[Cite as In re Estate of Leichman, 2016-Ohio-4592.]
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS
TWELFTH APPELLATE DISTRICT OF OHIO
WARREN COUNTY
IN THE MATTER OF: : CASE NOS. CA2015-07-060 ESTATE OF JOYCE LEICHMAN : CA2015-07-062
: OPINION 6/27/2016 :
:
APPEAL FROM WARREN COUNTY COURT OF COMMON PLEAS PROBATE DIVISION Case No. 2012EST1436
Georgianna Parisi, 257 Regency Ridge Drive, Dayton, Ohio 45459, appellant, pro se
Tyrone P. Borger, 24 Remick Boulevard, Springboro, Ohio 45066, for appellee
S. POWELL, J.
{¶ 1} Petitioner-appellant, Georgianna I. Parisi, the former attorney for the estates of
Joyce and Richard Leichman, appeals from the decision of the Warren County Court of
Common Pleas, Probate Division, denying her application for attorney fees. For the reasons
outlined below, we affirm.
{¶ 2} Respondent-appellee, Lori Horstman, retained Parisi to represent the estates of
her parents, Joyce and Richard Leichman, who passed away on November 13, 2010 and
January 27, 2011, respectively. The sole asset of each estate was 308 shares of J.C. Warren CA2015-07-060 CA2015-07-062
Penney stock that had a value of $9,588.04. Parisi, however, never completed the
administration of the Leichman estates and subsequently withdrew as counsel after she
placed her law license on inactive status effective September 1, 2013. Horstman later
retained substitute counsel who completed the administration of both estates for a flat fee of
$500.
{¶ 3} On December 3, 2013, several months after withdrawing as counsel, Parisi filed
an application for attorney fees requesting an additional $2,550.76 from Horstman for work
she claims to have done on the Leichman estates. However, the administration of the
Leichman estates was later closed without any ruling on Parisi's application and without any
additional attorney fees being paid to Parisi. As a result, on September 19, 2014, Parisi filed
a motion to reopen the Leichman estates and requested a hearing on her application for
attorney fees. As Parisi stated in her motion, "[s]ince it is apparent that [Horstman] has
repudiated the original agreement, Ms. Parisi respectfully requests the Court to hold a full
hearing on the attorney fees originally requested." Because Horstman denied that the
Leichman estates owed any additional money to Parisi, the trial court scheduled a contested
hearing on that single issue for October 27, 2014. At Parisi's request, the contested hearing
was then continued several times before ultimately taking place on April 16, 2015.
{¶ 4} On April 8, 2015, eight days before the contested hearing was scheduled to
begin, Parisi filed a notice with the trial court claiming she had previously submitted discovery
requests to Horstman on February 24, 2015 that included various interrogatories, requests
for certain documents, and requests for admissions. Parisi did not attach a copy of her
alleged discovery requests to this filing. Nevertheless, as part of later filings with the trial
court, Parisi claims her discovery requests included a request that Horstman admit the
Leichman estates owed her an additional "$808.59 for her legal services provided to the
Estate of Richard Leichman and $1,742.17 for her legal services to the Estate of Joyce -2- Warren CA2015-07-060 CA2015-07-062
Leichman." It is undisputed that Horstman never responded to Parisi's alleged discovery
requests.
{¶ 5} On April 16, 2015, the trial court held the previously scheduled hearing on
Parisi's application for attorney fees. The record on appeal contains only a partial transcript
of this hearing. However, the record indicates the trial court heard testimony from both Parisi
and Horstman at this hearing, as well as from Parisi's expert witness, Konrad Kuczak, an
attorney who has been licensed to practice law in Ohio since 1969. During this hearing,
Kuczak specifically testified that he reviewed "the requests for admissions that are admitted
as a matter of law that you alluded to in your, uh, opening statement." It does not appear
that the alleged admissions were ever admitted as an exhibit at the contested hearing.
Rather, on May 15, 2015, one month after the contested hearing had concluded, Parisi filed a
"Notice of Admissions Deemed Admitted." Attached to this notice, Parisi included an "Exhibit
A" that consisted of a one-page document listing Parisi's purported requests for admissions.
The document does not contain a certificate of service.
{¶ 6} On June 2, 2015, the probate court issued its decision denying Parisi's
application for attorney fees. As part of that decision, the trial court provided the following
findings of fact:
1. [Horstman] retained [Parisi] to represent the estates of her parents, Richard Leichman and Joyce Leichman.
2. The sole asset in each estate was 308 shares of J.C. Penney stock, with a date of death value of $9,588.04.
3. [Horstman] paid [Parisi] the sum of $500.00 as a retainer.
4. [Parisi] advised [Horstman] that the estates could not be released from administration because the decedents' wills named [Horstman] and one of her siblings co-executors.
5. Upon the filing of each estate and application to probate will, the co-executor, the brother of [Horstman], executed a declination, thereby naming [Horstman] as the sole executor. -3- Warren CA2015-07-060 CA2015-07-062
6. In addition to the retainer, [Horstman] paid [Parisi] additional monies for postage and other expenses; however, there was no testimony as to the amount of such payments.
