NOYES, Circuit Judge
(after stating the facts as above). The question in this case is between claimants who have identified their securities among the collateral pledged by the bankrupts to the Mechanics’ Bank. There are not enough securities or proceeds to satisfy all demands, and there must be either a pro rata distribution, or some claimants must have priority over others.
[1] The granting of priority necessarily imposes upon certain claimants the burden of contributing for the benefit of others, and should only be accorded in the case of superior equities. But superior equities undoubtedly exist in favor of certain of the claimants in these proceedings. Broadly speaking, we approve what we consider to be the underlying principle of the classification adopted by the special master, viz., that superior rights should be accorded to claimants whose securities have been wrongfully hypothecated by the bankrupts over those whose securities have been rightfully pledged. When a broker pledges as collateral to his loan at a bank securities left with him for safe-keeping or for sale, he is a wrongdoer from the outset, and, while the bank may have the right to hold the securities, the claim of the owner, upon the satisfaction of the bank’s demand, is of the highest equity. On the other hand, when a broker, acting under the authority conferred upon him by a customer, hypothecates his securities, the latter may, upon the adjustment of his account with the broker and the termination of the bank’s demand, reclaim his securities; but, as he has no ground for complaining that his securities were pledged, his rights are clearly inferior to the owner whose securities were wrongfully hypothecated.1
But while a broad basis of classification, dependent upon the question whether, at the time of the bankruptcy, securities were rightfully [723] or wrongfully in hypothecation, is proper, some flexibility is necessary in tlie application of the principie. Equities cannot always be measured by a hard and fast rule. So there are different factors to be taken into consideration in weighing equities. Technical want of authority in the bankrupts to hypothecate might, in itself, establish wrongful hypothecation; but still tlie question of authority might be so doubtful that a claimant in whose case the want of power was unquestionable might have superior equities. The question whether at the time of the failure the claimant was a debtor or creditor of the bankrupts might be of the utmost importance; for, as a general rule, the bankrupts would have had no right to hypothecate, except where an indebtedness existed. But a mere nominal indebtedness might not afford foundation for such right, and there might he a difference in equities between a claimant who coucededly would have had a large balance to his credit upon liquidation and one whose position as debtor or creditor was uncertain. Finally the extent of the wrong is a measure of the equity, and in determining the place to which the appellant’s demand should be allocated we should ascertain how far the bankrupts violated the obligations which they owed him.
[2] Now, what were the rights of the parties with respect to the securities which the appellant placed in tlie hands of the bankrupts as securities for his speculative account? It is the belter view, in our opinion, that so long as the bankrupts, as brokers, fulfilled their obligations to the appellant, as customer, they had the right to rehypothecate the securities pledged to them. That was subsantially the only way in which the collateral could have been made available, and, in view of modern business conditions, we think that such use must have been within the contemplation of the parties. But it must be equally true that if the bankrupts converted to their own use the stocks of the appellant which they were carrying for him, or misappropriated the property deposited with them; they violated the duties which they owed him, and their right to use the securities for their benefit terminated. Duties must be correlative to powers.
The inquiry, then, is important whether the bankrupts up to the time of the failure had fulfilled their obligations to the appellant. And in considering this question of obligation and performance, and the consequent inquiry whether tlie appellant’s securities were rightfully in hypothecation at the time of the failure, the question as we have already seen, is not altogether whether there was a nominal indebtedness upon the part of the appellant to the bankrupts at the time of the failure. If, aside from the securities in question, the stocks which the bankrupts purported to carry for the appellant were worth, according to their own account, more than the amount advanced upon them, and if the bankrupts had misappropriated property of the appellant, and if, in addition, the bankrupts, at the time of their failure, had not in their possession or under their control the securities which the appellant had purchased or corresponding shares, we should have no doubt that the bankrupts had been guilty of breach of trust and of gross dereliction of duty, and that, as between the bankrupts and the appellant, the securities in question were wrongfully in hypothecation [724] at the time of the failure. To hold otherwise would be to say that a broker who violates every obligation which he owes his customer may yet use the property of the customer in the same manner as if he had done his full duty.
[3] Now, the report of the master “restates” the account of the appellant with the bankrupts, and shows a substantial balance in favor of ■ the appellant, without counting the securities in question. This statement is made in view of liquidation as of the time of the failure, and shows that the bankrupts, according to their own account, had more securities and property of the appellant than the amount, he owed, and that the securities in question were not required for the marginal purposes for which they were deposited. It also appears from the master’s report that the bankrupts, some time before the failure, had misappropriated shares of Shoe Machinery stock deposited with them, like the securities in question, as collateral. This misappropriation alone constituted a grave dereliction of duty, which would have justified the appellant, had he known of it, in terminating relations with the bankrupts and in calling them to account. It further appears from the testimony in the record that when the bankrupts failed they did not have in their possession or under their control the stocks they had purchased for the appellant, or corresponding shares.2 This proof might be insufficient to establish conversion at any particular time prior to the failure; but it does make out at least a prima facie case of conversion at some time prior thereto. Unless the bankrupts had converted the shares, they would necessarily have had them on hand or subject to their control, and it was their duty and that of their trustee to explain what had become of them.3
. For these reasons we are of the opinion:
(1) That the hypothecation of the shares in question was not necessary for the purposes for which they were deposited with the bankrupts.
