In Re GeoPharma, Inc. Securities Litigation

411 F. Supp. 2d 434, 2006 WL 213274

• Court: District Court, S.D. New York
• Decided: January 27, 2006
• Docket: 04 Civ. 9463(SAS)
• Status: Published

Opinion

OPINION AND ORDER

SCHEINDLIN, District Judge.

I. INTRODUCTION

This case presents a difficult but interesting question. When a defendant makes a false statement in connection with the purchase or sale of securities, that státement is only actionable if the defendant acted with a culpable state of mind. The easiest case is when a plaintiff alleges that a defendant intentionally made a demonstrably false statement. When this allegation is made, a court need not consider whether a defendant acted recklessly or was merely negligent.

Moving up the scale, a plaintiff can also maintain a securities fraud action premised on a defendant’s recklessness. Courts have defined recklessness as conduct that is “highly unreasonable, representing an extreme departure from the standards of ordinary care to the extent that the danger was either known to the defendant or so obvious that the defendant must have been aware of it.” 1 In such cases, intent is sufficiently pled when a plaintiff alleges that a defendant had access to information contradicting the false statement, failed to check information it had a duty to monitor, or ignored obvious signs of fraud. 2 Here, too, a court is not required to analyze whether the conduct at issue was negligent as opposed to reckless, because such allegations preclude a finding of negligence.

The issue becomes more difficult when considering a misleading statement, as opposed to a false statement. A “misleading” statement is one that is accurate and truthful—but only as far as it goes. Even a literally true statement becomes misleading when it omits material information that could cause a reasonable investor to be misled about the nature of the investment in question. 3 Of course, such a statement is only actionable when the defendant acted with the requisite intent. It is entirely possible for a defendant to make an honest but negligent mistake in judging how much detail needs to be included in public statements in order to avoid misleading the market. The purpose of section 10(b) and Rule 10b-5 is to punish knowing fraud or reckless behavior, not mistakes that arise from negligent or even grossly negligent behavior. 4

Thus, in such cases it is especially important to rigorously apply the standard for pleading intent, because defendants should not be required to incur litigation expenses every time an aggrieved investor claims that an accurate statement was rendered misleading based on the absence of additional information. 5 Similarly, if courts are too quick to infer culpability whenever investors are confused by a defendant’s statement, the focus of the intent inquiry could shift from that defendant’s state of mind to public perceptions.

The question addressed in this Opinion, then, is how a court should determine whether the alleged failure to disclose additional information is intentional, reckless, or negligent, when the alleged misleading statement is literally true. The long answer is found by reading the entire Opinion. The short answer is that a court must consider the viability of the alleged scheme to defraud, the entire alleged misstatement (not just certain phrases), the context in which the statement was made, the public’s access to additional information, the defendant’s response to any market confusion resulting from the alleged misstatement, and any other indicia that the defendant acted with fraudulent intent. If all of these factors are given full consideration, the mist created by creative counsel dissipates and the intent, or lack of it, is revealed.

II. BACKGROUND

On September 30, 2005, I dismissed this putative class action brought on behalf of certain purchasers of common stock in GeoPharma, Inc. (“GeoPharma”), a publicly-traded pharmaceutical company, without prejudice. 6 Plaintiffs have now filed an Amended Complaint, again alleging violations of sections 10(b) and 20(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, and Rule 10b-5 promulgated thereunder by the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”). 7 All defendants again move to dismiss.

This suit arises from a December 1, 2004 GeoPharma press release (the “December 1 Release”), announcing Food and Drug Administration (“FDA”) approval of Mucotrol, a new product for the treatment of mucositis. 8 In pre-class period statements during the summer of 2004, GeoPharma had disclosed to investors that it was developing a “drug” to fight mucositis. However, when GeoPharma applied for FDA approval of this product, it sought approval for a less lucrative “medical device.” GeoPharma obtained approval for its medical device on November 24, 2004, and disclosed this approval in the December 1 Release. But in the release, GeoPharma referred to Mucotrol as neither a drug nor a medical device, instead employing the term “prescription product.”

Although Mucotrol is in fact a product available by prescription, investors apparently believed that GeoPharma obtained approval of a new drug, and immediately drove GeoPharma’s stock to its highest price ever. But within hours of the December 1 Release, the FDA made clear that GeoPharma had merely obtained approval for a medical device. By the evening of December 2, GeoPharma’s stock dropped back to its pre-Release price, and plaintiffs filed their first suit later that day.

III. THE AMENDED COMPLAINT

The Amended Complaint sets forth similar allegations as the previously-dismissed Complaint. The allegations were detailed in the September 30 Opinion, 9 but I will briefly outline the pertinent facts.

The putative class period is December 1, 2004 through December 2, 2004. 10 In addition to the Company, plaintiffs name three individual defendants: President Kotha S. Sckharam, CEO Mihir K. Taneja, and Chairman of the Board of Directors Jugal Taneja. 11 All three defendants held these positions during the putative class period. 12

A. Pre-Class Period Statements Regarding Mucotrol

On June 29, 2004, GeoPharma disclosed that it was conducting “formulation work” and “preliminary double blind placebo controlled clinical studies” on a patent-pending drug to treat mucositis. 13 GeoPharma again referred to a mucositis drug in a July 13, 2004 press release, stating that it had completed a clinical study to evaluate such a drug. 14 This press release also stated that the drug’s “market potential is estimated to be at $300 million to $500 million.” 15

However, on September 1, 2004, GeoPharma filed an application with the FDA seeking approval to market a medical device by the name of Mucotrol Concentrated Oral gel wafer (“Mucotrol”). 16 The FDA granted approval for Mucotrol to be marketed as a medical device in a letter dated November 24, 2004 (“FDA Letter”). 17 Defendants did not disclose either the September application or the FDA’s approval of a medical device until December 2, 2004. 18

B. The December 1 Release

On December 1, 2004, prior to the opening of the markets, GeoPharma issued a press release entitled “GeoPharma, Inc. Receives FDA Approval for Mucotrol™; Manages Mucositis Caused by Radiation and Chemotherapy Required in Cancer Treatment.” 19 The December 1 Release stated in pertinent part that “GeoPharma, Inc. today announced that Belcher Pharmaceuticals, Inc., a wholly-owned subsidiary of GeoPharma, Inc., has received approval from the [FDA] for Mucotrol™, a prescription product for the management of oral mucositis/stomatitis.” 20 The Release further stated that, given the number of people who suffer from mucositis, “oncology market potential for Mucotrol™ sales are between $75 million and $300 million per annum and the estimated global market is between $250 million and $1 billion per annum.” 21

Immediately after the December 1 Release, GeoPharma’s stock price reached an all-time high of $11.25 per share, an increase of 153%. 22 Volume was extraordinary—42 million shares changed hands on December 1, as opposed to an average daily volume of 22,000 shares. 23

C. Corrective Disclosures

Responding to media inquiries immediately after the December 1 Release, an FDA spokesperson erroneously stated that the agency had no record of any approval for Mucotrol. 24 After this FDA statement, the price of GeoPharma stock tumbled. When trading was halted at 1:30 p.m. on December 1, the stock had fallen to $6.81 per share. 25 The FDA then clarified that Mucotrol had received marketing approval as a medical device. 26

The next morning, GeoPharma issued another press release to address the confusion caused by the December 1 Release, stating that:

