IN THE TENTH COURT OF APPEALS
No. 10-17-00091-CV
IN RE JEREMY PICKRELL AND ERBE USA, INC.
Original Proceeding
MEMORANDUM OPINION
In this mandamus petition, relators, Jeremy Pickrell and Erbe USA, Inc., contend
that the trial court abused its discretion by ordering the deposition of Pickrell and the
production of various documents under Texas Rule of Civil Procedure 202. See TEX. R.
CIV. P. 202. Because we conclude that real party in interest CONMED Corporation has
failed to provide sufficient evidence to establish the Rule 202 factors, and because Rule
202 does not authorize the pre-suit discovery of documents, we conditionally grant
relators’ mandamus petition. I. BACKGROUND
This mandamus proceeding arises out of CONMED’s verified, pre-suit petition to
take a Rule 202 deposition of its former employee, Pickrell, and to obtain various
documents. Specifically, in its verified petition, CONMED asserted the following:
CONMED requests the Rule 202 deposition of its former employee, Jeremy Pickrell (“Pickrell”), for the purpose of investigating whether Pickrell has honored his non-disclosure, non-compete, client non-solicitation, and employee non-solicitation agreements and/or whether Pickrell has complied with his common law and statutory duties regarding CONMED’s confidential information and trade secrets since his December 15, 2016 resignation.
....
Ultimately, CONMED seeks to determine whether there is a factual basis for CONMED to assert claims against Pickrell for breach of any of his restrictive covenant agreements and/or breach of his common law and statutory duties concerning CONMED’s confidential information and trade secrets. CONMED further seeks to determine if injunctive relief is warranted, if any equitable extension of one or more of Pickrell’s restrictive covenants is appropriate, and/or whether Pickrell has proximately caused CONMED contractual or economic damages since resigning.
CONMED also noted that Pickrell previously worked for CONMED as a sales
representative and that he signed non-disclosure, non-compete, client non-solicitation,
and employee non-solicitation provisions as part of his employment agreement with the
company.1
1 In its verified petition, CONMED explained that it:
designs, manufactures and sells a variety of orthopedics and general surgery products, including electrosurgery generators with corresponding disposable instruments, arthroscopic medical devices, multi-specialty endoscopic medical video systems and
In re Pickrell Page 2 However,
[s]ince his resignation, CONMED learned that Pickrell may be violating his contractual, common law, and statutory duties owed to CONMED. Shortly after the end of his employment with the Company, upon information and belief, Pickrell started working for Erbe USA, Incorporated (“Erbe”) in a sales capacity. Erbe is a direct competitor of CONMED and it markets directly to the same customer base as CONMED. Pickrell may, in fact, be working in the same or substantially similar capacity as his role with CONMED, in the same territory, in violation of his contractual promises.
Other than its verified petition and the argument of counsel at the hearing on the Rule
202 requests, CONMED did not proffer any additional evidence supporting its
contentions.
In any event, based on the aforementioned belief that Pickrell may be violating his
employment agreements with CONMED by working for Erbe, CONMED requested a
Rule 202 deposition of Pickrell to explore:
a. the facts and circumstances surrounding Pickrell’s employment and/or association with Erbe, such as his job title, job duties (including whether they are the same or substantially similar to those duties he had with CONMED), and the geographic territory/territories and/or area for which he provides services;
b. what role, if any, Pickrell played in soliciting, encouraging, or convincing CONMED’s clients to cease doing business with CONMED and/or patronize a competitor;
powered surgical instruments, among other items. Particularly relevant here are products for therapeutic endoscopy, including argon gas-assisted electrosurgery for cauterization of tissue in the GI tract.
In re Pickrell Page 3 c. Pickrell’s retention, use, disclosure, or destruction of CONMED confidential information and/or trade secrets following the end of his CONMED employment.
Additionally, CONMED sought the production of various documents it believed are
related to Pickrell’s purported breach of his employment agreements with CONMED.
In response to CONMED’s verified petition, relators filed objections and a bench
brief requesting the denial of CONMED’s Rule 202 requests. After a hearing, the trial
court granted CONMED’s Rule 202 requests for documents and Pickrell’s deposition and
ordered the following: “Attorneys may agree on date time location provided they make
said agreement in 5 days and deposition occurs in 45 days. Deposition limited to two
hours.” The trial court signed its order on March 13, 2017. A little more than a week
later, relators filed this mandamus petition, as well as an emergency motion to stay the
trial court’s March 13, 2017 order. CONMED filed its response on April 4, 2017.
