STORY, Circuit Justice.
I find nothing of that sort in the law. I know of no reason, why the bankrupt may not enter into business and hold property, subject of course to the contingency of obtaining a discharge; for if the bankrupt fails to obtain a discharge, all his property will at last be subject to the claims of all his creditors.
In regard to the first part of the petition, respecting an allowance to the petitioner for the support of himself and his family, the court has no authority to interfere in the matter. The law is express, that all the property of the bankrupt shall be surrendered, with certain exceptions, which are specifically set forth. By the proviso containing these exceptions, in the third section of the act, the assignee is to designate and set apart “the necessary household and kitchen furniture, and other articles and necessaries of such bankrupt, &e.; not to exceed in value, in any case, the sum of three hundred dollars.” Now, under this provision, it is competent for the assignee to make the allowance sought for in the present ease; but it can be allowed on no other ground than as a part of the three hundred dollars mentioned in the law.
The counsel for the petitioner here stated, that this claim was made by the petitioner, as compensation for taking care of this property. between the time of filing the petition and the decree of bankruptcy.
STORY, Circuit Justice. That is another and a distinct question. Undoubtedly the assignee may allow the petitioner or any one else a reasonable sum for taking charge of the property. In regard to the watch and jewelry, the rule in bankruptcy is precisely the same as it is in equity. In the first place, as to the personal property belonging to the wife at the time of her marriage, it may be generally stated, that the husband, under and in virtue of the marriage, becomes entitled to it, unless his marital right is excluded by some express or implied trust. No matter how the property has come to the woman before the marriage, whether by gift or by purchase, by gift of her friends, or by purchase from her own funds, unless at the time of the marriage it stands affected by some trust for her sole and separate and ex-elusive benefit, it will belong to the husband, It may be affected by an express trust, as by the provisions of a settlement, or by a trust deed, or by the will of a third person; or the trust may be implied from the very nature and character of the gift itself. If there be no such trust, then the husband, immediately after the marriage, may appropriate the property to his own use; and his creditors may take it in execution or satisfaction of their debts. When and under what circumstances a trust, created either expressly, or by implication, before marriage, may be said to remain 'unextinguished by and after the marriage, is a matter in some cases of considerable nicety. But in all the cases, however varied, the same general principle prevails, which is, to ascertain, whether the nature of the trust, which was originally created, in whatever manner it was so created, is by intendment of law a subsisting trust to continue upon and after the marriage, or not. And it by no means necessarily follows, because the gift before marriage was for the sole and separate use of the woman, that the trust will continue after the marriage, and remain unex-tinguished. Every thing must here depend upon the character and extent of the trust, according to a just interpretation of its terms, if created by express written documents; or if implied, upon the nature and necessary objects of the gift or bounty, whether they are purely and peculiarly personal to the lady, or not
Personal property, although given, to a woman for her sole and separate use before marriage, necessarily belongs to her in absolute propriety and title, and she has the absolute power to dispose of it, as she pleases, while she remains unmarried. That power ceases upon her marriage; and the same absolute right of property and ownership therein then becomes vested in her husband, unless. indeed, it was originally given in trust for her sole and separate personal use alter the marriage, and without any right of interference of her then intended husband, or of any future husband. Such a trust may be expressly created, or it may be implied from the nature of the gift, or from other attendant and conclusive circumstances. But it cannot be implied from doubtful circumstances, or from facts, which are equally reconcilable with the supposition, that she might have, and should have a right, to part with the same in favor of her husband upon the marriage. Gifts made after marriage by third persons may also be expressly given for the sole'and separate use of the wife, independent of her husband; and when so given, if the husband consents to her receiving the gifts, he and his creditors are bound by the trust. But the nature of the gift by a third person may equally as clearly establish the intent, that it is to be in trust for the sole and separate use of the wife during the mar[976]*976riage, as if it were positively so expressed; and then the trust will equally attach to and regulate the gift, and bind the husband and his creditors. Neither of them can dispose of any such gift; but it remains the sole property of the wife under the trust, whether it be express or be implied. Nothing can be more clear than that property, held in trust by the husband, is not subject to the debts of the husband, or liable to his creditors. The trust adheres to the property throughout for the benefit of the wife, or other person, who is beneficially entitled to it But gifts made by the husband to the wife after and during the marriage, admit of a different consideration, with the exception of her wearing apparel. They are not strictly at law capable of taking effect; for the husband and wife are, in contemplation of law, but one person, and are therefore incapable of contracting with, or making gifts to, each other. In equity, however, it is otherwise; and the husband may make gifts to his wife of personal ornaments or jewelry for her sole and separate use, which will be good against his representatives in case of his death; but not good against his own power to reclaim them during his life; nor good against the rights of his creditors to take them in satisfaction of their debts; • for here the rule is, that the husband must be just before he is generous. So if the husband dies insolvent, the creditors have a ■ right to take such gifts in satisfaction of their debts. But if his estate is solvent, then, although, in strictness, the creditors may take such gifts in satisfaction of their debts, yet they are not bound to do so; and if the creditors do take them, then the wife will be entitled to be repaid the full amount out of the other assets of the husband; for these gifts are good against the representatives of the husband; and even he himself, since they are of the nature of paraphernalia, cannot dispose of them after his death, but only during his lifetime.