The Company’s application to the FDA requested approval for [Mucotrol] to be approved to be marketed for the mechanical action indicated for the management of pain by soothing oral lesions caused by chemotherapy or radiotherapy mucositis/stomatitis, oral irritations due to oral surgery, braces or dentures in addition to diffusing apthous ulcers. Although it is estimated that approximately 300,000 cancer patients in the U.S. suffer from mucositis, revenues from the Company’s distribution of MucotrolO cannot be estimated at this time. 27

After the markets closed on December 2, GeoPharma and two of the individual defendants held a conference call with investors to discuss the December 1 Release. On the call, defendants Mihir Taneja and Sekharam stated that they had not yet attempted to estimate Mucotrol’s potential revenues. 28 Asked why previous company releases referred to development of a drug to treat mucositis when Mucotrol was in fact a device, Sekharam stated that GeoPharma initially tried to develop a drug treatment but ended up with a device. 29 After the conference call, GeoPharma’s share price fell 12.48% in after-market activity on December 2, to $6.45 per share. 30 The shares fell to $5.46 per share the next day. 31

D. Scienter Allegations

Plaintiffs allege that in 2004, GeoPharma embarked on a strategy to transition from a producer of dietary supplements into a drug manufacturer'—a transition requiring capital infusions. 32 To this end, GeoPharma entered into three separate financing arrangements in the Spring of 2004. The terms of each agreement vary, but these agreements generally provide that, if GeoPharma’s common stock attained a certain average closing price for at least five consecutive days, “[d]efendants could force a portion of its note holders and preferred shareholders to accept shares of [GeoPharma’s] common stock in lieu of cash payments.” 33 Plaintiffs allege that defendants, frustrated by GeoPharma’s inability throughout 2004 to attain the required closing price, embarked on a scheme that would relieve GeoPharma of its obligation to “make expensive monthly cash payments to the Company’s note holders and preferred stock owners.” 34

Plaintiffs also allege that defendants knew, or were reckless in not knowing, that the December 1 Release was materially false or misleading. Specifically, plaintiffs allege that defendants’ scienter is evidenced by their failure to disclose their knowledge of (1) GeoPharma’s September 2004 application for FDA approval of Mucotrol as a medical device; (2) the November 24 FDA approval of Mucotrol as a medical device; and (3) GeoPharma’s use of revenue projections consistent with a new drug, rather than a medical device. 35

IV. LEGAL STANDARD

A. Standard of Review

A motion to dismiss pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6) should be granted only if “ ‘it appears beyond doubt that the plaintiff can prove no set of facts in support of [its] claim which would entitle [it] to relief.’ ” 36 When deciding a motion to dismiss, courts must accept all factual allegations in the complaint as true, and draw all reasonable inferences in plaintiffs favor. 37 Although the plaintiffs allegations are taken as true, the claim may still fail as a matter of law if it appears beyond doubt that the plaintiff can prove no set of facts in support of its claim which would entitle it to relief, or if the claim is not legally feasible. 38

B. Scienter

A prima facie case of securities fraud under section 10(b) and Rule 10b-5 requires that “the defendant, in connection with the purchase or sale of securities, made a materially false statement or omitted a material fact, with scienter, and that plaintiffs reliance on defendant’s action caused injury to the plaintiff.” 39 The requisite state of mind, or scienter, in an action under section 10(b) and Rule 10b-5 is “ ‘an intent to deceive, manipulate or defraud.’ ” 40

Under the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act (“PSLRA”), the complaint must “state with particularity facts giving rise to a strong inference that the defendant acted with the required state of mind.” 41 “Although speculation and conclusory allegations will not suffice, neither do we require ‘great specificity’ provided the plaintiff alleges enough facts to support ‘a strong inference of fraudulent intent.’ ” 42 Facts giving rise to a strong inference of scienter can be alleged by one of two methods: the plaintiff may plead “motive and opportunity to commit fraud” or “strong circumstantial evidence of conscious misbehavior or recklessness.” 43

1. Motive and Opportunity

“Motive would entail concrete benefits that could be realized by one or more of the false statements and wrongful nondisclosures alleged,” while “[opportunity would entail the means and likely prospect of achieving concrete benefits by the means alleged.” 44 “Motives that are generally possessed by most corporate directors and officers do not suffice; instead, plaintiffs must assert a concrete and personal benefit to the individual defendants resulting from the fraud.” 45 The desire “to inflate stock prices while [defendants] sold their own shares” may support a viable claim. 46 Some courts have also found that a company’s desire to inflate its stock price in order to complete a stock-based acquisition can establish scienter. 47 As for opportunity, courts often assume that corporations and their officers have the opportunity to commit fraud, 48 but opportunity may not exist if the alleged scheme had no chance of succeeding. 49

2. Conscious Misbehavior or Recklessness

When plaintiffs have failed to plead motive and opportunity, “it is still possible to plead scienter by identifying circumstances indicating conscious behavior [or recklessness] by defendant, though the strength of the circumstantial allegations must be correspondingly greater.” 50 To allege recklessness, the facts must “approximate an actual intent to aid in the fraud being perpetrated.” 51 Plaintiff must allege facts showing that the defendants’ conduct was “highly unreasonable, representing an extreme departure from the standards of ordinary care to the extent that the danger was either known to the defendant or so obvious that the defendant must have been aware of it.” 52 Recklessness is often shown when plaintiff “specifically alleges defendants’ knowledge of facts or access to information contradicting their public statements.” 53

V. DISCUSSION

A. Scienter

In the September 30 Opinion, I held that plaintiffs’ motive allegations failed “for a fundamental reason—the alleged scheme could not possibly have succeeded. The FDA approval of Mucotrol was public information, and it would have been obvious ex ante to defendants that financial reporters and/or analysts would contact the FDA immediately after the December 1 Release (which is of course what occurred).” 54 Thus, “[t]here was never the slightest chance that GeoPharma stock could be inflated by the December 1 Release for anywhere close to the five days needed to carry out the alleged scheme.” 55

Plaintiffs assert that this holding amounted to improper hindsight analysis. 56 Plaintiffs are mistaken. The September 30 Opinion did not rely on the fact that the scheme happened to fail in this case, but rather on whether a rational defendant could have expected that the alleged scheme could succeed. 57 And given that the December 1 Release made a rapidly verifiable representation about FDA action already taken, plaintiffs’ cases involving misrepresentations about the likelihood of future FDA action are inapposite. 58 When evaluating motive and opportunity allegations, the Second Circuit authorizes inquiry, even at the motion to dismiss stage, as to whether plaintiffs allege a scheme that has any chance of achieving its putative ends. 59

That said, plaintiffs have clarified their allegations in a manner that merits reconsideration of this aspect of the September 80 Opinion. Plaintiffs note that the “target price that triggered the conversion feature [of one of the securities purchase agreements] was the average closing price of five consecutive trading days.” 60 “Therefore, even when the full extent of the fraud was discovered after only two days, as ivas the actual case here, the scheme could have succeeded.” 61 Given this clarification, it is conceivable, although extremely unlikely, that defendants might have expected to confuse the market for the required length of time, and thus inflate GeoPharma stock by the required amount. 62

Even assuming arguendo that the alleged scheme could have succeeded, plaintiffs have not sufficiently addressed the independent grounds for rejecting their motive and opportunity allegations. The September 30 Opinion noted that “[c]ourts in this Circuit have consistently held that allegations that a defendant was motivated to commit securities fraud by a desire to reduce its debt burden, or otherwise reduce borrowing costs, are insufficient to raise a scienter inference.” 63 “Plaintiffs’ allegations that GeoPharma sought to reduce its cash outlays for debt service fall squarely into this category.” 64