7. On one occasion, while [Horstman] was attending her daughter's Saturday morning ball game, [Parisi] telephoned [Horstman] demanding money and that [Horstman] must bring it to her office by Noon that day. [Horstman] left her daughter's game and went to [Parisi's] office and paid the money. There was no testimony as to the amount paid by [Horstman].
8. The Inventory filed in each estate by [Parisi] named the aforementioned J.C. Penney stock, and its date of death value, as the only asset of the estate.
9. The decedents had amassed credit card debt as a way of paying medical and other expenses. [Parisi] advised [Horstman] to correspond directly with the credit card companies to resolve the debt. On the back of an envelope, [Parisi] hand-drafted a form letter for [Horstman] to use. [Horstman] prepared and sent the letters, and was able to resolve the credit card debt without further assistance of [Parisi].1
10. As to the transfer of J.C. Penney stock, [Parisi] advised [Horstman] to sell the stock and have the cashier's check made payable to [Parisi]; she would then pay the rest of her costs and expenses and issue a check to [Horstman] for the remainder. At this time, [Horstman] became suspicious of [Parisi's] intentions. It was subsequent to this that [Horstman] terminated [Parisi's] services.
11. [Horstman] testified at trial, when examining the bill statements offered by [Parisi] in her case, that the billing statements offered as exhibits looked different than the billing statements actually received by [Horstman] from [Parisi]. [Parisi] denied this in her testimony.
12. [Horstman] testified that one entry on the billing statement was for a telephone call from [Parisi] to the husband of [Horstman]. [Horstman], as well as her husband, testified that the purpose of the phone call was [Parisi] requesting from [Horstman's] husband free tickets to a sporting or other type of entertainment event.
1. We note that the trial court's decision actually states that "[o]n the back of an envelope, [Parisi] hand-drafted a form letter for [Parisi] to use. [Parisi] prepared and sent the letters, and was able to resolve the credit card debt without further assistance of [Parisi]." This is illogical and clearly represents clerical error on behalf of the trial court. -4- Warren CA2015-07-060 CA2015-07-062
13. [Parisi] applied to have her law license placed on inactive status, and the application was granted effective September 1, 2013. On September 12, 2013, she withdrew as counsel for the aforementioned estates.
14. On or about December 2, 2013, [Horstman] retained substitute counsel, who completed both estates for a fee of $500.00.
15. On December 3, 2013, [Parisi] submitted to this Court her fee agreement, as well as a request for additional attorney fees. As to the Estate of Joyce Leichman, she requested the sum of $1,742.17; as to the Estate of Richard Leichman the sum of $808.59.2
16. [Horstman] refused to pay any additional attorney fees to [Parisi].
{¶ 7} After listing these factual findings, the trial court determined that the Leichman
estates have "more than fulfilled any financial obligation" they had with Parisi. In so holding,
the trial court noted that it "had the benefit of testimony and exhibits" presented at the
hearing and pursuant to its local rules:
[Parisi], had she completed the work, would be entitled to a total of $958.80. [Horstman] paid a retainer of $500.00, which would result in a balance due of $458.80. This money would be due and owing [Parisi] had she completed her work for [Horstman], pursuant to her fee agreement. But she did not do so.
The trial court also noted that there was nothing in the record to indicate Parisi's alleged
discovery requests were ever actually served upon Horstman. Yet, even if those discovery
requests were properly served, the trial court determined that Parisi's discovery requests,
particularly that of her requests for admissions, "goes to the sole issue, the very core, of this
case," the use of which was "inappropriate and served no useful purpose other than to
harass and annoy [Horstman]" since that exact issue had already been scheduled for a
2. The fee agreement referenced by the trial court is the agreement Parisi and Horstman entered into for the administration of the LeIchman estates. The agreement sets forth Parisi's hourly rate, as well an agreement that Parisi would be reimbursed for any costs and expenses incurred. -5- Warren CA2015-07-060 CA2015-07-062
contested hearing so that it could be resolved on the merits.
{¶ 8} Parisi now appeals the trial court's decision, raising three assignments of error
for review.
Assignment of Error No. 1:
{¶ 9} THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN THAT ITS ORDER IS AGAINST THE
MANIFEST WEIGHT OF THE EVIDENCE, IN THAT THE PETITIONER-APPELLANT
ASKED FOR FINDINGS OF FACT AND CONCLUSIONS OF LAW, AND THE COURT
NEVER MENTIONED THE EXPERT WITNESS TESTIMONY PRESENTED.
{¶ 10} In her first assignment of error, Parisi argues the trial court's decision to deny
her application for attorney fees was against the manifest weight of the evidence since the
trial court "never once mentions" the testimony of her expert witness, Konrad Kuczak, within
its decision. According to Parisi, "[t]he failure of the Court to even note the testimony of [her
expert] in its findings or facts or in the conclusions of law is a plain error under the law." We
disagree.