II. MANDAMUS STANDARD OF REVIEW
Mandamus is an extraordinary remedy that will issue only to correct a clear abuse
of discretion when there is “no adequate remedy by appeal.” In re Prudential Ins. Co. of
Am., 148 S.W.3d 124, 135-36 (Tex. 2004) (orig. proceeding) (citations omitted). Here, the
parties concede that relators have no adequate remedy by appeal; as such, only the abuse-
of-discretion prong is at issue. See In re Wolfe, 341 S.W.3d 932, 933 (Tex. 2011) (orig.
proceeding) (per curiam) (“An improper order under Rule 202 may be set aside by
mandamus.” (citing In re Jorden, 249 S.W.3d 416, 420 (Tex. 2008) (orig. proceeding))). “A
In re Pickrell Page 4 trial court has no ‘discretion’ in determining what the law is or applying the law to the
facts.” Walker v. Packer, 827 S.W.2d 833, 840 (Tex. 1992). “Thus, a clear failure by the trial
court to analyze or apply the law correctly will constitute an abuse of discretion.” Id.
(citations omitted). In addition, a trial court clearly abuses its discretion if it reaches a
decision so arbitrary and unreasonable as to amount to a clear and prejudicial error of
law. Id. at 839. Regarding the resolution of factual issues or matters committed to the
trial court’s discretion, relator must establish that the trial court could reasonably have
reached only one decision. Id. at 839-40. We cannot disturb the trial court's decision
unless it is shown to be arbitrary and unreasonable, even if we would have decided the
issue differently. Id. at 840.
III. RULE 202 PETITIONS
Texas Rule of Civil Procedure 202 permits a person to petition the court for
authorization to take a deposition before suit is filed in two circumstances: (1) to
perpetuate or obtain the person’s own testimony or that of any other person for use in an
anticipated suit; or (2) to investigate a potential claim or suit. TEX. R. CIV. P. 202.1(a)-(b).
It is undisputed that this case involves the investigation of a potential claim or suit. See
id. at R. 202.1(b).
Rule 202 does not require a petitioner to plead a specific cause of action; instead,
it requires only that the petitioner state the subject matter of the anticipated action, if any,
and the petitioner’s interest therein. See In re Emergency Consultants, Inc., 292 S.W.3d 78,
In re Pickrell Page 5 79 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2007, orig. proceeding) (noting that requiring a Rule
202 petitioner to plead a viable claim “would eviscerate the investigatory purpose of Rule
202 and essentially require one to file suit before determining whether a claim exists” and
would place “counsel in a quandary, considering counsel’s ethical duty of candor to the
court and the requirements of [rule 13]”); see also City of Houston v. U.S. Filter Wastewater
Group, Inc., 190 S.W.3d 242, 245 n.2 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2006, no pet.) (“Rule
202 does not require a petitioner to plead a specific cause of action.”). Thus, the nature
of Rule 202 as an investigatory tool necessitates some breadth of pleading and dictates
that we liberally construe the petition.
The trial court “must” order the deposition to be taken “if, but only if,” it finds
that: (1) allowing the petitioner to take the requested deposition may prevent a failure or
delay of justice in an anticipated suit; or (2) the likely benefit of allowing the petitioner to
take the requested deposition to investigate a potential claim outweighs the burden or
expense of the procedure. TEX. R. CIV. P. 202.4(a). The Texas Supreme Court has
expressly held that these findings may not be implied from support in the record. In re
Does, 337 S.W.3d 862, 865 (Tex. 2011) (orig. proceeding).
“Rule 202 depositions are not now and never have been intended for routine use.
There are practical as well as due process problems with demanding discovery from
someone before telling them what the issues are.” In re Jorden, 249 S.W.3d at 423.
Accordingly, courts must strictly limit and carefully supervise pre-suit discovery to
In re Pickrell Page 6 prevent abuse of the rule. In re Wolfe, 341 S.W.3d at 933; In re Reassure Am. Life Ins. Co.,
421 S.W.3d 165, 171 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi 2013, orig. proceeding). Rule 202 was
not intended as a means of obtaining otherwise unobtainable discovery. See In re Wolfe,
341 S.W.3d at 933 (noting that petitioner “cannot obtain by Rule 202 what it would be
denied in the anticipated action”). Rule 202 expressly limits the scope of discovery in
depositions to “the same as if the anticipated suit or potential claim had been filed.” Id.
(citing TEX. R. CIV. P. 202.5). Rule 202, like all the rules of civil procedure, was fashioned
by the Texas Supreme Court as a means of “obtain[ing] a just, fair, equitable and impartial
adjudication of the rights of litigants under established principles of substantive law.”
City of Dallas v. Dallas Black Fire Fighters Ass’n, 353 S.W.3d 547, 554 (Tex. App.—Dallas
2011, no pet.) (citing TEX. R. CIV. P. 1); see Combs v. Tex. Civil Rights Project, 410 S.W.3d 529,
534-35 (Tex. App.—Austin 2013, pet. denied).