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NOYES, Circuit Judge
(after stating the facts as above). The question in this case is between claimants who have identified their securities among the collateral pledged by the bankrupts to the Mechanics’ Bank. There are not enough securities or proceeds to satisfy all demands, and there must be either a pro rata distribution, or some claimants must have priority over others.
[1] The granting of priority necessarily imposes upon certain claimants the burden of contributing for the benefit of others, and should only be accorded in the case of superior equities. But superior equities undoubtedly exist in favor of certain of the claimants in these proceedings. Broadly speaking, we approve what we consider to be the underlying principle of the classification adopted by the special master, viz., that superior rights should be accorded to claimants whose securities have been wrongfully hypothecated by the bankrupts over those whose securities have been rightfully pledged. When a broker pledges as collateral to his loan at a bank securities left with him for safe-keeping or for sale, he is a wrongdoer from the outset, and, while the bank may have the right to hold the securities, the claim of the owner, upon the satisfaction of the bank’s demand, is of the highest equity. On the other hand, when a broker, acting under the authority conferred upon him by a customer, hypothecates his securities, the latter may, upon the adjustment of his account with the broker and the termination of the bank’s demand, reclaim his securities; but, as he has no ground for complaining that his securities were pledged, his rights are clearly inferior to the owner whose securities were wrongfully hypothecated.1
But while a broad basis of classification, dependent upon the question whether, at the time of the bankruptcy, securities were rightfully [723] or wrongfully in hypothecation, is proper, some flexibility is necessary in tlie application of the principie. Equities cannot always be measured by a hard and fast rule. So there are different factors to be taken into consideration in weighing equities. Technical want of authority in the bankrupts to hypothecate might, in itself, establish wrongful hypothecation; but still tlie question of authority might be so doubtful that a claimant in whose case the want of power was unquestionable might have superior equities. The question whether at the time of the failure the claimant was a debtor or creditor of the bankrupts might be of the utmost importance; for, as a general rule, the bankrupts would have had no right to hypothecate, except where an indebtedness existed. But a mere nominal indebtedness might not afford foundation for such right, and there might he a difference in equities between a claimant who coucededly would have had a large balance to his credit upon liquidation and one whose position as debtor or creditor was uncertain. Finally the extent of the wrong is a measure of the equity, and in determining the place to which the appellant’s demand should be allocated we should ascertain how far the bankrupts violated the obligations which they owed him.
[2] Now, what were the rights of the parties with respect to the securities which the appellant placed in tlie hands of the bankrupts as securities for his speculative account? It is the belter view, in our opinion, that so long as the bankrupts, as brokers, fulfilled their obligations to the appellant, as customer, they had the right to rehypothecate the securities pledged to them. That was subsantially the only way in which the collateral could have been made available, and, in view of modern business conditions, we think that such use must have been within the contemplation of the parties. But it must be equally true that if the bankrupts converted to their own use the stocks of the appellant which they were carrying for him, or misappropriated the property deposited with them; they violated the duties which they owed him, and their right to use the securities for their benefit terminated. Duties must be correlative to powers.
The inquiry, then, is important whether the bankrupts up to the time of the failure had fulfilled their obligations to the appellant. And in considering this question of obligation and performance, and the consequent inquiry whether tlie appellant’s securities were rightfully in hypothecation at the time of the failure, the question as we have already seen, is not altogether whether there was a nominal indebtedness upon the part of the appellant to the bankrupts at the time of the failure. If, aside from the securities in question, the stocks which the bankrupts purported to carry for the appellant were worth, according to their own account, more than the amount advanced upon them, and if the bankrupts had misappropriated property of the appellant, and if, in addition, the bankrupts, at the time of their failure, had not in their possession or under their control the securities which the appellant had purchased or corresponding shares, we should have no doubt that the bankrupts had been guilty of breach of trust and of gross dereliction of duty, and that, as between the bankrupts and the appellant, the securities in question were wrongfully in hypothecation [724] at the time of the failure. To hold otherwise would be to say that a broker who violates every obligation which he owes his customer may yet use the property of the customer in the same manner as if he had done his full duty.