{¶ 11} "The standard of review for a manifest weight challenge in a civil case is the
same as that applied to a criminal case." Dunn v. Clark, 12th Dist. Warren No. CA2015-06-
055, 2016-Ohio-641, ¶ 8, citing Eastley v. Volkman, 132 Ohio St.3d 328, 2012-Ohio-2179, ¶
17. In considering a manifest weight challenge, a reviewing court weighs the evidence and
all reasonable inferences, considers the credibility of witnesses and determines whether in
resolving conflicts in the evidence, the finder of fact clearly lost its way and created a
manifest miscarriage of justice warranting reversal and a new trial ordered. Hacker v. House,
12th Dist. Butler No. CA2014-11-230, 2015-Ohio-4741, ¶ 21, citing Eastley at ¶ 20. A
judgment will not be reversed as being against the manifest weight of the evidence where the
"judgment is supported by some competent, credible evidence going to all essential elements
of the case." Ashburn v. Roth, 12th Dist. Butler Nos. CA2006-03-054 and CA2006-03-070, -6- Warren CA2015-07-060 CA2015-07-062
2007-Ohio-2995, ¶ 26, citing C.E. Morris Co. v. Foley Const. Co., 54 Ohio St.2d 279 (1978),
syllabus.
{¶ 12} Although an expert's opinion may not be "'arbitrarily ignored'" unless there are
"'some reasons * * * objectively present,'" Coleman v. Hamilton, 12th Dist. Butler Nos.
CA2011-03-049 thru CA2011-03-051, 2011-Ohio-4717, ¶ 14, quoting State v. Brown, 5 Ohio
St.3d 133, 135 (1983), it is well-established that an expert's opinion is not conclusive upon a
trier of fact and serves only as "an item of evidence intended to assist the trier of fact in
consideration with the other evidence of the case." Croft v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co.,
3d Dist. Allen No. 1-01-72, 2002 WL 18665, *3 (Jan. 8, 2002). As a result, it is within "the
trial court's prerogative to give [an] expert's testimony whatever weight it deemed
appropriate." Donithan v. Donithan, 12th Dist. Clermont No. CA89-12-104, 1990 WL 134310,
*2 (Sept. 17, 1990). This is true even when that expert opinion goes unrebutted. Butler v.
Stevens, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 22822, 2009-Ohio-2775, ¶ 39, citing Hotel Statler v.
Cuyahoga Cty. Bd. of Revision, 79 Ohio St.3d 299, 304 (1997).
{¶ 13} After a thorough review of the record, we fail to see how the trial court's failure
to directly comment on the expert witness testimony within its decision constitutes plain error
or renders that decision against the manifest weight of the evidence. As noted above, the
trial court specifically stated within its decision that it "had the benefit of testimony and
exhibits" presented at the hearing. This includes the testimony from Parisi's expert witness.
The trial court was not required to give credit to this testimony, and its decision clearly
demonstrates that it did not. "[T]he trier of fact is not required to accept as gospel every
aspect of the expert's testimony; the trier of fact may believe all of what a witness says, none
of it, or part of it." Tolliver v. Tolliver, 12th Dist. Clinton No. CA90-07-015, 1991 WL 6364, *2
(Jan. 22, 1991).
{¶ 14} Rather, after considering all the testimony and evidence presented, the trial -7- Warren CA2015-07-060 CA2015-07-062
court found the Leichman estates have "more than fulfilled any financial obligation" they had
with Parisi. Aside from the testimony of her expert witness, Parisi did not provide this court
with a full transcript of the contested hearing on her application for attorney fees. "Absent a
full trial transcript, this court must presume the validity of the trial court's determinations[.]"
Bunnell Elec. Inc. v. Ameriwash, 12th Dist. Warren No. CA2004-01-009, 2005-Ohio-2502, ¶
9. Therefore, because we can find no error in the trial court's decision, Parisi's first
assignment of error is overruled.
{¶ 15} Assignment of Error No. 2:
{¶ 16} THE TRIAL COURT ERRED WHEN IT DID NOT ENFORCE THE OHIO
RULES OF CIVIL PROCEDURE REGARDING ADMITTED ADMISSIONS.
{¶ 17} In her second assignment of error, Parisi argues the trial court erred by not
giving credit to her requests for admissions after those requests went unanswered.3 We
{¶ 18} Civ.R. 36 governs requests for admissions. Specifically, pursuant to Civ.R.
36(A)(1), "[t]he matter is admitted unless, within a period designated in the request, not less
than twenty-eight days after service of the request or within such shorter or longer time as the
court may allow, the party to whom the request is directed serves upon the party requesting
the admission a written answer or objection addressed to the matter, signed by the party or
by the party's attorney." As this court has stated previously, "[w]hen a party fails to timely
respond to a request for admissions, the admissions become facts of record, which the court
must recognize." January Invests., LLC v. Ingram, 12th Dist. Warren No. CA2009-09-127,
3. It should be noted, due to only a partial transcript of the contested hearing being submitted in this matter, this court is unable to determine the full extent that the request for admissions was discussed at the hearing on Parisi's application for attorney fees. However, as noted above, the record indicates that Kuczak testified Parisi had "alluded" to the request within her opening statement. Both Parisi and Horstman also referenced the requests for admissions within their written closing arguments. -8- Warren CA2015-07-060 CA2015-07-062
2010-Ohio-1937, ¶ 17. However, this court has also determined that "[a] trial court may
permit the withdrawal or amendment even if the admission is the result of a party's untimely
failure to respond." Baron v. Buckner, 12th Dist. Warren No. CA90-10-071, 1991 WL 69355,
*2 (Apr. 29, 1991). This is because Civ.R. 36 "emphasizes the importance of having the
action resolved on the merits, while at the same time assuring each party that justified
reliance on an admission in preparation for trial will not operate to his prejudice." Cleveland
Trust Co. v. Willis, 20 Ohio St.3d 66, 67 (1985).