Plaintiffs offer two arguments, but no new allegations, to dispute this holding. Plaintiffs first repeat their argument from the first motion to dismiss that the desire to inflate the stock to activate the conversion feature of GeoPharma’s financing agreements is a valid motive because it represents a “specific corporate transaction.” 65 This argument is no more convincing now, given that plaintiffs again rely only on cases where motive was alleged because the defendant company intended to carry out corporate acquisitions. 66

Plaintiffs also assert that GeoPharma’s motive, properly understood, was to achieve its strategic goal of “transforming the company into a generic drug manufacturing and distribution company,” not merely to reduce its debt load and maintain a sound balance sheet. 67 In response, defendants correctly note that “transforming [GeoPharma] into a generic drug manufacturing company [is an invalid motive because it] would benefit all shareholders generally, not just defendants.” 68 In fact, the only tangible benefit from the alleged scheme would be lower debt service. Plaintiffs’ new characterization of the same allegations cannot change the result—after all, any otherwise-invalid motive can usual ly be framed as part of some “strategic goal.” 69 Moreover, the Amended Complaint itself emphasizes that it was important for GeoPharma to activate the conversion features because of its limited cash reserves. 70

Finally, the Amended Complaint, like the earlier Complaint, is devoid of motive allegations against the individual defendants. 71 Defendants note that the alleged scheme would have harmed the individual defendants, because converting debt into equity would dilute their stock holdings. 72

2. Conscious Misbehavior or Recklessness

Plaintiffs contend that, considered in the context created by defendants’ own statements as well as surrounding suspicious circumstances, the Amended Complaint adequately pleads defendants’ intent to mislead or recklessness. 73 While GeoPharma’s behavior as depicted in this Complaint may be less than ideal for a publicly-traded corporation, plaintiffs have failed to meet the pleading burden imposed by the PSLRA. For the following reasons, and even considering plaintiffs’ allegations as a whole, 74 I cannot conclude that defendants exhibited the “extreme departure from the standards of ordinary care” characteristic of recklessness. 75

a. Failure to Disclose FDA Letter

Plaintiffs have described the prescription product statement as an affirmative misstatement, and argued the recklessness issue through that lens. However, the prescription product statement is best analyzed as an omission. While GeoPharma disclosed its FDA approval for Mucotrol, it omitted the more detailed and specific information regarding Mucotrol’s approval as a medical device. The true gravamen of plaintiffs’ allegations, then, is that the prescription product statement was “misleading, though not technically false, [because it amounted] to a half-truth by omitting some material fact.” 76

Plaintiffs ask this Court to infer scienter from the fact that the December 1 Release failed to disclose the precise nature of the FDA approval obtained by GeoPharma, as embodied in the November 24 FDA Letter. 77 Defendants do not and cannot dispute that GeoPharma was under a duty to disclose sufficient detail about Mucotrol to render the December 1 Release not misleading. 78 Thus, enough detail about Mucotrol had to be disclosed in the December 1 Release to achieve that goal. In granting the initial motion to dismiss, I held that “a reasonable investor could have been misled by failing to absorb the fine distinction between the terms ‘drug’ and ‘prescription product’ ”—a conclusion reached at the pleading stage, with all reasonable inferences drawn in plaintiffs’ favor. 79

But a failure to disclose particular information, by itself, can only constitute recklessness if there was an obvious duty to disclose that information. 80 Given what defendants did disclose in the December 1 Release, there was no such obvious duty to disclose the FDA Letter. Therefore, plaintiffs must allege something more to suggest that defendants intended to confuse the market by omitting material information from the December 1 Release. 81 For several reasons, examining plaintiffs’ allegations as a whole compels the conclusion that defendants did not act recklessly when they issued the December 1 Release.

First, the tenuous plausibility of the alleged scheme substantially weakens the overall strength of plaintiffs’ scienter allegations. 82 Although I have now found that the alleged scheme had a marginal chance of success, plaintiffs’ theory of the case is still internally inconsistent. 83 ^ Plaintiffs assert that;

In the end, it was the enormous trading volume and the unprecedented 150% stock price increase that caused reporters to take notice [of the December 1 Release] and ultimately dig deeper. Absent the one or two persistent reporters that decided to challenge Defendants’ statements and to press the FDA (and presumably GeoPharma) for answers, the truth may not have become known for some time. 84

Once again, plaintiffs are mistaken. If defendants intended to mislead the market into believing that Mucotrol was a drug, and if they hoped to inflate their share price sufficiently to convert the debt into equity, they must have also realized that any dramatic increase in share price would cause reporters to “dig deeper,” check with the FDA, 85 and quickly uncover the scheme. Indeed, in this instance, the 150% increase in share price attracted sufficient media attention that the December 1 Release was clarified, and the inflated stock price dissipated, within hours.

Second plaintiffs also allege that the use of the word “formula” to describe Mucotrol in the December 1 Release “reinforced the market’s belief that Mucotrol was a drug ... and can only lead to a stronger inference that Defendants did not merely innocently overlook the import of a single word.” 86 However, as defendants note, “if the language defendants’ used ... in the December 1[ ] Release can be probative of intent, then surely it is conclusively exonerating that defendants also said [in the December 1 Release] that Mucotrol only ‘manages’ mucositis—a description that, on plaintiffs’ [own] allegations, definitively [signals to investors] that Mucotrol could not be a drug.” 87

Indeed, the Complaint notes that “topical palliative agents, such as Mucotrol, [ ] are only able to help manage infections and pain resulting from mild-to-moderate oral mucositis ... whereas a drug actually treats the oral mucositis.” 88 Given the apparently clear distinction between “manage” and “treat,” the use of the former term in the December 1 Release suggests that defendants were forthright in disclosing that they had not obtained approval for a drug that treats mucositis. 89

Finally, GeoPharma was not hiding anything from the market when it issued the December 1 Release, which drew the market’s attention to the very source of information (the FDA) that would “unravel” the entire scheme. The true nature of the FDA approval of Mucotrol was reasonably available to the public on December 1, and for this reason as well it is difficult to find strong circumstantial evidence of recklessness, especially when GeoPharma promptly issued a new press release, and scheduled a conference call, once the confusion caused by the December 1 Release became apparent. 90

In sum, defendants had no clear duty to disclose the information in the FDA Letter as part of the December 1 Release. Thus, without more, the failure to disclose this information cannot constitute reckless behavior. 91 Rather, the most that can be inferred from this omission is that defendants were negligent in failing to anticipate how the market would respond to the prescription product statement. To infer scienter from an arguably material omission, in the face of allegations that cut against such an inference, and in the absence of valid motive allegations, would be to expand the anti-fraud provisions of the securities laws beyond their intended scope. 92

b. Market Potential Statement

Plaintiffs also argue that the market potential statement in the December 1 Release was false and/or misleading. In the September 30 Opinion, I held that the market potential statement was not actionable because it was either; (1) a forward-looking projection of revenues, protected by the PSLRA’s safe harbor as plaintiffs failed to plead that it was made with actual knowledge of its falsity; 93 or (2) that it was a true statement of the total present market for all products that address mucositis in any way. Although plaintiffs allege in their Complaint that the statement was a revenue projection, 94 they argue in their opposition to the motion to dismiss that the market projection was a statement of present fact, whether or not knowable with certainty. 95

Whichever it is, plaintiffs argue that they have alleged that defendants acted with the requisite intent to deceive based on admissions by defendants that they had not yet attempted to estimate Mucotrol’s revenues at the time they issued the December 1 Release. 96 Defendants, not surprisingly, agree that they had no basis to estimate revenues. They argue, however, that this is irrelevant because the statement is properly read not as a revenue projection, but as an accurate factual statement about the total size of the market for all mucositis products. 97

