered on 21

November 2016, the trial court adjudicated Jazmin to be a “seriously neglected”

juvenile “due to inappropriate discipline by the father and inaction by the mother[,]”

and it adjudicated James to be an abused juvenile in that respondent-father “inflicts

on the child[ ] . . . serious physical injury by other than accidental means” and the

mother “allows to be inflicted on the child[ ] . . . a serious physical injury by other

than accidental means.” The trial court continued custody of Jazmin and James in

DSS with their placement with their maternal grandparents, ceased reunification

efforts with the parents, suspended the parents’ visitation with the children, and set IN RE J.M & J.M

the primary permanent plan for the children as guardianship with a secondary plan

for adoption.

¶6 The children’s mother relinquished her parental rights on 1 December 2016.

Respondent-father appealed the adjudication, disposition, and permanency planning

order on 21 December 2016.

¶7 In an opinion issued on 19 September 2017, the Court of Appeals: (1) affirmed

the adjudication of James as an abused juvenile, given that “[t]he binding findings of

fact establish[ed] that [James] sustained multiple non-accidental injuries and

[r]espondent-father was responsible for the injuries[,]” In re J.M., 255 N.C. App. 483,

495 (2017); (2) reversed and remanded the adjudication of Jazmin as a seriously

neglected juvenile, holding that the trial court acted under a misapprehension of the

law as “[t]he term ‘serious neglect’ pertains only to placement of an individual on the

responsible individuals’ list and is not included as an option for adjudication in an

abuse, neglect, or dependency action[,]” id. at 497; and (3) vacated the portion of the

order relieving DSS from making further reunification efforts because the trial court

failed to follow the statutory requirements of N.C.G.S. § 7B-901(c) in the initial

disposition order, id. at 500. This Court initially granted respondent-father’s petition

for discretionary review on 7 December 2017, In re J.M., 370 N.C. 383 (2017), but

later, on 8 June 2018, determined discretionary review was improvidently allowed.

In re J.M., 371 N.C. 132 (2018). IN RE J.M & J.M

¶8 The trial court continued to conduct permanency planning review hearings

while respondent-father’s appeals were pending, but DSS was unable to proceed with

the Court of Appeals’ remand related to Jazmin while respondent-father’s petition for

discretionary review to this Court was pending.

¶9 On 6 August 2019, the children’s guardian ad litem (GAL) filed separate

motions to terminate respondent-father’s parental rights to Jazmin and James. The

motion to terminate respondent-father’s parental rights to Jazmin alleged grounds

existed to terminate parental rights for neglect, willful failure to pay a reasonable

portion of the cost of care, and willful abandonment. See N.C.G.S. § 7B-1111(a)(1),

(3), (7) (2019). The motion to terminate respondent-father’s parental rights to James

alleged grounds existed to terminate parental rights for neglect, willful failure to

make reasonable progress, willful failure to pay a reasonable portion of the cost of

care, and willful abandonment. See N.C.G.S. § 7B-1111(a)(1)–(3), (7) (2019).

¶ 10 On 8 August 2019, the initial juvenile petition came back on for hearing in the

trial court pursuant to the Court of Appeals’ remand related to Jazmin. The hearing

was conducted over the course of 8, 9, and 12 August 2019. On 1 November 2019, the

trial court entered adjudicatory and dispositional orders (the “remand orders”) that

adjudicated Jazmin to be a neglected juvenile, continued her custody in DSS,

suspended respondent-father’s visitation, and set the permanent plan for Jazmin as

adoption with secondary plans for reunification or guardianship. IN RE J.M & J.M

¶ 11 Although the remand orders were entered on 1 November 2019, they were not

served until 27 November 2019. On 9 December 2019, respondent-father filed timely

notice of appeal from the remand orders to the Court of Appeals.2 See N.C.G.S. § 7B-

1001(b) (2019).