{¶ 19} We recently addressed this same issue in Fifth Third Bank v. Meadow Park
Plaza, L.L.C., 12th Dist. Clinton No. CA2015-07-012, 2016-Ohio-753. In that case, the trial
court issued a decision granting Fifth Third partial summary judgment, finding Meadow Park
had defaulted on its obligations under a note, guaranty agreement, and mortgage held by
Fifth Third. The trial court then granted Meadow Park additional time for discovery "regarding
the issue of amounts owed to Fifth Third under the terms of the note, mortgage and
guaranty." Id. at ¶ 6. The trial court set the matter for a hearing as to whether there was, in
fact, any indebtedness still due and owing to Fifth Third on the note and guaranty agreement.
Id. at ¶ 6, 28. The amount of the disputed debt, if any, was the only issue set for this
contested hearing.
{¶ 20} Shortly before the hearing began, Meadow Park filed a notice of admission
deemed admitted, indicating it had sent a discovery request to Fifth Third that had since gone
unanswered. Id. at ¶ 7. Included within the discovery request were various interrogatories, a
request for production of documents, and a single request for an admission, specifically
asking Fifth Third to "[a]dmit that, once the proceeds of the receiver's sale is applied,
[Meadow Park] owe[s] [Fifth Third] nothing." Id. Although acknowledging that it had not
answered Meadow Park's discovery request, Fifth Third filed a memorandum in opposition to
Meadow Park's notice, wherein it argued Meadow Park's attempt to submit a request for -9- Warren CA2015-07-060 CA2015-07-062
admissions to undo the trial court's finding was "disingenuous at best." Id. The trial court
subsequently issued a decision, wherein it determined that based on the compelling
circumstances of the case, the principles outlined in Civ.R. 1(B), as well as its desire to
establish an accurate deficiency judgment, Meadow Park's reliance on the unanswered
request for admission in an effort to avoid a deficiency judgment was "full of gamesmanship
and without merit." Id. at ¶ 10. Meadow Park then appealed.
{¶ 21} On appeal, Meadow Park argued the trial court erred and abused its discretion
by not giving credit to its request for admission after the admission went unanswered. Id. at ¶
26. This court, however, found the trial court did not err or abuse its discretion in that regard
since Meadow Park's request "dealt with the very issue upon which the trial court had already
determined an evidentiary hearing was required; namely, whether there was, in fact, any
indebtedness still due and owing to Fifth Third on the note and guaranty agreement." Id. at ¶
28. This court also agreed with the trial court's decision finding Meadow Park's "attempts to
avoid a deficiency judgment through this procedural device was 'full of gamesmanship and
without merit.'" Id. at ¶ 29.
{¶ 22} As can be seen, in both Fifth Third and the case at bar, the trial court scheduled
a contested hearing to resolve an issue regarding a disputed debt. Thereafter, one party
sought further discovery that included a request for an admission regarding the amount due
on that disputed debt, the single issue scheduled to be heard at the contested hearing. The
amount due on that debt, if any, was clearly an issue of contention as there would have been
no need for the trial court to ever hold a contested hearing on the matter were that not the
case. That is certainly true here, for Parisi herself even stated within her motion to reopen
the administration of the Leichman estates that a contested hearing was necessary "to
determine her attorney fees" now that Horstman had refused to provide her with any
additional money. - 10 - Warren CA2015-07-060 CA2015-07-062
{¶ 23} Our decision in Fifth Third is directly analogous to the facts at issue here.
Similar to the request for admission at issue in Fifth Third, the request for admission at issue
in this case asked Horstman to admit the Leichman estates owed Parisi an additional
"$808.59 for her legal services provided to the Estate of Richard Leichman and $1,742.17 for
her legal services to the Estate of Joyce Leichman." In turn, just as in Fifth Third, and just
like the trial court found in this case, Parisi's request "goes to the sole issue, the very core, of
this case," an issue the trial court had already scheduled for a contested hearing several
months before Parisi alleges she ever submitted her discovery requests to Horstman.