Given the full context of the December 1 Release, and the complete transcript of the December 2 conference call provided in the Amended Complaint, plaintiffs’ interpretation of the statement is not reasonable, even when viewed in the light most favorable to the plaintiffs. The market potential statement is explicitly based on the fact that “[i]t is estimated that approximately 300,000 cancer patients in the U.S. suffer from mucositis associated with cancer treatments.” 98 It is unreasonable to construe the statement to mean that GeoPharma expected to derive revenue from every one of those patients. As I noted during oral argument, “Ford Motor [Company] could say ‘if I sold every car in the country, there are 300 million car purchasers, that’s how many sales there would be, but that’s not [a] revenue projection because nobody thinks everybody is going to buy a Ford.” 99

During oral argument, plaintiffs struggled to articulate exactly how they viewed the market potential statement, finally settling on “the size of the potential market for Mucotrol sales.” 100 However, this is nothing more than a revenue projection by another name. Even if the potential market is a statement of present fact, plaintiffs have still not supported their allegation that this statement is either false or misleading. While plaintiffs allege that defendants lacked a reasonable basis for the potential market statement, 101 the basis was provided by the Release’s recitation of the total number of mucositis sufferers, a figure plaintiffs do not dispute. Because this statement is neither false nor misleading, it is not actionable.

c. Failure to Disclose Competing Mtedical Devices

Because plaintiffs did not amend their allegations, they simply reassert their argument that GeoPharma’s failure to disclose the existence of other medical devices managing mucositis in the December 1 Release was misleading. 102 This argument was fully addressed (and rejected) in the September 30 Opinion, and there is no reason to address it again. 103

d. Other Scienter Allegations

Plaintiffs make several other scienter allegations not covered by the foregoing discussion. These allegations do not speak directly to defendants’ intent in making the prescription product statement, but instead charge defendants with generally suspicious conduct outside the putative class period. However, even these allegations do not satisfy the required pleading standard.

Plaintiffs first allege that scienter is established by defendants’ failure to disclose, prior to the start of the class period on December 1, that Mucotrol had evolved from a drug into a medical device. 104 GeoPharma’s last public statement regarding a mucositis product before the December 1 Release, referring to a drug, was in August 2004. In September 2004, however, GeoPharma applied to the FDA for approval as a medical device. “Defendants’ decision to allow untrue and misleading information to remain in the market for at least four and a half months is probative of scienter.” 105 But plaintiffs fail to explain why an alleged actionable omission prior to the class period adequately alleges scienter as to a statement during the class period. 106 Moreover, plaintiffs’ related allegation that GeoPharma violated its duty to disclose the FDA Letter within four days of its receipt on November 24 is mistaken. 107 GeoPharma complied with the relevant SEC regulation, which requires disclosure within four business days of a “material corporate event.” 108

Moving farther afield, plaintiffs make several allegations regarding GeoPharma’s “prior history of making inaccurate representations in order to capitalize on health fears.” 109 Plaintiffs also allege that a member of GeoPharma’s Board of Directors resigned without explanation on December 3, 2004. 110 However, plaintiffs barely mention these allegations in their opposition brief, 111 and in light of the overall weakness of the scienter inference created by the Amended Complaint, these allegations are unavailing.

B. Group Pleading Doctrine

One issue remains which I will briefly address for the sake of completeness, although it is admittedly dicta given plaintiffs’ failure to allege scienter. 112 In the first Complaint, plaintiffs failed to make any specific allegations against defendant Jugal Taneja. Bather, plaintiffs invoked the “group pleading doctrine,” which allows reliance on “a presumption that statements in ... press releases, or other group-published information, are the collective work of those individuals with direct involvement in the everyday business of the company.” 113

Although quite limited in scope, this doctrine may apply to outside directors such as Jugal Taneja, who “can fall within the group pleading presumption when, by virtue of their status or a special relationship with the corporation, they have access to information more akin to a corporate insider.” 114 However, the September 30 Opinion held that “[a] bare allegation that Jugal Taneja is Chairman of the Board, in the absence of any specific allegation that he played a role in the preparation of the December 1 Release, or otherwise took part in the day-to-day operations of GeoPharma, does not justify applying the group pleading doctrine.” 115

In the opposition brief to the first motion to dismiss, plaintiffs introduced several new facts regarding Jugal Taneja. Specifically, plaintiffs asserted that (1) Jugal Taneja is a large GeoPharma shareholder; (2) he is the father of defendant Mihir Taneja; (3) he signed a Form 10-K referenced in the Complaint; and (4) he had a consulting agreement with GeoPharma. While noting that a complaint cannot be amended by the opposition brief to a motion to dismiss, I opined that “it is unlikely that these new facts would establish that Jugal Taneja had a hand in the preparation of the December 1 Release, or had a special relationship with GeoPharma giving rise to an inference that he had access to information akin to a corporate insider » 116

The facts introduced in plaintiffs’ first opposition brief are now included in the amended complaint. 117 Notably, plaintiffs allege that Jugal Taneja had a consulting agreement with GeoPharma for which he was paid $200,000 per year—exceeding the salaries of both of the other individual defendants, the highest officers in the company. 118 Plaintiffs also specify that Jugal Taneja owns 31% of GeoPharma common stock. 119

On this basis, plaintiffs have now succeeded in bringing Jugal Taneja within the scope of the group pleading doctrine. In Schnall v. Annuity & Life Re (Holdings), Ltd., the court applied the group pleading doctrine to a Chairman of the Board, active in company affairs, who also had a significant consulting agreement with the company, and who often signed SEC Form 10-K’s for the defendant company. 120 Now that plaintiffs have alleged that Jugal Taneja owned almost one third of GeoPharma’s stock, he also can be compared to the defendant from In re Independent Energy Holdings, where I held that a co-founder and largest shareholder of the defendant company was within the group pleading doctrine. 121 While Jugal Taneja is not alleged to have taken part in the preparation of the December 1 Release, the Complaint’s allegations of his large ownership share, combined with a consulting agreement that pays him more than any employee of the company, give rise to the inference that he has a sufficient special relationship to GeoPharma to apply the group pleading doctrine. 122

C. Leave to Amend

Although plaintiffs again request leave to amend, further amendment would be pointless. Having already been given the opportunity to replead, plaintiffs, who are represented by highly experienced counsel, have surely presented all relevant facts by now, and have twice failed to plead scienter. 123 Accordingly, the Amended Complaint is dismissed with prejudice. 124

D. Rule 11

Upon final adjudication of a securities fraud action, the PSLRA requires the court to make findings regarding each attorney’s compliance with Rule 11(b) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. 125 As this Opinion and Order constitutes a “final adjudication” within the meaning of the PSLRA, I must make the required findings. Based on a preliminary review of the record, I do not believe that Rule 11 was violated in this case. Plaintiffs’ contentions, although ultimately unsuccessful, were objectively reasonable and supported by colorable interpretations of existing precedent. 126

Defendants may request the imposition of sanctions within ten days of the date of this Opinion and Order. 127 If such a request is made, plaintiffs need respond only if directed by the Court.

VI. CONCLUSION

For the foregoing reasons, defendants’ motion to dismiss is granted, with prejudice. The Clerk of the Court is directed to close the pending motion.

SO ORDERED.

1 . Rothman v. Gregor, 220 F.3d 81, 90 (2d Cir.2000) (citation omitted); see also Chill v. General Elec. Co., 101 F.3d 263, 269 (2d Cir. 1996) (quotation and citation omitted) (recklessness must "approximate an actual intent to aid in the fraud being perpetrated”).