¶ 12 Also on 9 December 2019, after respondent-father filed his notice of appeal

from the remand orders, the GAL’s motions to terminate respondent-father’s parental

rights to Jazmin and James came on for hearing. The termination hearing was

conducted over the course of 9 and 10 December 2019, and the trial court entered

separate orders terminating respondent-father’s parental rights to Jazmin and

James on 22 January 2020. In one order, the court concluded grounds existed to

terminate respondent-father’s parental rights to Jazmin pursuant to N.C.G.S. § 7B-

1111(a)(1), (3), and (7), and it was in Jazmin’s best interests to terminate parental

rights. In the other order, the trial court concluded grounds existed to terminate

respondent-father’s parental rights to James pursuant to N.C.G.S. § 7B-1111(a)(1)–

(3) and (7), and it was in James’s best interests to terminate parental rights.

Respondent-father appealed from both termination orders.

II. Analysis

2 Respondent-father’s notice of appeal included the names of Jazmin and James and

the file numbers for both of their juvenile cases. However, before the appeal was docketed in the Court of Appeals, the trial court entered an order on 24 January 2020 that dismissed any appeal related to James because there were no appealable orders entered on 1 November 2019 concerning James. IN RE J.M & J.M

A. Termination of Parental Rights to Jazmin

¶ 13 On appeal from the order terminating respondent-father’s parental rights to

Jazmin, respondent-father argues the trial court lacked subject matter jurisdiction to

proceed with termination of his parental rights while he appealed the remand orders.

We agree the trial court exceeded the statutory limits placed on the trial court’s

subject matter jurisdiction and hold the order terminating respondent-father’s

parental rights to Jazmin is void.

¶ 14 “Subject matter jurisdiction is the indispensable foundation upon which valid

judicial decisions rest, and in its absence a court has no power to act[.]” In re T.R.P.,

360 N.C. 588, 590 (2006) (citing Hart v. Thomasville Motors, Inc., 244 N.C. 84, 90

(1956)). “Because a court must have subject matter jurisdiction in order to adjudicate

the case before it, ‘a court’s lack of subject matter jurisdiction is not waivable and can

be raised at any time.’ ” In re L.T., 374 N.C. 567, 569 (2020) (quoting In re K.J.L., 363

N.C. 343, 346 (2009)).

¶ 15 “In matters arising under the Juvenile Code, the court’s subject matter

jurisdiction is established by statute.” In re K.J.L., 363 N.C. at 345. Therefore, “the

General Assembly can, within the bounds of the Constitution, set whatever limits it

wishes on the possession or exercise of that jurisdiction, including limits on

jurisdiction during a pending appeal.” In re M.I.W., 365 N.C. 374, 377 (2012).

¶ 16 As we explained in In re M.I.W., “[g]enerally, N.C.G.S. § 1-294 operates to stay IN RE J.M & J.M

further proceedings in the trial court upon perfection of an appeal.” Id. However,

“[g]iven the unique nature of the Juvenile Code, with its overarching focus on the best

interest of the child[,]” and in recognition “that the needs of the child may change

while legal proceedings are pending on appeal[,]” the General Assembly enacted a

modified approach for juvenile cases in N.C.G.S. § 7B-1003, which allows the trial

court to continue to exercise jurisdiction and hold hearings pending disposition of an

appeal, except that the trial court may not proceed with termination of parental

rights under Article 11 of the Juvenile Code. Id. at 378–79. Specifically, the statute

provides:

(b) Pending disposition of an appeal, unless directed otherwise by an appellate court or subsection (c) of this section applies, the trial court shall:

(1) Continue to exercise jurisdiction and conduct hearings under this Subchapter with the exception of Article 11 of the General Statutes; and

(2) Enter orders affecting the custody or placement of the juvenile as the court finds to be in the best interests of the juvenile.

N.C.G.S. § 7B-1003(b) (2019).3

¶ 17 In In re M.I.W., we considered whether the trial court had subject matter

jurisdiction over a motion to terminate parental rights that was filed while the

3 Subsection (c) of N.C.G.S. § 7B-1003 governs the trial court’s exercise of jurisdiction

pending disposition of an appeal of a termination order entered under Article 11 of the Juvenile Code, and it is irrelevant to the issues presented in this case. IN RE J.M & J.M

parents’ appeals of a disposition order were pending. In re M.I.W., 365 N.C. at 376.