{¶ 24} Like Meadow Park's efforts in Fifth Third, Parisi did not seek to rely upon the
unanswered admission in preparation of trial. Rather, Parisi sought to rely on the admission
in order to circumvent a contested hearing on the only issue in dispute; namely, the amount
of additional attorney fees Parisi was owed, if any. While Parisi claims otherwise, we agree
with the trial court's decision finding Parisi's attempts to manipulate the discovery rules in
order to rely on a procedural technicality when she clearly knew Horstman had repeatedly
and consistently refused to provide her with any additional money even after a contested
hearing on that single issue had already been scheduled was "inappropriate and served no
useful purpose other than to harass and annoy [Horstman]." The purpose behind Civ.R. 36
is to allow the parties to quickly and efficiently reach a resolution based on the actual facts
and merits of the case. Parisi used the rule as a way to avoid such a resolution. We did not
approve of such tactics in Fifth Third, nor do we approve of those same tactics here.
{¶ 25} In so holding, we note that it is generally well-established that "'[a] request for
admission can be used to establish a fact, even if it goes to the heart of the case.'" Kornylak
Corp. v. Messina, 12th Dist. Butler No. CA99-03-052, 1999 WL 760893, *2 (Sept. 27, 1999),
quoting Cleveland Trust Co. v. Willis, 20 Ohio St.3d 66, 67 (1985). However, just as this
court previously concluded in Fifth Third, strict application of this rule to factual scenarios - 11 - Warren CA2015-07-060 CA2015-07-062
where the exact issue raised within a request for admission had already been scheduled for a
contested hearing on that single issue would be fundamentally unfair to the administration of
justice and do nothing more than lead to further attempts to exploit the Rules of Civil
Procedure.4 That is certainly the case here for we can find nothing in the record before this
court to conclusively prove Horstman ever actually received Parisi's alleged discovery
requests, nor do we have the benefit of reviewing the full transcript of the contested hearing
to determine the full extent that the parties may have discussed those discovery requests.
{¶ 26} We understand the concerns that may be raised by our decision in the case at
bar and that of our previous decision in Fifth Third. However, this decision should not be
construed as limiting a party's ability to seek discovery after a contested hearing has been
scheduled, nor should it be interpreted as this court rewriting the Rules of Civil Procedure.
Rather, our decision in this case and that of Fifth Third merely stand for the general
proposition that, when possible, disputes should be resolved on their merits, not through
deception and gamesmanship. Other states have reached similar results. See, e.g.,
Costello v. Zavodnik, Ind.App. No. 49A04-1504-PL-163, 2016 WL 2956569, *5 (May 23,
2016) (requests for admissions asking responding party to admit liability of $30,000,
$300,000, and $600,000 in a contested dispute over the sale of a $75 printer were improper
and constituted a misuse of the discovery rules in hopes that "[responding party] would not
respond, rendering the matters admitted by operation of Rule 36"); see also St. Mary v.
Superior Court, 223 Cal.App. 4th 762, 783 (2014) (requests for admissions are intended to
"expedite trials and to eliminate the need for proof when matters are not legitimately
contested" as opposed to serve as "a 'gotcha' device"); Lucas v. Clark, 347 S.W.3d 800, 803
4. For example, a request for admission that still goes to the ultimate issue could be Parisi asking Horstman to admit that she did not pay a $500 retainer fee, or vice versa Horstman asking Parisi to admit that she did pay a $500 retainer fee. These types of admissions go to the ultimate issue – the amount due on a disputed debt, if any – while still allowing the parties to litigate the case on its merits. - 12 - Warren CA2015-07-060 CA2015-07-062
(Tex.Ct.App.2011) (requests for admissions are not intended to serve "as a trap to prevent
the presentation of the truth in a full hearing but as a tool for the fair disposition of litigation
with a minimum of delay"). This fully comports with Civ.R. 1(B), which specifically states that
"[t]hese rules shall be construed and applied to effect just results by eliminating delay,
unnecessary expense and all other impediments to the expeditious administration of justice."
Therefore, finding no error in the trial court's decision, Parisi's second assignment of error is
overruled.
{¶ 27} Assignment of Error No. 3:
{¶ 28} THE TRIAL COURT ERRED WHEN IT IGNORED THE EVIDENCE
SUBMITTED AND FAILED TO TAKE INTO CONSIDERATION THE QUANTUM MERIET
[sic] AMOUNT OF WORK PERFORMED BY THE PETITIONER-APPELLANT IN THE TWO
ESTATES.
{¶ 29} In her third assignment of error, Parisi presents several arguments alleging the
trial court erred (1) by making a factual finding that Horstman paid her a $500 retainer fee
when there was no documentary evidence to corroborate her testimony, (2) by striking the
exhibits she attached to her written closing argument, and (3) by "refusing to award [her with]
ANY attorney fees" under a theory of quantum meruit since she "performed necessary and
valuable legal services for the two estates." We disagree.
{¶ 30} Initially, as it relates to the trial court's factual finding that Horstman had paid
Parisi a $500 retainer fee, it is well-established that the trial court, as the trier of fact, is in the
best position "to view the witnesses and observe their demeanor, gestures and voice
inflections, and use these observations in weighing the credibility of the proffered testimony."
