McCullough, Judge.
Wells Fargo Bank, N.A. (“Wells Fargo” or “petitioner”) appeals from an order of the trial court denying its petition to exercise its power of sale after finding that petitioner was barred from foreclosing by the doctrine of equitable estoppel. Because the trial court exceeded its jurisdiction in this special proceeding by considering respondents’ equitable defense, we vacate the trial court’s order and remand the case to the trial court for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.
[503]*503I. Background
On 28 September 2007, Tony Ray Young, Jr., executed a Note in the amount of $191,075.00 (the “Note”) to finance with DHI Mortgage Company (“DHI”) the purchase of certain real property located in Charlotte, North Carolina. This Note was secured by a Deed of Trust executed on the same date by Tony Ray Young, Jr. and Lisa F. Young (“respondents”) in favor of DHI (the “Deed of Trust”). The Deed of Trust was recorded on 1 October 2007 in Book 22878 at page 847 in the Mecklenburg County Register of Deeds. DHI subsequently endorsed and" transferred the Note to petitioner.
Under the terms of the Note, respondents were required to make monthly payments on the first day of each month beginning on 1 November 2007. Failure to pay the full amount of each monthly payment on the date due constituted default under the terms of the Note. The record reveals that respondents failed to make their required monthly payment beginning in April 2009. The record further reveals that respondents had a series of discussions with Wells Fargo regarding potential loss mitigation options. At the hearing below in the present case, respondents asserted that on 15 September 2009, they entered into a loan modification agreement with petitioner and thereafter began making payments to petitioner under the terms of the loan modification agreement. However, petitioner stated that no loss mitigation options were ever finalized with respondents, and therefore, petitioner returned the amount of $5,143.88 - the total amount paid by respondents beginning September 2009 - to respondents. The record reveals that respondents made no more payments to petitioner thereafter.
On 28 August 2011, petitioner sent respondents a demand letter for the amounts required to reinstate their loan. Respondents failed to submit the amounts stated in the demand letter, and petitioner accelerated their loan. Petitioner then instituted foreclosure proceedings to recover the entire remaining indebtedness due under the Note and Deed of Trust.
A notice of foreclosure hearing was filed by petitioner on 15 November 2011 pursuant to N.C. Gen. Stat. § 45-21.16 (2011). Following a hearing on the matter on 30 March 2012, the assistant clerk of court entered an order on 12 April 2012 dismissing the special proceeding after finding that a prior appeal was still pending in the same matter. Specifically, the assistant clerk of court found that “an appeal is pending in 09-SP-7638 on the same matter such that until 09-SP-7638 is disposed of then it is improper to have a second action pending on the [504]*504same matter.” On 16 April 2012, petitioner appealed from the assistant clerk’s order to the superior court for a hearing de novo.
A hearing was held in the matter on 5 June 2012, at which petitioner explained that it had “voluntarily dismiss [ed] ” its prior appeal in an effort to complete a loan modification with respondents, but those efforts were exhausted with no resolution. Specifically, petitioner explained:
In other words, in the ’09 case, the clerk entered an order dismissing the foreclosure with no lawyer for Wells Fargo present. There was the trustee there, but we were not there. We got hired and we appealed it, and before having the appeal hearing heard, . . . we instructed the trustee to take a voluntary dismissal without prejudice so this modification thing could play out and we could see if we could get something done, which as I said ultimately did not happen.
On 27 June 2012, the trial court entered an order denying petitioner’s petition to exercise its power of sale and foreclose on respondents’ property. The trial court found and concluded that in light of petitioner’s actions concerning the loan modification agreement offered by respondents at the hearing, petitioner did not have a legal right to foreclose on respondents’ property because the doctrine of equitable estoppel barred the foreclosure action. On 5 July 2012, petitioner entered written notice of appeal from the trial court’s order.