In analyzing N.C.G.S. § 7B-1003(b), we noted the difference between having

jurisdiction and exercising jurisdiction:

Exercising jurisdiction, in the context of the Juvenile Code, requires putting the court’s jurisdiction into action by holding hearings, entering substantive orders or decrees, or making substantive decisions on the issues before it. In contrast, having jurisdiction is simply a state of being that requires, and in some cases allows, no substantive action from the court.

Id. at 379. We explained that N.C.G.S. § 7B-1003(b) does not divest the court of

jurisdiction in termination proceedings during an appeal but does unambiguously

prohibit the trial court from exercising jurisdiction in termination proceedings while

disposition of an appeal is pending. Id. at 375, 378–79. The “issuance of the mandate

by the appellate court,” upon the conclusion of the appeal, “returns the power to

exercise subject matter jurisdiction to the trial court.” Id. at 375. Accordingly, we

affirmed the termination of parental rights in In re M.I.W. where the motion to

terminate parental rights was filed during the pendency of the parents’ appeal, but

the trial court did not exercise subject matter jurisdiction over the termination motion

until after the mandate in the appeal had issued and the period for the parents to

petition for discretionary review had expired. Id. at 380.

¶ 18 Unlike In re M.I.W., the issue in the instant case is the trial court’s exercise of

subject matter jurisdiction to conduct the termination hearing pending the IN RE J.M & J.M

disposition of respondent-father’s appeal from the remand orders in Jazmin’s case.

Here, the GAL filed the termination motion on 6 August 2019. There was no appeal

pending at that time. The remand orders adjudicating Jazmin to be a neglected

juvenile were later entered on 1 November 2019, and respondent-father filed notice

of appeal from the remand orders on 9 December 2019.4 Minutes after the notice of

appeal was filed, the trial court commenced the termination hearing. It is evident

that the trial court was aware respondent-father had filed notice of appeal from the

remand orders, as the trial court indicated near the beginning of the termination

hearing that the notice of appeal was in the court file. Nevertheless, the trial court

continued with the termination hearing.

¶ 19 There is no question the trial court violated N.C.G.S. § 7B-1003(b) by

exercising jurisdiction to conduct the hearing on the motion to terminate respondent-

father’s parental rights to Jazmin while disposition of his appeal from the remand

orders was pending and by entering the order terminating respondent-father’s

parental rights to Jazmin on 22 January 2020. Both DSS and the GAL agree that the

trial court violated N.C.G.S. § 7B-1003(b). The contested issue on appeal is the effect

4 We take judicial notice that respondent-father’s appeal from the remand orders entered in Jazmin’s case was docketed and perfected in the Court of Appeals in file number COA20-153 on 2 March 2020, when the record on appeal was filed. See State v. Thompson, 349 N.C. 483, 497 (1998) (“This Court may take judicial notice of the public records of other courts within the state judicial system.”). Once an appeal is docketed, the perfection of the appeal relates back to filing of notice of appeal. Swilling v. Swilling, 329 N.C. 219, 225 (1991). IN RE J.M & J.M

of the violation.

¶ 20 Respondent-father argues the trial court’s exercise of subject matter

jurisdiction to conduct the termination hearing in violation of N.C.G.S. § 7B-1003(b)

renders the order terminating his parental rights to Jazmin void. DSS concedes the

issue and agrees with respondent-father that the termination order must be vacated.

The GAL, however, argues respondent-father should be required to demonstrate

prejudice resulting from the trial court’s erroneous exercise of jurisdiction, just as a

showing of prejudice is generally required to prevail on claims that the trial court

violated a statutory mandate. The GAL relies on this Court’s distinction between

“having jurisdiction” and “exercising jurisdiction” in In re M.I.W. and this Court’s

holding that N.C.G.S. § 7B-1003 prohibits only the exercise of jurisdiction and does

not remove jurisdiction. In re M.I.W., 365 N.C. at 379.