Mike Castrucci Ford Sales, Inc. v. Hoover, 12th Dist. Clermont No. CA2007-02-022, 2008-
Ohio-1358, ¶ 19. In turn, although Parisi denied that Horstman had ever paid her a $500
retainer fee, the trial court weighed the credibility of Horstman's testimony and found that - 13 - Warren CA2015-07-060 CA2015-07-062
Horstman actually had paid the $500 retainer fee. "[A] finding of an error in law is a
legitimate ground for reversal, but a difference of opinion on credibility of witnesses and
evidence is not." Seasons Coal Co. v. Cleveland, 10 Ohio St.3d 77, 81 (1984). Therefore,
Parisi's first argument is without merit.
{¶ 31} Next, as it relates to the trial court's decision to strike the exhibits Parisi
attached to her written closing argument, just like the trial court found, it was improper for
Parisi to present any new evidence as part of her written closing argument since closing
arguments are not evidence. Di v. Cleveland Clinic Found., 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 101760,
2016-Ohio-686, ¶ 109 ("opening and closing statements are not evidence"); Jenkins v. Hill,
4th Dist. Meigs No. 14CA4, 2015-Ohio-118, ¶ 12 ("statements made by counsel during
opening statements and closing arguments are not evidence"). Rather, "[t]he purpose of
closing argument is to summarize the evidence at trial." John F. Bushelman Const. v. Glacid
Group, Inc., 1st Dist. Hamilton Nos. C-950412 and C-950438, 1996 WL 348002, *3 (June 26,
1996). Therefore, Parisi's second argument is without merit.
{¶ 32} Finally, as it relates to Parisi's claim that she was entitled to recover any
additional attorney fees on a theory of quantum meruit, Parisi had the burden to prove "the
billed time was fair, proper and reasonable." In re Dye, 12th Dist. Fayette Nos. CA2011-04-
004 thru CA2011-04-006, 2012-Ohio-2570, ¶ 44, citing In re Estate of Williams, 11th Dist.
Lake No. 2003-L-200, 2004-Ohio-3993, ¶ 21. As noted above, the trial court found the fees
that had already been paid to Parisi "more than fulfilled any financial obligation" for the work
Parisi actually did. "[A] court's decision regarding the award of attorney fees on a quantum
meruit basis is based upon the individual case facts and will be reversed only if there is an
abuse of discretion." Rust v. Harris Gordon, 6th Dist. Lucas No. L-03-1091, 2004-Ohio-1636,
¶ 33. Again, because Parisi did not provide this court with a full transcript of the contested
hearing, we must presume the validity of the trial court's decision. Therefore, Parisi's third - 14 - Warren CA2015-07-060 CA2015-07-062
argument is without merit. Accordingly, having found no merit to any of the arguments raised
herein, Parisi's third assignment of error is overruled.
{¶ 33} Judgment affirmed.
HENDRICKSON, J., concurs.
PIPER, P.J., concurs separately.
PIPER, J., concurring separately.
{¶ 34} Due to the analysis, not the result, I must concur in judgment only.
{¶ 35} The second assignment of error should have been resolved in the same
manner as the first assignment of error.5 In resolving the first assignment of error regarding
the trial court's failure to mention in any way Parisi's expert witness testimony in its decision,
the majority states: "[A]side from the testimony of her expert witness, Parisi did not provide
this court with a full transcript of the contested hearing on her application for attorney fees.
'Absent a full transcript, this court must presume the validity of the trial court's
determination[.]' Bunnell Electric, Inc. v. Ameriwash, 12th Dist. Warren No. CA2004-01-009,
2005-Ohio-2502."
No Exhibit, No Record, No Service
{¶ 36} Although Parisi indicated she previously submitted requests for admission to
Horstman, such requests were never tendered as an exhibit and therefore are not available
for appellate review. The trial court apparently examined whatever Parisi allegedly submitted
to Horstman and noted there was no indication of service. Without a certificate of service,
the trial court could not determine if the requests were submitted timely or "ever actually
5. In the first assignment of error, an incomplete record rendered us incapable of reviewing whether or not reasons were objectively present for ignoring the expert opinion testimony. State v. Brown, 5 Ohio St.3d 133, 135 (1983). - 15 - Warren CA2015-07-060 CA2015-07-062
served upon Horstman."
{¶ 37} The majority acknowledges it "can find nothing in the record to prove Horstman
ever actually received Parisi's alleged discovery request, nor do we have the benefit of
reviewing the full transcript of the contested hearing to determine the extent that the parties
may have discussed those discovery requests." As Parisi failed to supply this court with most
of the record and without an exhibit tendered at the time of the hearing, we must presume the
validity of the trial court's determination.
{¶ 38} Because requests for admission narrow future issues to be litigated and can
have significant impact upon the proceedings, assiduous compliance is required. January
Invests., L.L.C. v. Ingram, 12th Dist. Warren No. CA2009-09-127, 2010-Ohio-1937
(admissions were deemed admitted due to the lack of compliance with strict time
requirements). Accordingly, a trial court is not bound by unanswered admissions that do not
indicate service on opposing counsel. The nature of the noncompliance warrants
disregarding the unanswered admissions. Where there is no proof of service, a trial court is
correct in not considering the filing. Capital One Bank, N.A. v. Ryan, 10th Dist. Franklin No.
