[Cite as In re D.M., 2017-Ohio-232.]
STATE OF OHIO ) IN THE COURT OF APPEALS )ss: NINTH JUDICIAL DISTRICT COUNTY OF MEDINA )
IN RE: D.M. C.A. No. 16CA0019-M
APPEAL FROM JUDGMENT ENTERED IN THE COURT OF COMMON PLEAS COUNTY OF MEDINA, OHIO CASE No. 2009 08 DQ 0453
DECISION AND JOURNAL ENTRY
Dated: January 23, 2017
CARR, Presiding Judge.
{¶1} Appellant D.M. appeals his classification by the Medina County Court of
Common Pleas, Juvenile Division, as a juvenile sex offender registrant. This Court affirms.
I.
{¶2} In 2009, when D.M. was 16 years old, a complaint was filed against him in the
Fulton County Court of Common Pleas, Juvenile Division, alleging that he was a delinquent
child by reason of one count of gross sexual imposition, a felony of the third degree if committed
by an adult. Pursuant to a negotiated plea agreement, the State amended the charge from gross
sexual imposition as against a person younger than 13 years old to a charge of gross sexual
imposition by force or threat of force. The offense remained a felony of the third degree if
committed by an adult. The child then entered a plea of true to the amended charge. All parties
further agreed that D.M. must be classified a Tier I sexual offender for purposes of sex offender
registration, and that the matter would be transferred to the Medina County Court of Common 2
Pleas, Juvenile Division, for disposition. Pending disposition, D.M. was placed in the Starr
Common Wealth treatment facility.1
{¶3} In October 2009, the Medina County Juvenile Court found D.M. to be a
mandatory Tier I juvenile sex offender registrant and classified him as such. The court further
noted that, pursuant to R.C. 2152.84, it would conduct a hearing upon completion of the
disposition to review the effectiveness of the disposition and determine whether to continue or
modify the child’s Tier I classification. At the dispositional hearing, the trial court committed
D.M. to the legal custody of the Ohio Department of Youth Services for a minimum period of six
months up to the juvenile’s attainment of the age of twenty-one. The court suspended the
commitment contingent on D.M.’s compliance with all rules and conditions of probation. The
court placed him on indefinite probation, committed him to the detention center for 90 days, and
suspended that commitment contingent upon D.M.’s compliance with the terms and conditions
of community control. Accordingly, D.M. was not committed to the custody of a secure facility.
The juvenile court further ordered, among other things, that the child participate in sex offender
treatment and successfully complete all recommendations made by Starr Common Wealth. D.M.
did not appeal his disposition or classification.
{¶4} After ten months on probation, D.M. allegedly violated the terms and conditions
of his probation. After a hearing, the juvenile court found him delinquent by reason of the
probation violation and continued his term of probation. Approximately eight months later, the
probation officer moved to terminate D.M.’s probation, in part because he had reached the age of
1 The record contains various spellings of the name of this facility. We use the spelling utilized by the juvenile court in its dispositional judgment entry. 3
majority, completed residential sex offender treatment, and relocated to Franklin County. The
juvenile court granted the motion on April 4, 2011.
{¶5} In August 2012, D.M. petitioned the juvenile court for declassification pursuant to
R.C. 2152.85. In his memorandum in support, the juvenile recounted the procedural history and
admitted that his original classification as a Tier I sexual offender, requiring registration for a
period of ten years, was “mandatory under the guidelines due to the juvenile’s age and the nature
of the offense.” The juvenile court ordered D.M. to obtain a sex offender assessment to
determine his risk to reoffend and ordered the probation department to investigate and report on
the issue of his declassification. Subsequently, on October 25, 2012, the juvenile court denied
D.M.’s motion for declassification. D.M. did not appeal the denial of his motion.
{¶6} In October 2015, D.M. filed a motion to vacate his original 2009 classification
order as void, because the juvenile court classified him as a juvenile sex offender registrant
pursuant to R.C. 2152.82, which only applied if the juvenile had a prior adjudication for a
sexually oriented offense. The State replied in opposition, conceding that the juvenile court
should have classified the youth pursuant to R.C. 2152.83 rather than R.C. 2152.82, but arguing
that the classification was voidable rather than void and that D.M.’s motion to vacate the original
classification was barred by the doctrine of res judicata. On February 1, 2016, the juvenile court
agreed with the State and concluded that the original classification order was voidable, rather
than void. Although it also concluded that the doctrine of res judicata was applicable, it
nevertheless corrected the original classification order to reflect that D.M. was subject to
mandatory classification as a juvenile sex offender registrant (as D.M. stipulated prior to the
original classification) pursuant to R.C. 2152.83 instead of R.C. 2152.82. D.M. filed a timely
appeal, raising one assignment of error for review. 4
II.
ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR
THE JUVENILE COURT ERRED WHEN IT DENIED D.M.’S MOTION TO VACATE HIS CLASSIFICATION AS VOID BECAUSE THE JUVENILE COURT WAS NOT AUTHORIZED TO CLASSIFY HIM UNDER R.C. 2152.82.