¶ 21 We decline to adopt the GAL’s position here. While we again acknowledge that

N.C.G.S. § 7B-1003(b) does not divest the trial court of subject matter jurisdiction

over the juvenile proceeding as a whole, we emphasize that N.C.G.S. § 7B-1003(b)

does constrain the trial court’s exercise of its subject matter jurisdiction in

termination proceedings. Specifically, “the relevant statutory language

unambiguously prohibits the trial court from doing . . . two things regarding

termination proceedings while an appeal is pending: exercising jurisdiction and

conducting hearings.” Id. at 378–79. “Where jurisdiction is statutory and the [General IN RE J.M & J.M

Assembly] requires the Court to exercise its jurisdiction in a certain manner, to follow

a certain procedure, or otherwise subjects the [c]ourt to certain limitations, an act of

the [c]ourt beyond these limits is in excess of its jurisdiction.” In re T.R.P., 360 N.C.

at 590 (quoting Eudy v. Eudy, 288 N.C. 71, 75 (1975). Here, respondent-father

properly perfected his appeal, and with knowledge of that appeal, the trial court

proceeded with a hearing for termination of respondent-father’s parental rights.

Thus, the trial court clearly acted beyond the limitations statutorily placed on its

subject matter jurisdiction.

¶ 22 When addressing appeals controlled by N.C.G.S. § 1-294, this Court has not

assessed whether an appealing party was prejudiced by orders entered after a notice

of appeal for civil cases. See generally Lowder v. All Star Mills, Inc., 301 N.C. 561,

581, 273 S.E.2d 247, 259 (1981). Rather, we have held that orders entered after the

notice of the appeal “are void for want of jurisdiction.” Id. The GAL has not identified

any case law or statutory language that compels us to conclude anything different in

this case when addressing the jurisdictional limits under N.C.G.S. § 7B-1003(b).

¶ 23 Here, where the trial court conducted the hearing on the motion to terminate

respondent-father’s parental rights to Jazmin while the disposition of respondent-

father’s appeal from the remand orders in Jazmin’s case was pending, we hold the

trial court acted in excess of the statutory limits on its subject matter jurisdiction set

forth in N.C.G.S. § 7B-1003(b), and the resulting termination order is thus void. IN RE J.M & J.M

Accordingly, we vacate the trial court’s 22 January 2020 order terminating

respondent-father’s parental rights in Jazmin.

B. Termination of Parental Rights to James

¶ 24 On appeal from the order terminating respondent-father’s parental rights to

James, counsel for respondent-father has filed a no-merit brief on respondent-father’s

behalf pursuant to N.C. R. App. P. 3.1(e) (2020). Counsel identified three issues that

could arguably support an appeal but also explained why he believed those issues

lacked merit. Counsel also advised respondent-father of his right to file pro se written

arguments on his own behalf and provided him with the necessary documents to do

so. Respondent-father has submitted a pro se brief to this Court, but he did so some

sixty days after the filing of the no-merit brief, making his brief untimely. Id. (“The

appellant . . . may file a pro se brief within thirty days after the date of the filing of

counsel’s no-merit brief.”). Nevertheless, because counsel did not precisely inform

respondent-father of the deadline to file his pro se brief, see id. (“Counsel must inform

the appellant in writing that the appellant may file a pro se brief and that the pro se

brief is due within thirty days after the date of the filing of the no-merit brief.”), but

instead only advised respondent-father to submit his pro se brief “immediately” if he

intended to do so, we exercise our authority under N.C. R. App. P. 2 and consider

respondent-father’s arguments.