II. Discussion
We first address the issue of the trial court’s subject matter jurisdiction to conduct the foreclosure hearing in the present matter. We agree with the dissent that the record on appeal is inadequate for this Court to determine the status of the prior proceedings in 09 SP 7638, referenced in the 12 April 2012 order entered by the assistant clerk of court. The record on appeal is devoid of any filings demonstrating the status of the 09 SP 7638 proceedings. Accordingly, we agree with the dissent that because the assistant clerk’s order dismissed the present action on the basis of a “prior action pending,” the trial court should have first examined the question of its subject matter jurisdiction to conduct a foreclosure hearing in the present action, including a review of the status of the 09 SP 7638 proceedings, before entering a decision on the merits. As the dissent notes, the trial court in the present action may lack subject matter jurisdiction to hear the present foreclosure action, depending on the procedural posture of the prior action.
[505]*505Nonetheless, we conclude that our inability to determine the status of the 09 SP 7638 proceedings does not necessitate dismissal of petitioner’s present appeal, as dismissal of this appeal would leave intact the trial court’s present order denying petitioner’s petition to exercise its power of sale and foreclose on respondents’ property on the basis of equitable estoppel. Such a result is erroneous as a matter of law, for the trial court had no subject matter jurisdiction to grant equitable relief in this special proceeding.
“ ‘In reviewing a question of subject matter jurisdiction, our standard of review is de novo.’ ” In re Cornblum, _ N.C. App. _, _, 727 S.E.2d 338, 340 (quoting In re K.A.D., 187 N.C. App. 502, 503, 653 S.E.2d 427, 428 (2007)), disc, review denied, _ N.C. _, 734 S.E.2d 864 (2012).
At a foreclosure hearing pursuant to N.C. Gen. Stat. § 45-21.16, the clerk of superior court is limited to making the six findings of fact specified under subsection (d) of that statute: (1) the existence of a valid debt of which the party seeking to foreclose is the holder; (2) the existence of default; (3) the trustee’s right to foreclose under the instrument; (4) the sufficiency of notice of hearing to the record owners of the property; (5) the sufficiency of pre-foreclosure notice under section 45-102 and the lapse of the periods of time established by Article 11, if the debt is a home loan as defined under section 45-101(lb); and (6) the sale is not barred by section 45-21.12A. N.C. Gen. Stat. § 45-21.16(d); see also In re Carter, _ N.C. App. _, _, 725 S.E.2d 22, 24 (2012). The clerk’s findings are appealable to the superior court for a hearing de novo;
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McCullough, Judge.
Wells Fargo Bank, N.A. (“Wells Fargo” or “petitioner”) appeals from an order of the trial court denying its petition to exercise its power of sale after finding that petitioner was barred from foreclosing by the doctrine of equitable estoppel. Because the trial court exceeded its jurisdiction in this special proceeding by considering respondents’ equitable defense, we vacate the trial court’s order and remand the case to the trial court for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.
[503]*503I. Background
On 28 September 2007, Tony Ray Young, Jr., executed a Note in the amount of $191,075.00 (the “Note”) to finance with DHI Mortgage Company (“DHI”) the purchase of certain real property located in Charlotte, North Carolina. This Note was secured by a Deed of Trust executed on the same date by Tony Ray Young, Jr. and Lisa F. Young (“respondents”) in favor of DHI (the “Deed of Trust”). The Deed of Trust was recorded on 1 October 2007 in Book 22878 at page 847 in the Mecklenburg County Register of Deeds. DHI subsequently endorsed and" transferred the Note to petitioner.
Under the terms of the Note, respondents were required to make monthly payments on the first day of each month beginning on 1 November 2007. Failure to pay the full amount of each monthly payment on the date due constituted default under the terms of the Note. The record reveals that respondents failed to make their required monthly payment beginning in April 2009. The record further reveals that respondents had a series of discussions with Wells Fargo regarding potential loss mitigation options. At the hearing below in the present case, respondents asserted that on 15 September 2009, they entered into a loan modification agreement with petitioner and thereafter began making payments to petitioner under the terms of the loan modification agreement. However, petitioner stated that no loss mitigation options were ever finalized with respondents, and therefore, petitioner returned the amount of $5,143.88 - the total amount paid by respondents beginning September 2009 - to respondents. The record reveals that respondents made no more payments to petitioner thereafter.