IV. ANALYSIS
In their mandamus petition, relators contend that CONMED was required to
present evidence to satisfy its burden of proof under Rule 202, but failed to do so.
Specifically, relators argue that CONMED cannot rely solely on its verified petition and
the argument of counsel to establish that the likely benefit of allowing the requested
deposition to investigate a potential claim outweighs the burden or expense of the
procedure. We agree.
In re Pickrell Page 7 Here, CONMED sought the deposition of Pickrell under Rule 202.1(b) to
investigate a potential claim or suit. Accordingly, the trial court was required to find,
and did find, that “the likely benefit of allowing the petitioner [CONMED] to take the
requested deposition to investigate a potential claim outweighs the burden or expense of
the procedure.” However, as noted above, CONMED did not proffer any evidence to
support the contentions made in its verified petition.
Numerous Texas courts have held that a petitioner seeking a pre-suit deposition
must present evidence to meet its burden to establish the facts necessary to obtain the
deposition. See In re East, 476 S.W.3d 61, 68 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi 2014, orig.
proceeding) (“The law is clear that a petitioner seeking a presuit deposition must present
evidence to meet its burden to establish the facts necessary to obtain the deposition.”
(citing In re Hochheim Prairie Farm Mut. Ins. Ass’n, 115 S.W.3d 793, 796 (Tex. App.—
Beaumont 2003, orig. proceeding); In re Dallas County Hosp. Dist., No. 10-14-00249-CV,
2014 Tex. App. LEXIS 3542, at **5-6 (Tex. App.—Dallas Apr. 1, 2014, orig. proceeding)
(mem. op.); Love v. Moreland, 280 S.W.3d 334, 336 n.3 (Tex. App.—Amarillo 2008, no pet.);
see also In re Rockafellow, No. 07-11-00066-CV, 2011 Tex. App. LEXIS 5495, at *13 (Tex.
App.—Amarillo July 19, 2011, orig. proceeding) (mem. op.). Moreover, in examining this
evidentiary requirement, we are mindful that verified pleadings are generally not
considered competent evidence to prove the facts asserted in the pleading. See In re East,
476 S.W.3d at 68 (citing Laidlaw Waste Sys., Inc. v. City of Wilmer, 904 S.W.2d 656, 660 (Tex.
In re Pickrell Page 8 1995) (“Generally, pleadings are not competent evidence, even if sworn or verified.”)).
Furthermore, the argument of counsel is not evidence. See Love, 280 S.W.3d at 336 n.3;
Potter v. GMP, L.L.C., 141 S.W.3d 698, 704 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2004, pet. dism’d); see
also Halverson v. Podlewski, No. 10-05-00303-CV, 2006 Tex. App. LEXIS 8814, at **4-5 (Tex.
App.—Waco Oct. 11, 2006, pet. denied) (mem. op.).
Additionally, several Texas courts have applied these basic principles to the Rule
202 burden of proof. See, e.g., In re Dallas County Hosp. Dist., 2014 Tex. App. LEXIS 3542,
at *6 (“It is an abuse of discretion for a trial court to order a Rule 202 deposition when the
party seeking the deposition fails to provide any evidence to meet the burden of
establishing the facts necessary to support ordering a Rule 202 deposition.”); In re Noriega,
No. 05-14-000307-CV, 2014 Tex. App. LEXIS 3462, at **5-6 (Tex. App.—Dallas Mar. 28,
2014, orig. proceeding) (mem. op.) (“The record before the trial court at the hearing
consisted only of the pleadings of the parties and the argument of counsel. . . . Thus, even
if real party had been able to overcome relator’s objection to the verification on the
petition that it was not based on personal knowledge of real party’s counsel, the verified
petition would not have been admissible evidence in support of the Rule 202 petition.”);
In re Contractor’s Supplies, Inc., No. 12-09-00231-CV, 2009 Tex. App. LEXIS 6396, at **13-19
(Tex. App.—Tyler Aug. 17, 2009, orig. proceeding) (mem. op.) (holding that the verified
Rule 202 petition does not itself constitute evidence for purposes of supporting the
required Rule 202 findings); In re Rockafellow, 2011 Tex. App. LEXIS 5495, at *13
In re Pickrell Page 9 (concluding that the trial court abused its discretion in ordering pre-suit depositions
because neither the verified petition, nor the arguments of counsel constitute evidence in
support of the petition).