¶ 25 Respondent-father spends a considerable portion of his pro se brief rearguing IN RE J.M & J.M

the evidence which led to James’s removal from the home. Based on his own version

of the facts, respondent-father denies any responsibility for James’s injuries,

challenges James’s prior adjudication as an abused juvenile, and pleads for a second

chance to parent James. We see no merit in respondent-father’s arguments. This

Court’s role on appeal is not to reweigh the evidence. In re A.J.T., 374 N.C. 504, 510

(2020) (citing In re J.A.M., 372 N.C. 1, 11 (2019)). Furthermore, the trial court’s prior

adjudication of James as an abused juvenile and its findings of fact in support of the

adjudication were upheld on appeal. In re J.M., 255 N.C. App. 483 (2017), disc. review

improvidently allowed, 371 N.C. 132 (2018). The prior decision on appeal is binding

as the law of the case. In re J.A.M., 375 N.C. 325, 332 (2020) (explaining that the

Court’s prior decision on appeal from an adjudication of neglect “constitutes ‘the law

of the case’ and is binding as to the issues decided therein” during a subsequent

appeal of a termination order).

¶ 26 Respondent-father also challenges the trial court’s adjudication of grounds to

terminate his parental rights to James under N.C.G.S. § 7B-1111(a)(1)–(3) and (7).

Respondent-father presents few cognizable legal arguments, and he cites no authority

in his brief to support his contentions.

¶ 27 This Court reviews the trial court’s adjudication of grounds to terminate

parental rights under N.C.G.S. § 7B-1109 “to determine whether the findings are

supported by clear, cogent and convincing evidence and the findings support the IN RE J.M & J.M

conclusions of law.” In re C.B.C., 373 N.C. 16, 19 (2019) (quoting In re Montgomery,

311 N.C. 101, 111 (1984)). “The trial court’s conclusions of law are reviewable de novo

on appeal.” Id. The adjudication of only one ground is necessary to terminate parental

rights. Id. at 23.

¶ 28 Grounds exist to terminate parental rights pursuant to N.C.G.S. § 7B-

1111(a)(3) if

[t]he juvenile has been placed in the custody of a county department of social services, . . . and the parent has for a continuous period of six months immediately preceding the filing of the petition or motion willfully failed to pay a reasonable portion of the cost of care for the juvenile although physically and financially able to do so.

¶ 29 N.C.G.S. § 7B-1111(a)(3) (2019). This Court has long recognized that “[a]

parent is required to pay that portion of the cost of foster care for the child that is

fair, just and equitable based upon the parent’s ability or means to pay.” In re Clark,

303 N.C. 592, 604 (1981). Where a parent has the ability to pay some amount greater

than zero but pays nothing, the parent has failed to pay a reasonable portion of the

cost of care within the meaning of N.C.G.S. § 7B-1111(a)(3). See In re J.A.E.W., 375

N.C. 112, 117–18 (2020).

¶ 30 In James’s case, the trial court concluded:

[g]rounds exist to terminate [respondent-father’s] parental rights . . . to [James] under N.C.G.S. § 7B-1111(a)(3) in that [James] was placed in the custody of DCDSS and for the six months preceding the filing of the petition, [respondent-]father willfully failed to pay a reasonable IN RE J.M & J.M

portion of the cost of care for [James] although physically and financially able to do so.

¶ 31 In support of the conclusion, the trial court made findings regarding James’s

placement in DSS’s custody and the cost of his care. The trial court also found that

respondent-father was able to work while incarcerated and did in fact work various

jobs while incarcerated; in the six months preceding the filing of the termination

motion on 6 August 2019, respondent-father earned $60.78 from work and received

$655.00 in deposits into his account from friends and family. Yet, respondent-father

“contributed nothing whatsoever to the cost [of James’s] care” during the relevant six-

month period.

¶ 32 Respondent-father does not challenge the evidentiary basis for the trial court’s

findings, and the findings are thus “deemed supported by competent evidence and are

binding on appeal.” In re T.N.H., 372 N.C. 403, 407 (2019) (citing Koufman v.

Koufman, 330 N.C. 93, 97 (1991)).

¶ 33 We hold the trial court’s findings support the conclusion that grounds exist

under N.C.G.S. § 7B-1111(a)(3) to terminate respondent-father’s parental rights to

James. “The trial court’s conclusion that one ground existed to terminate parental

rights ‘is sufficient in and of itself to support termination of . . . parental rights[.]’ ”

In re S.E., 373 N.C. 360, 367 (2020) (quoting In re T.N.H., 372 N.C. at 413). Therefore,

we do not address the other grounds adjudicated by the trial court for termination.