On 28 August 2011, petitioner sent respondents a demand letter for the amounts required to reinstate their loan. Respondents failed to submit the amounts stated in the demand letter, and petitioner accelerated their loan. Petitioner then instituted foreclosure proceedings to recover the entire remaining indebtedness due under the Note and Deed of Trust.
A notice of foreclosure hearing was filed by petitioner on 15 November 2011 pursuant to N.C. Gen. Stat. § 45-21.16 (2011). Following a hearing on the matter on 30 March 2012, the assistant clerk of court entered an order on 12 April 2012 dismissing the special proceeding after finding that a prior appeal was still pending in the same matter. Specifically, the assistant clerk of court found that “an appeal is pending in 09-SP-7638 on the same matter such that until 09-SP-7638 is disposed of then it is improper to have a second action pending on the [504]*504same matter.” On 16 April 2012, petitioner appealed from the assistant clerk’s order to the superior court for a hearing de novo.
A hearing was held in the matter on 5 June 2012, at which petitioner explained that it had “voluntarily dismiss [ed] ” its prior appeal in an effort to complete a loan modification with respondents, but those efforts were exhausted with no resolution. Specifically, petitioner explained:
In other words, in the ’09 case, the clerk entered an order dismissing the foreclosure with no lawyer for Wells Fargo present. There was the trustee there, but we were not there. We got hired and we appealed it, and before having the appeal hearing heard, . . . we instructed the trustee to take a voluntary dismissal without prejudice so this modification thing could play out and we could see if we could get something done, which as I said ultimately did not happen.
On 27 June 2012, the trial court entered an order denying petitioner’s petition to exercise its power of sale and foreclose on respondents’ property. The trial court found and concluded that in light of petitioner’s actions concerning the loan modification agreement offered by respondents at the hearing, petitioner did not have a legal right to foreclose on respondents’ property because the doctrine of equitable estoppel barred the foreclosure action. On 5 July 2012, petitioner entered written notice of appeal from the trial court’s order.
II. Discussion
We first address the issue of the trial court’s subject matter jurisdiction to conduct the foreclosure hearing in the present matter. We agree with the dissent that the record on appeal is inadequate for this Court to determine the status of the prior proceedings in 09 SP 7638, referenced in the 12 April 2012 order entered by the assistant clerk of court. The record on appeal is devoid of any filings demonstrating the status of the 09 SP 7638 proceedings. Accordingly, we agree with the dissent that because the assistant clerk’s order dismissed the present action on the basis of a “prior action pending,” the trial court should have first examined the question of its subject matter jurisdiction to conduct a foreclosure hearing in the present action, including a review of the status of the 09 SP 7638 proceedings, before entering a decision on the merits. As the dissent notes, the trial court in the present action may lack subject matter jurisdiction to hear the present foreclosure action, depending on the procedural posture of the prior action.
[505]*505Nonetheless, we conclude that our inability to determine the status of the 09 SP 7638 proceedings does not necessitate dismissal of petitioner’s present appeal, as dismissal of this appeal would leave intact the trial court’s present order denying petitioner’s petition to exercise its power of sale and foreclose on respondents’ property on the basis of equitable estoppel. Such a result is erroneous as a matter of law, for the trial court had no subject matter jurisdiction to grant equitable relief in this special proceeding.
“ ‘In reviewing a question of subject matter jurisdiction, our standard of review is de novo.’ ” In re Cornblum, _ N.C. App. _, _, 727 S.E.2d 338, 340 (quoting In re K.A.D., 187 N.C. App. 502, 503, 653 S.E.2d 427, 428 (2007)), disc, review denied, _ N.C. _, 734 S.E.2d 864 (2012).