To apply these principles to the circumstances of the present ease. All the gifts made by the husband to the wife since the marriage, including the watch, and excluding her personal apparel, belong to the creditors, and must be inventoried as a part of his estate divisible among them, if they insist upon their extreme right, as I should hope they will not. In regard to the mourning rings given by third persons to the wife since her marriage, they are, from their very nature and character, purely personal, and for her sole and separate use, as memorials of the dead, and also of the affection of the living. They are sacred, and cannot be touched either by the husband or by his creditors.
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STORY, Circuit Justice.
I find nothing of that sort in the law. I know of no reason, why the bankrupt may not enter into business and hold property, subject of course to the contingency of obtaining a discharge; for if the bankrupt fails to obtain a discharge, all his property will at last be subject to the claims of all his creditors.
In regard to the first part of the petition, respecting an allowance to the petitioner for the support of himself and his family, the court has no authority to interfere in the matter. The law is express, that all the property of the bankrupt shall be surrendered, with certain exceptions, which are specifically set forth. By the proviso containing these exceptions, in the third section of the act, the assignee is to designate and set apart “the necessary household and kitchen furniture, and other articles and necessaries of such bankrupt, &e.; not to exceed in value, in any case, the sum of three hundred dollars.” Now, under this provision, it is competent for the assignee to make the allowance sought for in the present ease; but it can be allowed on no other ground than as a part of the three hundred dollars mentioned in the law.
The counsel for the petitioner here stated, that this claim was made by the petitioner, as compensation for taking care of this property. between the time of filing the petition and the decree of bankruptcy.
STORY, Circuit Justice. That is another and a distinct question. Undoubtedly the assignee may allow the petitioner or any one else a reasonable sum for taking charge of the property. In regard to the watch and jewelry, the rule in bankruptcy is precisely the same as it is in equity. In the first place, as to the personal property belonging to the wife at the time of her marriage, it may be generally stated, that the husband, under and in virtue of the marriage, becomes entitled to it, unless his marital right is excluded by some express or implied trust. No matter how the property has come to the woman before the marriage, whether by gift or by purchase, by gift of her friends, or by purchase from her own funds, unless at the time of the marriage it stands affected by some trust for her sole and separate and ex-elusive benefit, it will belong to the husband, It may be affected by an express trust, as by the provisions of a settlement, or by a trust deed, or by the will of a third person; or the trust may be implied from the very nature and character of the gift itself. If there be no such trust, then the husband, immediately after the marriage, may appropriate the property to his own use; and his creditors may take it in execution or satisfaction of their debts. When and under what circumstances a trust, created either expressly, or by implication, before marriage, may be said to remain 'unextinguished by and after the marriage, is a matter in some cases of considerable nicety. But in all the cases, however varied, the same general principle prevails, which is, to ascertain, whether the nature of the trust, which was originally created, in whatever manner it was so created, is by intendment of law a subsisting trust to continue upon and after the marriage, or not. And it by no means necessarily follows, because the gift before marriage was for the sole and separate use of the woman, that the trust will continue after the marriage, and remain unex-tinguished. Every thing must here depend upon the character and extent of the trust, according to a just interpretation of its terms, if created by express written documents; or if implied, upon the nature and necessary objects of the gift or bounty, whether they are purely and peculiarly personal to the lady, or not
Personal property, although given, to a woman for her sole and separate use before marriage, necessarily belongs to her in absolute propriety and title, and she has the absolute power to dispose of it, as she pleases, while she remains unmarried. That power ceases upon her marriage; and the same absolute right of property and ownership therein then becomes vested in her husband, unless. indeed, it was originally given in trust for her sole and separate personal use alter the marriage, and without any right of interference of her then intended husband, or of any future husband. Such a trust may be expressly created, or it may be implied from the nature of the gift, or from other attendant and conclusive circumstances. But it cannot be implied from doubtful circumstances, or from facts, which are equally reconcilable with the supposition, that she might have, and should have a right, to part with the same in favor of her husband upon the marriage. Gifts made after marriage by third persons may also be expressly given for the sole'and separate use of the wife, independent of her husband; and when so given, if the husband consents to her receiving the gifts, he and his creditors are bound by the trust. But the nature of the gift by a third person may equally as clearly establish the intent, that it is to be in trust for the sole and separate use of the wife during the mar[976]*976riage, as if it were positively so expressed; and then the trust will equally attach to and regulate the gift, and bind the husband and his creditors. Neither of them can dispose of any such gift; but it remains the sole property of the wife under the trust, whether it be express or be implied. Nothing can be more clear than that property, held in trust by the husband, is not subject to the debts of the husband, or liable to his creditors. The trust adheres to the property throughout for the benefit of the wife, or other person, who is beneficially entitled to it But gifts made by the husband to the wife after and during the marriage, admit of a different consideration, with the exception of her wearing apparel. They are not strictly at law capable of taking effect; for the husband and wife are, in contemplation of law, but one person, and are therefore incapable of contracting with, or making gifts to, each other. In equity, however, it is otherwise; and the husband may make gifts to his wife of personal ornaments or jewelry for her sole and separate use, which will be good against his representatives in case of his death; but not good against his own power to reclaim them during his life; nor good against the rights of his creditors to take them in satisfaction of their debts; • for here the rule is, that the husband must be just before he is generous. So if the husband dies insolvent, the creditors have a ■ right to take such gifts in satisfaction of their debts. But if his estate is solvent, then, although, in strictness, the creditors may take such gifts in satisfaction of their debts, yet they are not bound to do so; and if the creditors do take them, then the wife will be entitled to be repaid the full amount out of the other assets of the husband; for these gifts are good against the representatives of the husband; and even he himself, since they are of the nature of paraphernalia, cannot dispose of them after his death, but only during his lifetime.