2 . See Novak v. Kasaks, 216 F.3d 300, 308 (2d Cir.2000).

3 . See McMahan & Co. v. Wherehouse Entm’t., Inc., 900 F.2d 576, 579 (2d Cir.1990) ("[s]ome statements, although literally accurate, can become, through their context and manner of presentation, devices which mislead investors. For that reason, the disclosure required by the securities laws is measured not by literal truth, but by the ability of the material to accurately inform rather than mislead prospective buyers”); see also Fogarazzo v. Lehman Bros., 341 F.Supp.2d 274, 294 (S.D.N.Y.2004) (technically accurate statement can be actionable when material omissions render the statement a "half-truth"); cf. Halperin v. eBanker USA.com, Inc., 295 F.3d 352, 359 (2d Cir.2002) (claim of securities fraud not stated if “no reasonable investor could have been misled about the nature of the risk when he invested.”) (emphasis in original).

4 . See Ernst & Ernst v. Hochfelder, 425 U.S. 185, 197-99, 96 S.Ct. 1375, 47 L.Ed.2d 668 (1976) (rejecting the view that section 10(b) and Rule 10b-5 reach negligent behavior); In re Livent, Inc. Sec. Litig., 148 F.Supp.2d 331, 349-50 (S.D.N.Y.2001) (citation omitted) (even gross negligence not covered by Rule 10b-5).

5 . See In re Burlington Coat Factory Sec. Litig., 114 F.3d 1410, 1418 (3d Cir.1997) (Alito, J.) ("Public companies make large quantities of information available ... as a result of both mandatory disclosure requirements and self-initiated voluntary disclosure. Large volumes of disclosure make for a high likelihood of at least a few negligent errors. To allow plaintiffs and their attorneys to subject companies to wasteful litigation based on the detection of a few negligently made errors found subsequent to a drop in stock price would be contrary to the goals” of Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 9(b), which mandates that fraud be alleged with particularity).

6 . See In re GeoPharma, Inc. Sec. Litig., 399 F.Supp.2d 432 (S.D.N.Y.2005) ("September 30 Opinion” or “GeoPharma"). Familiarity with this Opinion is assumed.

7 . See 15 U.S.C. §§ 78j(b), 78t(a); 17 C.F.R. § 240.10(b)(5).

8 . Mucositis is an inflammation of the mucosa in the mouth, caused by chemotherapy and radiation.

9 . See GeoPharma, 399 F.Supp.2d at 435-40.

10 . See Second Amended Class Action Complaint for Violations of Federal Securities Laws ("Complaint”) ¶ 15.

11 . See id. ¶ 7(a)-(c).

12 . See id. ¶ 7(a).

13 . Id. ¶ 34.

14 . See id. ¶ 36.

15 . Id.

16 . See id. ¶ 40.

17 . See id. ¶ 41.

18 . See id. ¶ 54. Plaintiffs now allege that the FDA Letter was not posted on the agency's website until December 6, 2004. See id. ¶ 42.

19 . Id. ¶ 48.

20 . Id. (emphasis added) (the "prescription product statement”).

21 . Id. ¶ 49 (the "market potential statement”). Plaintiffs also allege that GeoPharma had a duty to disclose the existence of competing medical devices in the December 1 Release. See id. ¶ 52(c).

22 . See id. ¶ 51.

23 . See id.

24 . See id. V 53.

25

26 . See id. Plaintiffs blame GeoPharma for the FDA’s confusion: "Since GeoPharma had previously described Mucotrol as a drug, members of the media likely [initially] called the FDA's Center for Drug Evaluation and Research ("CDER”) ... [h]ence, employees at CDER had no reference to GeoPharma or Mucotrol in its databases.” Id. ¶ 53 n. 3.

27 . Id. ¶ 54.

28 . See id. ¶¶ 58, 60-61.

29 . See id. ¶ 56.

30 . See id. ¶ 62.

31

32 . See id. ¶¶ 23-24, 33, 35, 37-38.

33 . Id. ¶ 32; see also id. ¶¶ 25-31 (detailed terms of all three agreements). The lowest target average closing price was $7.19 per share. See id. ¶ 32.

34 . Id. ¶ 32.

35 . See id. 1172.

36 . Nechis v. Oxford Health Plans, Inc., 421 F.3d 96, 100 (2d Cir.2005) (quoting Conley v. Gibson, 355 U.S. 41, 45-46, 78 S.Ct. 99, 2 L.Ed.2d 80 (1957)).

37 . See Ontario Pub. Serv. Employees Union Pension Trust Fund v. Nortel Networks Corp., 369 F.3d 27, 31 (2d Cir.2004) (citation omitted).

38 . See, e.g., Official Comm. of Unsecured Creditors of Color Tile, Inc. v. Coopers & Lybrand, L.L.P., 322 F.3d 147, 158 (2d Cir.2003).

39 . Lawrence v. Cohn, 325 F.3d 141, 147 (2d Cir.2003) (quotation and citation omitted).

40 . Ganino v. Citizens Utils. Corp., 228 F.3d 154, 168 (2d Cir.2000) (quoting Ernst & Ernst, 425 U.S. at 193 n. 12, 96 S.Ct. 1375).

41 . 15 U.S.C. § 78u-4(b)(2).

42 . Ganino, 228 F.3d at 169 (quoting Stevelman v. Alias Research Inc., 174 F.3d 79, 84 (2d Cir.1999)).

43 . Kalnit v. Eichler, 264 F.3d 131, 138 (2d Cir.2001) (quotation and citation omitted). Accord Novak, 216F.3d at 311.

44 . Shields v. Citytrust Bancorp, Inc., 25 F.3d 1124, 1130 (2d Cir.1994).

45 . Kalnit, 264 F.3d at 139.

46 . Id. Accord Novak, 216 F.3d at 307 (same).

47 . See Rothman, 220 F.3d at 94 (allegations that defendants inflated stock price with an eye towards acquiring another company helped support scienter inference); In re Vivendi Universal, S.A. Sec. Litig., 381 F.Supp.2d 158, 185 (S.D.N.Y.2003) ("Scienter may be imputed ... when defendants were motivated to inflate company stock prices as a means to effectuate a specific acquisition that would not otherwise be possible.”).

48 . See, e.g., In re Time Warner Sec. Litig., 9 F.3d 259, 269 (2d Cir.1993).

49 . See Shields, 25 F.3d at 1130.

50 . Kalnit, 264 F.3d at 142 (quotation and citation omitted).

51 . Chill, 101 F.3d at 269 (quotation and citation omitted).

52 . Rothman, 220 F.3d at 90 (citing Novak, 216 F.3d at 308). The Second Circuit has also noted that "[a]n egregious refusal to see the obvious, or to investigate the doubtful, may in some cases give rise to an inference of ... recklessness." Chill, 101 F.3d at 269 (quotation and citation omitted).

53 . Novak, 216 F.3d at 308.

54 . GeoPharma, 399 F.Supp.2d at 449-50.

55 . Id. at 450.

56 . See Lead Plaintiffs’ Opposition to Defendants' Motion to Dismiss the Consolidated Second Amended Class Action Complaint ("PL Opp.”) at 1-3.