[3] Now, the report of the master “restates” the account of the appellant with the bankrupts, and shows a substantial balance in favor of ■ the appellant, without counting the securities in question. This statement is made in view of liquidation as of the time of the failure, and shows that the bankrupts, according to their own account, had more securities and property of the appellant than the amount, he owed, and that the securities in question were not required for the marginal purposes for which they were deposited. It also appears from the master’s report that the bankrupts, some time before the failure, had misappropriated shares of Shoe Machinery stock deposited with them, like the securities in question, as collateral. This misappropriation alone constituted a grave dereliction of duty, which would have justified the appellant, had he known of it, in terminating relations with the bankrupts and in calling them to account. It further appears from the testimony in the record that when the bankrupts failed they did not have in their possession or under their control the stocks they had purchased for the appellant, or corresponding shares.2 This proof might be insufficient to establish conversion at any particular time prior to the failure; but it does make out at least a prima facie case of conversion at some time prior thereto. Unless the bankrupts had converted the shares, they would necessarily have had them on hand or subject to their control, and it was their duty and that of their trustee to explain what had become of them.3
. For these reasons we are of the opinion:
(1) That the hypothecation of the shares in question was not necessary for the purposes for which they were deposited with the bankrupts.
(2) That the- bankrupts, by their misconduct in misappropriating the Shoe Machinery stock belonging to the appellant, lost their right to the continued use of his other property.
(3) That the bankrupts, by the conversion of the appellant’s “long” [725] securities and failure to carry them, lost their right to the continued use of collateral deposited as margin on stocks to be actually carried.
(4) That for some time prior to the failure the bankrupts owed the appellant the duty of withdrawing the securities in question from the pledge in the Mechanics’ Bank and of surrendering them to him.
(5) That, consequently, the securities in question at the time of the failure, stood in the Mechanics’ Bank in the position of securities wrongfxxlly pledged.
And, as a corollary to these conclusions, we fxxrther hold that the equities of the appellant entitle him to be placed in class A, instead of in class B.
[4] With respect to the claixn of the People’s Bank of Passaic, to which appellant objects: The master, after finding that the banknipts’ checks to the People’s Bank, given for the proceeds of its bonds which had been sold by the bankrupts, was susceptible of immediate certification, had it been presented to the Mechanics’ Bank on which it was drawn, and that the check received by the bankrupts from the purchaser of sxxch bonds was deposited in said Mechanics’ Bank, said:
“Althoxxgh there was no conversion of the bonds or the Cohen check, it does not follow that claimant is remediless to impress a trust on the proceeds, upon the equitable principles of mistake. Both parties assumed that Ennis & Stoppani's check on the Mechanics’ National Bank woxxhl he certified and paid. It was susceptible of certification, xxxxd the bonds were delivered ixx reliance on that fact. The messenger coxxld not, by omitting to procxxre its certification, waive the x-ight thereto, and there is nothing in the fact that he deposited the check uxicertified which evinces an intention on the part of his employers to extend credit to Ennis & Stoppani. I am of the opinion that, by the well-settled doctrines of equity, a constructive trust arises in this case, where one party has received property which does not equitably belong to him, and which he cannot in good conscience retain or withhold from one who is beneficially entitled thereto.”
In our opinion these conclusions of the special master were correct. The proceeds of the claimant’s bonds constituted trxxst funds, which were traced into the Mechanics’ Bank and have unjustly enriched the bankrupts’ estate.
The contention of the appellant Bamford that the doctrine of unjust enrichment cannot apply against him and the other legal and equitable [726] owners of securities wrongfully pledged is not well founded. The proceeds of these bonds increased the amount of the bankrupts’• deposit in the Mechanics’ Bank. This deposit was applied by said bank in liquidating the indebtedness of the bankrupts to it, and resulted in the turning over to the trustee of a greater surplus fund than would otherwise have been the case. In other words, the fund being distributed in these proceedings was, in effect, increased by the amount of the claimant’s trust funds through their deposit in the bank.
Manifestly the People’s Bank was entitled to share in the fund, and the only question is whether it should remain in class A, where the master placed it, or should be transferred to class B. As, however, the bankrupts had no lien or charge against the claimant’s moneys which went to the ultimate increase of the fund turned over to the trustee, we think that its claim against such fund should stand upon the same basis as the claim of those whose securities went into such fund and against which the bankrupts had no claim. In other words, in weighing equities, we should not distinguish .between 'the contribution of moneys and securities to the fund.
The order of the District Court in placing the claim of the appellant, in class B is reversed, with costs, and the matter remanded for further proceedings in accordance with this opinion.
The order of the District Court with respect to the claim of the People’s Bank of Passaic is affirmed, with one-half the costs in such matter against the appellant Bamford.