14AP-102, 2014-Ohio-3932, ¶ 28.
Journalized Contempt Ruling Does Not Substitute a Complete Record
{¶ 39} In a separate matter, Parisi filed Motions for Contempt, seeking sanctions
against Horstman for not responding to propounded discovery requests. The majority uses
the trial court's journalized entry, which rules on Parisi's contempt motions as if that same
verbiage was used by the trial court in its decision at the hearing not to permit reliance upon
the requests for admission. However, we have no transcript of those discussions, nor do we
have a journalized entry specific to Parisi not being permitted to rely upon the requests for
admissions at the hearing.
{¶ 40} Despite a gaping lapse of relevant portions of the record, the majority continues - 16 - Warren CA2015-07-060 CA2015-07-062
its analysis in an effort to label Parisi's failed discovery efforts as a "procedural technicality,"
"attempts to manipulate," and as "tactics" attempting to resolve the disputed issues through
some form of implicit "deception and gamesmanship." Presumably, the majority attempts to
reconstruct Parisi's "purpose" because the record before us does not contain any of the
discussions or findings supplied by Parisi in her attempt to rely upon the unanswered
admissions at the hearing. That portion of the record was not supplied by Parisi for our
review. Only in denying Parisi's Motions for Contempt, did the trial court journalize that the
admissions served no "useful purpose" other than to "harass and annoy" Horstman.
Because large, relevant portions of the record are missing, it is impossible to review Parisi's
"purpose" in submitting her requests for admission in an attempt to prove the probate
attorney fees she believed she was owed. There is no need to speculate as to Parisi's
intended purpose in attempting to rely upon her requests for admission because the record
contains no proof of service pertaining to that document. Nor is it necessary to examine the
trial court's ruling on Parisi's Motions for Contempt, as that ruling is not before this court on
appeal.
{¶ 41} Without service and with nothing before us to indicate Horstman actually
received the requests for admission, we need not re-interpret Fifth Third or resort to
precedent in other states. "When portions of the transcript * * * are omitted from the record,
the reviewing court has nothing to pass upon and thus, * * * the court has no choice but to
presume the validity of the lower court's proceedings, and affirm." Knapp v. Edwards
Laboratories, 61 Ohio St. 2d 197, 199 (1980). Yet, the majority chooses to assign, sua
sponte, vitriolic intentions to Parisi in her failed attempt to prove her case by propounding
admissions, a determination, which in fairness, should at least necessitate a complete
record.
Mere Scheduling of a Hearing Does Not Render Requests Inappropriate - 17 - Warren CA2015-07-060 CA2015-07-062
{¶ 42} In essence, the majority suggests if an issue is to be litigated at a scheduled
hearing, it is an exploitation of the civil rules to focus admissions upon that issue. Nothing
could be further from the intent of discovery rules. Pragmatically, there is no need for
discovery on issues that are not going to be litigated. For example, and even though it
appears a trial on all issues had been scheduled, unanswered requests can conclusively
establish liability to a promissory note, even though going to the heart of the case. Cleveland
Trust Co. n.k.a. American Trust Co., Executor v. Willis, 20 Ohio St.3d 66 (1985).
{¶ 43} The majority suggests there are "scenarios" where discovery requests should
not be permitted to go to the heart of the case. In its rush to revisit Fifth Third Bank v.
Meadow Park Plaza, L.L.C., 12th Dist. Clinton No. CA2015-07-012, 2016-Ohio-753, the
majority relies upon cases from California and other states. However, the cases cited
involved narrow facts wherein the attempted use of discovery was litigated or the trial court
made findings specifically involving the use of admissions, and a complete record existed for
the purposes of appellate review, which was not provided to us by Parisi in this case.
{¶ 44} The majority holds that when a hearing has been scheduled it would be unfair
and inappropriate to allow a party to submit requests for admission, even if timely and
pursuant to the civil rules, that otherwise attempt to resolve issues set to be litigated. The
majority states "where the exact issue raised within a request for admission had already been
scheduled for a contested hearing on that issue [it] would be fundamentally unfair to the
administration of justice and to do nothing more to lead further attempts to exploit the rules of
civil procedure." I must disagree with this proposition as well as the majority's belief that our
previous analysis in Fifth Third should be modified to reach the case at bar, particularly when
based on out-of-state cases containing dissimilar facts where the court had the ability to
review trial court findings via a complete record.
The Facts and Circumstances of Fifth Third Are Very Different - 18 - Warren CA2015-07-060 CA2015-07-062
{¶ 45} There are drastic differences between our current scenario and the scenario in
Fifth Third. In Fifth Third, the plaintiff moved for a partial summary judgment regarding the
issues of Meadow Park's default on a loan and whether or not Matthew Daniels was liable on
a personal guarantee that he had previously signed. The trial court granted partial summary
judgment, finding that Daniels was obligated under the note as a personal guarantee, and
therefore was responsible to pay any difference between the amount owed to Fifth Third and
that amount raised through the receiver's sale of the real estate. Until the sale occurred and
the costs and expenses calculated, it was unknown what amount of proceeds would be
applicable to the original amount owed. The court scheduled a second hearing on that
matter and both parties knew, because of the trial court's prior partial summary judgment,
that once the proceeds from the receiver's sale were applied the only issue that remained for
litigation would be the dollar amount owed on the personal guarantee.