57 . See White v. H&R Block, Inc., No. 02 Civ. 8965, 2004 WL 1698628, at *8 (S.D.N.Y. July 28, 2004) (where plaintiffs alleged that defendant concealed true facts regarding pending litigation through "silence or anodyne references” to such litigation, defendant could not have profited from alleged scheme due to existence of publicly-available information on litigation); In re CDnow, Inc. Sec. Litig., 138 F.Supp.2d 624, 642 (E.D.Pa.2001) (motive allegations to conceal financial difficulties from potential merger partners fatally flawed because any concealment would not long survive due diligence scrutiny by a merger partner); In re Time Warner, Inc. Sec. Litig., 794 F.Supp. 1252, 1260 (S.D.N.Y.1992), rev’d on other grounds, 9 F.3d 259 (2d Cir.1993) (motive allegations "fatally flawed” when alleged scheme could not "rationally have been expected to succeed”).

58 . See Irvins v. ImClone Sys., Inc., No. 02 Civ. 109, 2003 WL 21297285, at *1 (S.D.N.Y. June 4, 2003) (defendants knowingly made a fraudulent prediction about likelihood of future FDA approval of company’s drug); In re Vicuron Pharm., Inc. Sec. Litig., No. Civ.A. 04-2627, 2005 WL 2989674, at *1, 7 (E.D.Pa. July 1, 2005) (same). Plaintiffs similarly misread Florida State Bd. of Admin. v. Green Tree Fin. Corp., 270 F.3d 645 (8th Cir.2001), because that court merely disagreed with the lower court’s conclusion that, on the facts of that case, the alleged scheme was "so unlikely to succeed that the court would not infer that [defendant] tried it.” Id. at 662; see also id. at 661-62 (reviewing allegations supporting inference that defendant did expect scheme to succeed).

59 . For example, in Shields, plaintiff alleged that defendant concealed a bank's poor financial condition. The court found that motive and opportunity was not adequately pleaded because the alleged scheme could not have hidden the bank's condition for very long:

It is hard to see what benefits accrue from a short respite from an inevitable day of reckoning. There is no claim here that false statements were made in an effort to sell off shares held by management, or to delay a criminal prosecution. For related reasons, the Complaint fails to allege a sufficient opportunity to derive a benefit from the alleged misstatements and nondisclosures: the ordinary course of bank business would lead to the review of the loan portfolios, as it did.

Shields, 25 F.3d at 1130.

60 . PL Opp. at 25 (citing Complaint ¶ 27).

61 . Id. (emphasis in original). Plaintiffs further explain that "if GeoPharma’s stock had closed at $10 per share on December [first] and [second] (instead of the actual closing prices of $6.81 and $7.37, respectively), the average five day closing price would have been $7.25 per share (($10 + $10 + $5.46 + $5.35 + $5.44)/5 days) and the $7.19 target price [for one of the securities purchase agreements] reached.” Id.

62 . See In re Time Warner, 9 F.3d at 269-70 (reversing district court’s holding that plaintiffs' motive allegations were irrational, as record was "insufficient to preclude all possibility of developing proof that a motive in fact existed.”) (emphasis added). But see infra notes 82-85 and accompanying text.

63 . GeoPharma, 399 F.Supp.2d at 450 (citing San Leandro Emergency Med. Group Profit Sharing Plan v. Philip Morris Cos., 75 F.3d 801, 814 (2d Cir.1996), rejecting motive alie gations based on the theory that an inflated stock price would maximize marketability of debt securities issued during the class period).

64 . Id. (citing In re Duane Reade Inc. Sec. Litig., No. 02 Civ. 6478, 2003 WL 22801416, at *8-9 (S.D.N.Y. Nov.25, 2003) and Leventhal v. Tow, 48 F.Supp.2d 104, 115 (D.Conn. 1999)); see also Wilson v. Bernstock, 195 F.Supp.2d 619, 637 (D.N.J.2002) (alleged motive to ensure continued ability to borrow for operational costs insufficient); In re Crown Am. Realty Trust Sec. Litig., No. Civ.A. 95-202J, 1997 WL 599299, at *13-14 (W.D.Pa. Sept.15, 1997) (alleged motive to' minimize interest rates insufficient).

65 . PI. Opp. at 24.

66 . See In re Vivendi Universal, 381 F.Supp.2d at 185 (allegation that defendant intended to use inflated stock to "acquire and continue acquiring" several companies); Burstyn v. Worldwide Xceed Group, Inc., No. 01 Civ. 1125, 2002 WL 31191741, at *5 (S.D.N.Y. Sept. 30, 2002) (defendants' specific goal was to acquire companies). As noted in the September 30 Opinion, "the motive to acquire another company can support an inference of scienter because, unlike the motive to reduce borrowing costs, it is a motive not generally possessed by all corporations.” GeoPharma, 399 F.Supp.2d at 451 (citation omitted).

Plaintiffs rely on In re Twinlab Corp. Sec. Litig., 103 F.Supp.2d 193, 206 (E.D.N.Y. 2000), noting that the court "accept[ed] motive to inflate the stock price to maximize revenue from the secondary offering, so as to provide it capital to retire debt.” PI. Opp. at 24 (quotation omitted). However, the corporate defendant in that case was attempting to inflate stock in order to (1) maximize revenue from a secondary stock offering, which would help retire debt and complete a corporate acquisition; as well as (2) to maximize the value of its stock for a stock-for-stock trade with another company. See In re Twinlab, 103 F.Supp.2d at 206. In finding these motive allegations sufficient, the Twinlab court relied on two cases involving public offerings of stock, and/or stock-for-stock trades, not the desire to reduce a company’s debt load or debt service costs which is a generalized motive common to most, if not all, corporations.

67 . PI. Opp. at 23-24.

68 . Reply Memorandum of Law in Further Support of Defendants' Motion to Dismiss the Consolidated Second Amended Class Action Complaint ("Reply Mem.”) at 4 (citing Kalnit, 264 F.3d at 140, where the desire to obtain a good merger deal did not establish motive because "the shareholders themselves would benefit from a superior transaction”); cf. In re Gilat Satellite Networks, Ltd., No. CV-02-1510, 2005 WL 2277476, at *19 (E.D.N.Y. Sept. 19, 2005) (citation omitted) (motive to inflate stock in order to make company more attractive to outside investors insufficient, as desire to raise "much needed capital” is motive common to all corporations).

69 . Plaintiffs rely on an opinion in the Vivendi litigation, which held that, while defendants in that case argued that the alleged motive was merely to prop up the share price, that aim was " 'merely instrumental’ to the larger goal of 'creating an entertainment empire.’ " Pi. Opp. at 24 (quoting In re Vivendi Universal S.A. Sec. Litig., No. 02 Civ. 5571, 2004 WL 876050, at *8 (S.D.N.Y. Apr. 22, 2004)). But the method of creating the "empire” in that case was through acquiring companies. See id. (relying wholly on cases where the motive to acquire other companies raised scienter inference); see also In re Vivendi Universal, 381 F.Supp.2d at 185 (describing Vivendi’s acquisitive desires).

70 . See Complaint ¶ 24 ("[a]t the start of 2004, GeoPharma had only $920,500 in cash”); id. ¶ 32 ("defendants were required to, and did, make expensive monthly payments to the Company's note holders and preferred stock holders”); id. ¶ 33 ("Faced with the expensive ongoing costs of principal, interest and dividend payments, Defendants embarked on a scheme which would enable them to reduce the Company’s monthly cash payments.”).

71 . No individual defendant is alleged to have sold GeoPharma stock during the class period. See id. ¶ 63 (quoting defendants Mihir Taneja and Sekharam stating that neither sold stock during class period).

72 . See Memorandum of Law in Support of Defendant’s Motion to Dismiss the Consolidated Second Amended Class Action Complaint ("Def. Mem.”) at 14 (citation omitted).