¶ 34 Lastly, respondent-father asserts allegations of ineffective assistance of IN RE J.M & J.M

counsel.

Parents have a right to counsel in all proceedings dedicated to the termination of parental rights. Counsel necessarily must provide effective assistance, as the alternative would render any statutory right to counsel potentially meaningless. To prevail on a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel, respondent must show that counsel’s performance was deficient and the deficiency was so serious as to deprive him of a fair hearing. To make the latter showing, the respondent must prove that there is a reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s errors, there would have been a different result in the proceedings.

In re G.G.M., 2021-NCSC-25, ¶ 35.

¶ 35 Respondent-father contends his counsel was ineffective in that counsel

allegedly failed to advise him of what he needed to do to regain custody of James,

including the need for him to contribute to James’s cost of care while respondent-

father was incarcerated in order to avoid termination pursuant to N.C.G.S. § 7B-

1111(a)(3). Respondent-father also faults counsel for allegedly informing the court

that he consented to guardianship and for not challenging the primary permanent

plan of guardianship with a secondary plan of adoption. Lastly, respondent-father

contends counsel was ineffective to the extent counsel did not further pursue a second

appeal of James’s adjudication as an abused juvenile following the trial court’s entry

of the remand orders on 1 November 2019.

¶ 36 Respondent-father has not met his burden in this case to establish ineffective

assistance of counsel. As to respondent-father’s assertions of ineffective assistance of IN RE J.M & J.M

counsel related to the adjudication of grounds for termination, even if respondent-

father’s allegations of deficient performance by counsel are true, he is unable to

establish the required prejudice. See Braswell, 312 N.C. at 563 (“[I]f a reviewing court

can determine at the outset that there is no reasonable probability that in the absence

of counsel’s alleged errors the result of the proceeding would have been different, then

the court need not determine whether counsel’s performance was actually deficient.”).

As explained above, the trial court’s adjudication that grounds exist to terminate

parental rights pursuant to N.C.G.S. § 7B-1111(a)(3) was sufficient to support

termination. Given that parents have an inherent duty to provide support for their

children and ignorance of the duty does not excuse a parent’s failure to provide

support, see In re S.E., 373 N.C. at 366, respondent-father has not established

prejudice based on counsel’s alleged failure to advise him of his inherent duty to

contribute to James’s cost of care. Additionally, to the extent respondent-father

contends counsel was ineffective in failing to further pursue a second appeal in

James’s case from the remand orders, respondent-father has not established deficient

performance. Because the Court of Appeals affirmed the trial court’s 21 November

2016 adjudication of James as an abused juvenile and only remanded the matter as

to Jazmin’s case in In re J.M., 255 N.C. App. at 495, 497, James’s case was not before

the trial court on remand, and there was nothing in the 1 November 2019 remand

orders to be appealed in James’s case. There is no merit to respondent-father’s IN RE J.M & J.M

ineffective assistance of counsel arguments, and, overall, we hold respondent-father’s

pro se arguments are meritless.

¶ 37 In addition to reviewing respondent-father’s pro se arguments, we have

independently reviewed the three issues identified in the no-merit brief submitted by

respondent-father’s counsel under Rule 3.1(e). In re L.E.M., 372 N.C. 396, 402 (2019).

Upon careful consideration of those issues in light of the entire record, we are

satisfied that the trial court’s 22 January 2020 order terminating respondent-father’s

parental rights in James was supported by competent evidence and based on proper

legal grounds. Accordingly, we affirm the termination of respondent-father’s parental

rights in James.

III. Conclusion

¶ 38 Therefore, we vacate the trial court’s 22 January 2020 order terminating

respondent-father’s parental rights in Jazmin, and affirm the termination of

respondent-father’s parental rights in James.

VACATED IN PART; AFFIRMED IN PART.

Justice BERGER did not participate in the consideration or decision of this

case.