We, too, hold that a petitioner under Rule 202 cannot rely solely on its verified
petition and/or the argument of counsel to establish the evidentiary requirements under
Rule 202. Therefore, because CONMED failed to provide any competent evidence to
support its verified Rule 202 petition, we conclude that the trial court abused its discretion
in ordering Pickrell to submit to a Rule 202 deposition. See In re East, 476 S.W.3d at 68;
see also In re Dallas County Hosp. Dist., 2014 Tex. App. LEXIS 3542, at *6; In re Noriega, 2014
Tex. App. LEXIS 3462, at **5-6; In re Contractor’s Supplies, Inc., No. 12-09-00231-CV, 2009
Tex. App. LEXIS 6396, at **13-19; In re Rockafellow, 2011 Tex. App. LEXIS 5495, at *13.
Despite the foregoing, CONMED argues that any reliance on Laidlaw to support
the notion that verified pleadings are not competent evidence is unfounded because
Laidlaw involved summary-judgment proof. See 904 S.W.2d at 660. We are not persuaded
by this purported distinction. First, the Laidlaw Court used the word “[g]enerally” to
precede its statement that sworn or verified pleadings are not competent evidence. Id.
The use of “[g]enerally” suggests that, in virtually all instances, sworn or verified
pleadings are not typically regarded as competent evidence. See MERRIAM WEBSTER’S
COLLEGIATE DICTIONARY 484 (10th ed. 1993) (defining general as “something (as a
concept, principle, or statement) that involves or is applicable to the whole). This
In re Pickrell Page 10 treatment is common amongst Texas appellate courts. See supra. Furthermore, the case
relied upon by Laidlaw for this proposition specifically mentioned that some jurisdictions
and at least one commentator have stated that sworn pleadings could be used as proof if
the pleadings set out in “great detail” the essential facts and were properly supported by
a sworn statement. Id. (citing Hidalgo v. Surety v. Sav. & Loan Ass’n, 462 S.W.2d 540, 545
(Tex. 1971)). However, this is not the majority rule.
And even if we were to consider CONMED’s verified Rule 202 petition as
competent evidence, we cannot say that it contains sufficient evidence to meet the
evidentiary requirements of Rule 202. The entire petition contains speculation based
solely on the fact that Pickrell resigned from CONMED and began working for a
competitor, Erbe. See, e.g., In re Hewlett Packard, 212 S.W.3d 356, 363-64 (Tex. App.—
Austin 2006, orig. proceeding) (concluding that a petitioner failed to meet the Rule 202
requirements for the discovery of trade secrets because the “threat of an unjust result
must be real and not just possible. . . . They are potential claims only. As Dell
acknowledges, there is a possibility that it has no claims against the relators. Thus,
without more, Dell cannot show that impairment of its presentation of a claim on the
merits is anything more than a possibility, much less that any such possible impairment
would threaten an unjust result. There is no lawsuit pending in which a result is going
to happen. Consequently, Dell has not established the necessity of discovering Hewlett-
Packard’s trade secret information as required by Texas law”); Garner Envtl. Servs. v. First
In re Pickrell Page 11 in Rescue, Safety & Training, LLC, No. 01-16-00388-CV, 2016 Tex. App. LEXIS 13631, at
**12-14 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] Dec. 22, 2016, no pet.) (mem. op.) (concluding
that an employer with suspicions that former employees were breaching employment
agreements could not have discovered the purported breaches sooner through a Rule 202
deposition because the employer had “no proof of its suspicions” and no “basis to
establish that [competitor] had any information in its possession that could justify a
pretrial deposition”). There is no evidence suggesting that Pickrell may have violated his
employment agreements with CONMED. Such speculation cannot possibly be sufficient
to support a Rule 202 deposition that is not intended for routine use and must be strictly
limited and carefully supervised. See In re Wolfe, 341 S.W.3d at 933; In re Jorden, 249
S.W.3d at 423; see also In re Reassure Am. Life Ins. Co., 421 S.W.3d at 171. Accordingly, we
sustain relators’ complaints regarding the Rule 202 deposition.
In their second complaint, relators argue that the trial court abused its discretion
by ordering the production of six categories of documents under Rule 202. “Neither by
its language nor by implication can we construe Rule 202 to authorize a trial court, before
suit is filed, to order any form of discovery but deposition.” In re Akzo Nobel Chem., Inc.,
24 S.W.3d 919, 921 (Tex. App.—Beaumont 2000, orig. proceeding). Based on the
foregoing, we conclude that the trial court abused its discretion in ordering the
production of these documents. As such, we sustain relators’ second complaint.
V. CONCLUSION
In re Pickrell Page 12 Having sustained relators’ complaints, we conditionally grant relators’ mandamus
petition and order respondent to vacate his order granting Pickrell’s deposition and
document production under Rule 202. We are confident respondent will comply, and the
writ will issue only if respondent fails to do so.
AL SCOGGINS Justice
Before Chief Justice Gray, Justice Davis, and Justice Scoggins Conditionally granted Opinion delivered and filed April 19, 2017 [OT06]
In re Pickrell Page 13