To apply these principles to the circumstances of the present ease. All the gifts made by the husband to the wife since the marriage, including the watch, and excluding her personal apparel, belong to the creditors, and must be inventoried as a part of his estate divisible among them, if they insist upon their extreme right, as I should hope they will not. In regard to the mourning rings given by third persons to the wife since her marriage, they are, from their very nature and character, purely personal, and for her sole and separate use, as memorials of the dead, and also of the affection of the living. They are sacred, and cannot be touched either by the husband or by his creditors. In regard to the watches of the petitioner’s sons, if given to them by persons other than their parents, there is no doubt, that they can retain them. If given to them by their father, then the question will depend upon circumstances. If the gift is appropriate and suitable to their condition in life, it .will be the property of the sons. If, however, the gift is an unsuitable one, one which the circumstances of the father will not justify, then, in legal contemplation, it is no gift at all; but the transaction will give rise to a suggestion of fraud, and the creditors can take them. ■ I know of no-rule of law or of equity, which denies to a parent the right to make gifts to his children, which are proper and suitable in his circumstances and condition;, but if they are not so, the father being insolvent, and the gifts being large, then they enure to the benefit of the creditors, even although there was no intention on the part of the father to defraud.
Upon a statement by the counsel for the petitioner, that the petitioner was insolvent at the time when the watches were purchased—
STORY, Circuit Justice, said: That makes a- difference in the present case. An insolvent person has no right to spend much in articles of mere ornament for his children. But here the assignee can only claim the amount which was paid by the petitioner towards the purchase of his sons’ watches. The property is in the children, but the amount, which the father has paid for them, must be paid to the assignee. If it be not paid, the assignee can petition the court, setting forth the facts, and asking for a sale of the watches, unless- they are redeemed by a payment of what the father advanced in their purchase:
The following order was thereupon directed to be certified to the district court:
1. That the petitioner is entitled to an allowance of the said sum of one hundred and twenty-six dollars, or any part thereof, solely in virtue of the third section of the act of congress of the 16th of August last past, establishing a uniform system of bankruptcy, and as a part and parcel of the allowance thereby required to be designated and set apart by the assignee as necessaries for the said bankrupt, not exceeding in value and amount the sum of three hundred dollars; and is not otherwise entitled to the same. But the assignee is at liberty to make such reasonable allowance to the bankrupt for the custody' and safe keeping of his property, between the time of filing of his petition for the benefit of the act and the assignee’s demanding and receiving the same under the proceedings in bankruptcy, as the assignee might reasonably make and allow to any third person for the custody and safe keeping thereof.
2. That the watch of the wife, and any jewelry given to her by third persons before the marriage, or by her husband either before or since the marriage, pass to the assignee as part of the property of the bankrupt, to which his creditors are entitled. But jewelry given [977]*977by third persons to the wife since her marriage, as personal ornaments, and mourning rings given to her by third persons since the marriage, as personal memorials, belong to the wife for her sole and separate use in equity, and do not pass to the assignee under the bankruptcy for the benefit of the creditors.
[NOTE. The assignee in this case filed a motion to extinguish proof of a debt in the form of a note upon which the bankrupt was indorser, made payable “on demand after date, with interest.” No demand having been made until more than five years after it was decided that the private estate of the bankrupt was not liable for the payment of the note, which had been given in the name of a firm of which the bankrupt had been a member, the proof was expunged. Case No. 5,691.]
3. That the watches of the sons, under the circumstances stated in the petition, belong to them as their property. But nevertheless, if the petitioner was insolvent, when he applied a part of his own money to purchase the same for his sons, he had no right so to do against the claims of the creditors; and that in equity, therefore, if the petitioner was so insolvent, the sons must account to the assignee for the amount of the money of the petitioner, so paid towards the purchase of the watches. But if the petitioner was not then insolvent, and the donation on his part was made bona fide, and the donation was suitable to his rank in life, condition, and estate, then it was good, and not within the reach of the creditors, or in fraud of their rights under the bankruptcy.