{¶ 46} Contrary to the partial summary judgment, Daniels nevertheless requested a
single admission from Fifth Third that once the proceeds of the receiver's sale were applied,
nothing further would be owed by Daniels to Fifth Third.6 The trial court determined that it
had already rendered a decision that Fifth Third would receive a judgment on the difference
between the proceeds and what was owed, and the fact that Daniels requested an admission
on the issue the court had already decided was "disingenuous." This court agreed with the
trial court's assessment that Daniels' attempt to "undo" the trial court's earlier decision was
"full of gamesmanship."
{¶ 47} In the current case, the facts are completely different. The trial court had not
6. In written opposition to the request for admissions, it was argued that Daniels "slipped in" or buried the single request for admission among numerous interrogatories.
- 19 - Warren CA2015-07-060 CA2015-07-062
already rendered a judgment establishing the rights of either party.7 Unlike Fifth Third, where
the court already determined that the bank was entitled to some amount of money, the court
in this case never reached any legal or factual determinations, prior to the hearing, pertaining
to attorney fees for which Parisi might be entitled for handling estate matters. In extending
the reach of Fifth Third to scenarios like the present one, it becomes enigmatic as to what
other scenarios might be within the grasp of Fifth Third.
{¶ 48} Fifth Third involved special statutory proceedings of foreclosure and a land sale
proceeding through receivership. The current case involves special statutory proceedings in
probate court regarding the performance of work pursuant to an oral contract and attendant
attorney fees. Fifth Third involved a court issuing a partial summary judgment with a litigant
attempting to undermine the court's journalized judgment. The current situation contains no
such judgment or conduct. Fifth Third involved discovery that had been served upon
opposing counsel and the attempted use of such was opposed in writing; this case involves
neither. Fifth Third involved the trial court making specific findings as to the attorney's
"gamesmanship," with appellate review upon a complete record. Again, this case involves
neither.
{¶ 49} The rationale in Fifth Third did not turn on whether or not a hearing had already
been scheduled as the majority interprets it. The rationale in Fifth Third turned on the fact
that the trial court found that the litigant displayed "gamesmanship" by attempting to "undo"
the court's partial summary judgment which the trial court had already granted, thereby
deliberately attempting to undermine the court. While the majority selectively revisits the
7. During a pretrial in the case before us, the judge, among other things, expressed without receipt of any evidence, that Parisi was not entitled to the attorney fees she was requesting. Based on this comment, Parisi asked the judge to recuse himself, which he subsequently did. The new judge assigned to the case made no decisions in advance of the hearing as to whether or not there was a valid oral contract, whether or not performance was agreed upon and delivered, whether or not the time expended was necessary and reasonable, or as to the amounts paid or claimed. - 20 - Warren CA2015-07-060 CA2015-07-062
facts of Fifth Third, that case originally stood for the narrow proposition that discovery cannot
be used by a party to "reverse" a trial court's judgment already delivered within the case.
With the addition of an incomplete record in this case, Fifth Third is simply misplaced when
applied to the facts sub judice. Therefore the harsh characterizations of Parisi's failed
attempt to use the discovery rules to prove her case are also misplaced.
Conclusion
{¶ 50} In the world of litigation, hearings are scheduled in advance with the
expectation that the parties will be conducting extensive discovery in an effort to eliminate as
many issues as possible, even though those same issues are subject to a scheduled hearing.
Using discovery in advance of a hearing, is not "gamesmanship" or "deception" or
"manipulation," nor is it a "tactic" aimed at undermining the court, but rather it is routine,
everyday-lawyering, using the civil rules as anticipated. An appellate court needs a complete
record if it is to, for the first time upon review, draw inferences or make findings pertaining to
counsel's conduct.
{¶ 51} A party cannot "deny" requests for admission for the reason that the requests
relate to an issue scheduled to be litigated. See Salem Med. Arts & Dev. Corp. v.
Columbiana Cty. Bd. of Revision, 82 Ohio St.3d 193 (1998). Similarly, the mere fact that
requests for admission go to issues scheduled to be litigated is not a reason for an appellate
court to label the requests as an inappropriate tactic or an exploitation of the civil rules.
{¶ 52} In its misapplication of Fifth Third, the majority gives future litigants, and trial
courts as well, no criteria as to what circumstances or "scenarios" justify labeling discover
efforts as "procedural technicality" subject to being summarily disregarded with no advance
filing or notice. The majority attempts to defend its extension of Fifth Third as if this current
set of facts justifies such an extension. However, without the illumination of a complete
record, such extension remains in dim light and therefore is a path we are better advised not - 21 - Warren CA2015-07-060 CA2015-07-062
to travel, lest we stumble.
{¶ 53} The concerning precedent the majority's analysis sets is unnecessary to a
concise resolution. Thus, I must respectfully concur in judgment only.
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