Plaintiffs also assert, for the first time in their opposition brief, that defendants hoped to "initially obscure the transformation of Mucotrol from a drug to a device ... in hopes that the market would more slowly digest that distinction.” PL Opp. at 25 n. 19. To the extent that plaintiffs seriously contend that this allegation constitutes a valid motive, I cannot consider it because a complaint cannot be amended by an opposition brief. See, e.g., GeoPharma, 399 F.Supp.2d at 445 n. 100 (citation omitted).

73 . See 1/17/06 Transcript of Oral Argument ("Tr.”) at 14 (statement of Jeffrey Berens, counsel for plaintiffs) ("[defendants] can't ignore the context that they created for the market and make technically accurate statements and say, 'well, it was true, I didn’t mean to do anything wrong.' If the Court finds that they made a false and misleading statement ... then it follows that defendants had a duty not to make that false and misleading statement.”).

74 . See, e.g., In re WorldCom, Inc. Sec. Litig., 294 F.Supp.2d 392, 417 (S.D.N.Y.2003) (quotation and citation omitted) ("The allegations in the Complaint are entitled to be taken together to determine if the facts give rise to a strong inference of fraudulent intent.”).

75 . Rothman, 220 F.3d at 90.

76 . Fogarazzo, 341 F.Supp.2d at 294.

77 . See Complaint ¶¶ 72-73; see also PI. Opp. at 19-20 (contrasting precise language of FDA Letter with language employed in December 1 Release). Another way of describing the allegations is that plaintiffs allege that "prescription product" was a recklessly poor choice of words, but this is merely the other side of the "half-truth” coin.

78 . See, e.g., In re Time Warner, 9 F.3d at 268 (citation omitted).

79 . GeoPharma, 399 F.Supp.2d at 447 (emphasis added).

80 . See Kalnit, 264 F.3d at 143-44 (when duty to disclose letter was unclear, "defendants' recklessness cannot be inferred from the failure to disclose”).

81 . Plaintiffs often plead recklessness by alleging "defendants’ knowledge of facts or access to information contradicting their public statements.” Novak, 216 F.3d at 308. But this option is not available here because there is no contradiction between the December 1 Release and the FDA Letter. See Def. Reply at 5-6 (quotation and citation omitted) (noting that the FDA Letter clearly states that Mucotrol is for prescription use).

82 . See In re 1993 Corning Sec. Litig., No. 93 Civ. 7015, 1996 WL 257603, at *7 (S.D.N.Y. May 15, 1996) (motive allegations substantially weakened by their intrinsic illogic).

83 . Courts often refuse to infer scienter, even on a recklessness theory, when confronted with illogical allegations. See, e.g., Davidoff v. Farina, No. 04 Civ. 7617, 2005 WL 2030501, at *11 n. 19 (S.D.N.Y. Aug. 22, 2005) (no possible inference of scienter when companies alleged to know of fraud that would cause company to fail nonetheless invested heavily in that company, because "it would have made no economic sense for defendants to invest literally billions of dollars in a venture that they knew would fail”); In re J.P. Morgan Chase Sec. Litig., 363 F.Supp.2d 595, 621-22 (S.D.N.Y.2005) (no scienter when "plaintiffs fail to allege facts explaining why, if it was aware of Enron’s problems, [defendant] would have continued to lend Enron billions of dollars”); Hampshire Equity Partners II, L.P. v. Teradyne, Inc., No. 04 Civ. 3318, 2005 WL 736217, at *3 (S.D.N.Y. Mar. 30, 2005) (fundamentally illogical and contradictory scienter allegations fail as a matter of law); In re Merrill Lynch & Co. Inc., Research Reports Sec. Litig., 272 F.Supp.2d 243, 263 (S.D.N.Y.2003) (when plaintiffs’ allegations contradicted the assumption that defendants would act in their own economic self-interest, "the allegations in the Complaint affirmatively refute scienter”).

84 . PL Opp. at 27-28 (citing Complaint ¶ 70).

85 . The allegations that the November 24 FDA Letter: (1) was not available except through a FOIA request, see Complaint ¶41; and (2) was not available on the FDA website until December 6, see id. ¶ 70, are of no consequence. There are other ways to quickly obtain public information from government agencies, as obviously happened here.

86 . PL Opp. at 21.

87 . Reply Mem. at 8.

88 . Complaint ¶ 47 (citing a New England Journal of Medicine article).

89 . In addressing this issue at oral argument, plaintiffs’ counsel: (1) stated that the difference between "manage” and "treat” "is a fine distinction [if] any distinction;” and (2) reiter ated that "defendants [knew] the context that they [had] created” at the time of the December 1 Release. Tr. at 19-20 (Berens). But as demonstrated above, the Amended Complaint itself asserts that this is a crucial distinction.

90 . Cf. In re Nokia Corp. Sec. Litig., No. 96 Civ. 3752, 1998 WL 150963, at *13 (S.D.N.Y. Apr.l, 1998) (fact that company disclosed adverse information earlier than normal reporting schedule undercuts alleged inference of recklessness from not disclosing adverse information even sooner); Goldberg v. Freedom Fed. Savings Bank, No. 88 C 4787, 1989 WL 8503, at *3 (N.D.Ill. Jan.31, 1989) (when defendant discovered through routine audit procedures, and promptly disclosed, errors in its earlier earnings statements, "management candor vitiates any inference of willful intent” with respect to those earnings statements; at most, plaintiffs alleged negligence).

91 . See White, 2004 WL 1698628, at *9 (given availability of public information about pending litigation, "[d]efendants’ failure to discuss [the litigation] at length—and defendants did discuss it publicly in some detail ...—can hardly be characterized as 'an extreme departure from the standards of ordinary care’ "); Kalnit v. Eichler, 99 F.Supp.2d 327, 334 n. 7, 343 n. 15 (S.D.N.Y.2000) (when plaintiff "just barely” pled a material omission, that omission, standing alone, "simply cannot lead to a finding of recklessness”); L.L. Capital Partners, L.P v. Rockefeller Ctr. Props., Inc., 921 F.Supp. 1174, 1183 (S.D.N.Y. 1996) (when duty to disclose is "debatable,” bare allegations that defendants were reckless in failing to disclose are insufficient).

92 . See Fogarazzo, 341 F.Supp.2d at 294 (scienter is a "distinct element of securities fraud and ought not be confused or combined” with the requirement that a statement be false or misleading); cf. Novak, 216 F.3d at 309 (violations of generally-accepted accounting principles, without indications of "corresponding fraudulent intent,” do not suffice to establish strong circumstantial evidence of recklessness).

93 . See GeoPharma, 399 F.Supp.2d at 448. The PSLRA safe harbor applies because plaintiffs’ failure to plead scienter demonstrates that plaintiffs have not alleged that defendants knew their statement was false or misleading. See id. at 448 n. 122 (citing High View Fund, L.P. v. Hall, 27 F.Supp.2d 420, 427 n. 3 (S.D.N.Y.1998) for the proposition that, when plaintiffs fail to plead scienter, there is no need to examine whether plaintiffs have met the "marginally higher” PSLRA standard for pleading actual knowledge of the falsity of a forward-looking statement).

94 . See Complaint ¶¶ 49, 52(d), 59-60, 72 (explicitly referring to the market potential statement as a revenue projection).

95 . See PL Opp. at 8-9.