At a foreclosure hearing pursuant to N.C. Gen. Stat. § 45-21.16, the clerk of superior court is limited to making the six findings of fact specified under subsection (d) of that statute: (1) the existence of a valid debt of which the party seeking to foreclose is the holder; (2) the existence of default; (3) the trustee’s right to foreclose under the instrument; (4) the sufficiency of notice of hearing to the record owners of the property; (5) the sufficiency of pre-foreclosure notice under section 45-102 and the lapse of the periods of time established by Article 11, if the debt is a home loan as defined under section 45-101(lb); and (6) the sale is not barred by section 45-21.12A. N.C. Gen. Stat. § 45-21.16(d); see also In re Carter, _ N.C. App. _, _, 725 S.E.2d 22, 24 (2012). The clerk’s findings are appealable to the superior court for a hearing de novo; however, in a section 45-21.16 foreclosure proceeding, the superior court’s authority is similarly limited to determining whether the six criteria of N.C. Gen. Stat. § 45-21.16(d) have been satisfied. Carter, _ N.C. App. at _, 725 S.E.2d at 24; Mosler v. Druid Hills Land Co., 199 N.C. App. 293, 295-96, 681 S.E.2d 456, 458 (2009). The superior court “has no equitable jurisdiction and cannot enjoin foreclosure upon any ground other than the ones stated in [N.C. Gen. Stat. §] 45-21.16.” Matter of Helms, 55 N.C. App. 68, 71-72, 284 S.E.2d 553, 555 (1981).
“On a de novo appeal to the Superior Court in a section 45-21.16 foreclosure proceeding, the trial court must ‘declin[e] to address [any party’s] argument for equitable relief, as such an action would [] exceed[] the superior court’s permissible scope of reviewf.]’ ” Mosler, 199 N.C. App. at 296, 681 S.E.2d at 458 (alterations in original) (quoting Espinosa v. Martin, 135 N.C. App. 305, 311, 520 S.E.2d 108, 112 (1999)). Indeed, “[t]his Court has repeatedly held that equitable defenses may not be [506]*506raised in a hearing pursuant to [N.C. Gen. Stat. §] 45-21.16, but must instead be asserted in an action to enjoin the foreclosure sale under [N.C. Gen. Stat. §] 45-21.34.” In re Foreclosure of Fortescue, 75 N.C. App. 127, 131, 330 S.E.2d 219, 222 (1985) (citing In re Watts, 38 N.C. App. 90, 94, 247 S.E.2d 427, 429 (1978); Helms, 55 N.C. App. at 72, 284 S.E.2d at 555).
Here, in addition to its failure to address the status of its jurisdiction based upon the assistant clerk’s finding of a prior action pending, the trial court’s order likewise fails to address any of the six findings of fact required to be addressed in a foreclosure hearing pursuant to N.C. Gen. Stat. § 45-21.16. Rather, the trial court improperly tailored its findings and conclusions to the defense of equitable estoppel. Because equitable estoppel is an equitable defense, see George v. Bray, 130 N.C. App. 552, 556-57, 503 S.E.2d 686, 690 (1998), the trial court’s findings and conclusions regarding equitable estoppel were outside of its jurisdiction and therefore have no legal effect in the present case. Mosler, 199 N.C. App. at 297, 681 S.E.2d at 459. Accordingly, we must vacate the trial court’s order and remand the matter to the trial court for further proceedings and the entry of appropriate findings of fact and conclusions of law addressing (1) its jurisdiction to consider the present action in light of the proceedings in 09 SP 7638, and (2) if the trial court finds and concludes it properly has jurisdiction in this special proceeding, only the six criteria specified under N.C. Gen. Stat. § 45-21.16(d).
We note that, although the trial court concluded as a matter of law that “[p]laintiff’s foreclosure action fails on element three because [pjlaintiff has no legal right to foreclose under the instrument[,]” the trial court’s conclusion was based on its previous conclusion of law that the defense of equitable estoppel applied under the circumstances of the present case. Such conclusion misapprehends the plain language of element three of N.C. Gen. Stat. § 45-21.16(d), which requires the trial court to consider strictly whether “the instrument” at issue conveys a right to foreclose on petitioner. The existence of any equitable defenses is inapposite to consideration of this element.
We further note that, as stated above, respondents may raise the defense of equitable estoppel in a separate action to enjoin the foreclosure sale pursuant to N.C. Gen. Stat. § 45-21.34 (2011). Mosler, 199 N.C. App. at 296, 681 S.E.2d at 458 (“ ‘The proper method for invoking equitable jurisdiction to enjoin a foreclosure sale is by bringing an action in the Superior Court pursuant to G.S. 45-21.34.’ ” (quoting Watts, 38 N.C. App. at 94, 247 S.E.2d at 430)). Section 45-21.34 provides that “prior to the time that the rights of the parties to the sale or resale becom[e] fixed [507]*507pursuant to [N.C. Gen. Stat. §] 45-21.29A[,]” a party may apply to a judge of the superior court to enjoin the foreclosure sale “upon any . . . legal or equitable ground which the court may deem sufficient!.]” N.C. Gen. Stat. § 45-21.34 (emphasis added). Under N.C. Gen. Stat. § 45-21.29A, the rights of the parties to the sale or resale become fixed at the expiration of a ten-day period for the filing of upset bids. Goad v. Chase Home Fin., LLC, 208 N.C. App. 259, 263, 704 S.E.2d 1,4 (2010). The hearing afforded under N.C. Gen. Stat. § 45-21.16 “was not intended to settle all matters in controversy between mortgagor and mortgagee[.]” Watts, 38 N.C. App. at 94, 247 S.E.2d at 429. Rather, “for all other ‘matters,’ a party may seek relief under N.C. Gen. Stat. § 45-21.34 where the court’s jurisdiction is much broader.” Carter,_N.C. App. at_, 725 S.E.2d at 25. Therefore, “ [i]f respondents feel that they have equitable defenses to the foreclosure, they should be asserted in an action to enjoin the foreclosure sale under [N.C. Gen. Stat. §] 45-21.34.” Helms, 55 N.C. App. at 72, 284 S.E.2d at 555.
In addition, as the dissent notes, if the trial court finds and concludes that it has no subject matter jurisdiction to consider this matter in light of the proceedings in 09 SP 7638, the proper action for the trial court is to dismiss the present action. Petitioner’s remedy would then be limited to judicial foreclosure procedures pursuant to N.C. Gen. Stat. § 1-339.1 et seq., rather than the summary proceedings provided under N.C. Gen. Stat. § 45-21.1 et seq. “Foreclosure by action requires formal judicial proceedings initiated by summons and complaint in the county where the property is located and culminating in a judicial sale of the foreclosed property if the mortgagee prevails.” Phil Mech. Const. Co., Inc. v. Haywood, 72 N.C. App. 318, 321, 325 S.E.2d 1, 3 (1985). If petitioner’s present foreclosure action is dismissed, and if petitioner elects to proceed to judicial foreclosure, respondents may present any equitable defenses in that civil action.
III. Conclusion
The record on appeal in the present case is insufficient for this Court to determine the status of the proceedings in 09 SP 7638. Because the assistant clerk dismissed petitioner’s action on the basis of prior action pending, the trial court should have first considered whether it had subject matter jurisdiction in light of the prior proceedings. In addition, in considering the defense of equitable estoppel in a de novo hearing under section 45-21.16, the trial court exceeded its subject matter jurisdiction, which is limited to consideration of only those six issues enumerated under subsection (d) of that statute.
[508]*508Accordingly, we vacate the trial court’s order, and we remand to the trial court for further proceedings and the entry of appropriate findings of fact and conclusions of law addressing (1) its jurisdiction to consider the present action in light of the proceedings in 09 SP 7638, and (2) if the trial court finds and concludes it properly has jurisdiction in this special proceeding, only the six criteria enumerated under N.C. Gen. Stat. § 45-21.16(d), consistent with this opinion.
Vacated and remanded.
Judge BRYANT concurs.
Judge HUNTER, JR. (Robert N.) dissents.