96 . See Complaint ¶ 59 (quoting Mibir Taneja on the conference call: "[the market potential statement] is market opportunity. [W]e do expect ... to get a significant [ ] in our mind amount of business out of this. But once again, to determine [] our total estimated revenue is still yet to be determined.”). Plaintiffs rely on a case where a statement concerning the "potential market” for a drug was based on existing facts and was therefore not forward looking. However, in that case, plaintiffs alleged that the facts underlying the market potential statement were false. See In re QLT Inc. Sec. Litig., 312 F.Supp.2d 526, 532 (S.D.N.Y.2004). Here, plaintiffs do not dispute the statistics concerning the number of mucositis sufferers that formed the basis of the market potential statement. See Tr. at 20 (Berens).

97 . See Reply Mem. at 8-10; see also Tr. at 32-33 (statement of Robert Scher, counsel for defendants).

98 . Complaint ¶ 49. See Tr. at 33 (Scher) (if the market potential statement were a sales estimate, "there would be no reason in the sentence above it to say how many total sufferers there were of mucositis ... [t]he two sentences are obviously connected.”).

99 . Tr. at 21-22 (statement of the Court).

100 . Id. at 35 (Berens, agreeing with the Court’s statement of plaintiffs’ position).

101 . See, e.g., id. at 36 (statement of Samuel Rudman, counsel for plaintiffs) (statement is misleading because defendants "knew that [Mucotrol] was a medical device, the market didn't, and the competing medical devices had generated maybe a million or two million dollars of sales. That’s why were are alleging that to say the estimated market is 75 to 300 million was materially false and misleading because they had no way of knowing they could even come close to that").

102 . See PI. Opp. at 12-13.

103 . See GeoPharma, 399 F.Supp.2d at 448-49.

104 . See Complaint ¶¶ 42-43, 73.

105 . Pl. Opp. at 18-19. Accord Tr. at 39 (Rudman) (application "was a material event for [GeoPharma] in September and they should have issued an 8-K or a press release advising the market ... the fact that they didn't do it is suggestive of recklessness or some type of intent").

106 . Both cases cited by plaintiffs involve omissions rendering statements made during the putative class period misleading. See In re Initial Public Offering Sec. Litig. (In re Rediff Sec. Litig.), 358 F.Supp.2d 189, 216 (S.D.N.Y.2004) (failure to disclose advertising contracts and e-mail problems that contradicted rosy statements made during the class period "could be seen as conscious misbehavior”); see also SEC v. Save the World Air, Inc., No. 01 Civ. 11586, 2005 WL 3077514, at *11-12 (S.D.N.Y. Nov. 15, 2005) (Maas, M.J.) (scienter established when statement made during class period belied by directly contradictory information in company’s possession; defendant also criticized for failing to correct a statement made during class period).

107 . See Complaint ¶ 42; see also Tr. at 39-40 (Rudman) (after receiving FDA Letter, "under SEC disclosure obligations, under Rule 8-K they had four days to disclose that [] clearly [] material event, and they should have disclosed it at that point in time, yet they waited a week to do so.”).

108 . See SEC Form 8-K at 2, available at http://www.sec.gov/about/forms/form8-k.pdf. November 25, 2004 was Thanksgiving, and thus December 1, 2004 was the fourth business day after GeoPharma received the FDA Letter.

109 . Complaint ¶ 64 (referencing a 1998 FDA warning letter citing defendant Sekharam for improper marketing of certain natural remedies, and a press release issued by GeoPharma in October 2001, at the height of the anthrax scare, touting a product asserted to boost the immune system and protect against, inter alia, anthrax).

110 . See id. ¶ 65. Plaintiffs made this allegation in the earlier Complaint, and cited In re Mercator Software. Inc. Sec. Litig., 161 F.Supp.2d 143 (D.Conn.2001) for the proposition that a sudden director resignation is probative of scienter. That case stands for no such broad proposition—the court merely held that, under the circumstances of that case, the resignation lent added credibility to the allegations that the defendant company was having financial trouble notwithstanding its representations to the contrary. See id. at 150.

111 . Plaintiffs note as an aside that "of course, defendant Sekharam is no stranger with respect to run-ins with the government for opportunistic, overly-aggressive and misleading public claims.” PL Opp. at 20 n. 15.

112 . The September 30 Opinion also determined that plaintiffs sufficiently alleged loss causation. See GeoPharma, 399 F.Supp.2d at 453. Defendants do not challenge loss causation on the present motion.

113 . In re BISYS Sec. Litig., 397 F.Supp.2d 430, 438 (S.D.N.Y.2005) (quotation and citation omitted). This doctrine is an exception to the general rule that "fraudulent statements must be linked directly to the party accused of the fraudulent intent.” Id.

114 . In re Philip Services Corp. Sec. Litig., 383 F.Supp.2d 463, 483 (S.D.N.Y.2004) (quotation and citation omitted).

115 . GeoPharma, 399 F.Supp.2d at 445 (citation omitted).

116 . Id. at 445 n. 100 (citation omitted).

117 . See Complaint ¶ 7(a).

118

119

120 . See Schnall v. Annuity & Life Re (Holdings), Ltd., No. 02 CV 2133, 2004 WL 231439, at *4-5 (D.Conn. Feb. 4, 2004). I do not rely on Jugal Taneja's signing of GeoPharma's June 29, 2004 Form 10-K—defendants are correct that Schnall is distinguishable on that score, as the Form 10-K's signed by the Schnall director were, unlike here, the statements on which plaintiffs were suing. See Def. Reply at 10 n. 20.

121 . See In re Independent Energy Holdings PLC Sec. Litig., 154 F.Supp.2d 741, 767-68 (S.D.N.Y.2001), abrogated on other grounds by In re Initial Public Offering Sec. Litig., 241 F.Supp.2d 281, 352 (S.D.N.Y.2003) (defendant held 3% of company stock, and was a company co-founder; plaintiffs alleged that defendant was significantly involved in company affairs).

122 .I afford no weight to plaintiffs' conclusory allegations, see Complaint ¶¶ 8-13, that all individual defendants exercised control over GeoPharma during the relevant time period. See Dresner v. Utility.com, Inc., 371 F.Supp.2d 476, 494 (S.D.N.Y.2005) (rejecting conclusory assertions that certain defendants exercised control over company for group pleading purposes).

123 . See Kalnit, 99 F.Supp.2d at 344 (citing Chill, 101 F.3d at 272) (futility is solid ground for denying leave to amend complaint).

124 . As in the first Opinion, the failure to plead a section 10(b) violation dooms plaintiffs' Section 20(a) claims. See GeoPharma, 399 F.Supp.2d at 454.

125 . See 15 U.S.C. § 78u-4(c)(l); see also Gurary v. Nu-Tech Bio-Med. Inc., 303 F.3d 212, 215 (2d Cir.2002).

126 . In fact, plaintiffs identified a material omission which rendered a statement objectively misleading, see GeoPharma, 399 F.Supp.2d at 446-47; and adequately alleged loss causation, see id. at 453. And as I noted in a similar case, a repeated failure to plead scienter, by itself, hardly renders a complaint frivolous, as ''[t]he element of scienter is often the most difficult and controversial aspect of a securities fraud claim.” Kalnit, 99 F.Supp.2d at 345 (finding that a plaintiff who twice failed to plead scienter did not violate Rule 11).

127 .Any such request must be made by letter, not to exceed ten double-spaced pages. In considering whether to request sanctions, defendants must bear in mind that Rule II sanctions are only imposed " 'where it is patently clear that a claim has absolutely no chance of success.’ ” Caisse Nationale de Credit Agricole-CNCA v. Valcorp, Inc., 28 F.3d 259, 264 (2d Cir.1994) (quoting Healey v. Chelsea Res., Ltd., 947 F.2d 611, 626 (2d Cir.1991)).