{¶7} D.M. argues that the juvenile court erred by denying his motion to vacate his
original sex offender classification because the order was void. This Court disagrees. We are
persuaded, however, by the State’s argument that the juvenile court’s error in classifying D.M. as
a juvenile sexual offender registrant with citation to R.C. 2152.82 resulted in a voidable order,
the consideration of which by this Court is precluded by the doctrine of res judicata.
{¶8} The Supreme Court of Ohio recently continued its ongoing attempts to clarify the
distinction between void and voidable orders relative to sentencing issues. In State v. Williams,
Slip Opinion No. 2016-Ohio-7658, the high court reiterated that, because a trial court only has
authority to impose a sentence or other penalty as provided by law, the imposition of a sentence
or penalty contrary to statute is a nullity and results in a void judgment of conviction. ¶ 20-22.
Accordingly, the Williams court held that, where the sentencing court has actually determined
that offenses are allied offenses of similar import, the sentence is void if the trial court imposes a
sentence on each count because the law requires that allied offenses merge for purposes of
sentencing. ¶ 2. Where the sentence is void as contrary to law, the doctrine of res judicata is not
applicable and the sentence remains subject to collateral attack at any time. Id.
{¶9} The Williams court distinguished sentences and penalties that were imposed
merely in error, however. “[I]f the sentencing court had jurisdiction and statutory authority to
act, sentencing errors do not render the sentence void, and the sentence can be set aside only if
successfully challenged on direct appeal.” Williams at ¶ 23, citing State v. Fisher, 128 Ohio 5
St.3d 92, 2010-Ohio-6238, ¶ 6-7, and State v. Payne, 114 Ohio St.3d 502, 2007-Ohio-4642, ¶ 28.
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[Cite as In re D.M., 2017-Ohio-232.]
STATE OF OHIO ) IN THE COURT OF APPEALS )ss: NINTH JUDICIAL DISTRICT COUNTY OF MEDINA )
IN RE: D.M. C.A. No. 16CA0019-M
APPEAL FROM JUDGMENT ENTERED IN THE COURT OF COMMON PLEAS COUNTY OF MEDINA, OHIO CASE No. 2009 08 DQ 0453
DECISION AND JOURNAL ENTRY
Dated: January 23, 2017
CARR, Presiding Judge.
{¶1} Appellant D.M. appeals his classification by the Medina County Court of
Common Pleas, Juvenile Division, as a juvenile sex offender registrant. This Court affirms.
I.
{¶2} In 2009, when D.M. was 16 years old, a complaint was filed against him in the
Fulton County Court of Common Pleas, Juvenile Division, alleging that he was a delinquent
child by reason of one count of gross sexual imposition, a felony of the third degree if committed
by an adult. Pursuant to a negotiated plea agreement, the State amended the charge from gross
sexual imposition as against a person younger than 13 years old to a charge of gross sexual
imposition by force or threat of force. The offense remained a felony of the third degree if
committed by an adult. The child then entered a plea of true to the amended charge. All parties
further agreed that D.M. must be classified a Tier I sexual offender for purposes of sex offender
registration, and that the matter would be transferred to the Medina County Court of Common 2
Pleas, Juvenile Division, for disposition. Pending disposition, D.M. was placed in the Starr
Common Wealth treatment facility.1
{¶3} In October 2009, the Medina County Juvenile Court found D.M. to be a
mandatory Tier I juvenile sex offender registrant and classified him as such. The court further
noted that, pursuant to R.C. 2152.84, it would conduct a hearing upon completion of the
disposition to review the effectiveness of the disposition and determine whether to continue or
modify the child’s Tier I classification. At the dispositional hearing, the trial court committed
D.M. to the legal custody of the Ohio Department of Youth Services for a minimum period of six
months up to the juvenile’s attainment of the age of twenty-one. The court suspended the
commitment contingent on D.M.’s compliance with all rules and conditions of probation. The
court placed him on indefinite probation, committed him to the detention center for 90 days, and
suspended that commitment contingent upon D.M.’s compliance with the terms and conditions
of community control. Accordingly, D.M. was not committed to the custody of a secure facility.
The juvenile court further ordered, among other things, that the child participate in sex offender
treatment and successfully complete all recommendations made by Starr Common Wealth. D.M.
did not appeal his disposition or classification.
{¶4} After ten months on probation, D.M. allegedly violated the terms and conditions
of his probation. After a hearing, the juvenile court found him delinquent by reason of the
probation violation and continued his term of probation. Approximately eight months later, the
probation officer moved to terminate D.M.’s probation, in part because he had reached the age of
1 The record contains various spellings of the name of this facility. We use the spelling utilized by the juvenile court in its dispositional judgment entry. 3
majority, completed residential sex offender treatment, and relocated to Franklin County. The
juvenile court granted the motion on April 4, 2011.
{¶5} In August 2012, D.M. petitioned the juvenile court for declassification pursuant to
R.C. 2152.85. In his memorandum in support, the juvenile recounted the procedural history and
admitted that his original classification as a Tier I sexual offender, requiring registration for a
period of ten years, was “mandatory under the guidelines due to the juvenile’s age and the nature
of the offense.” The juvenile court ordered D.M. to obtain a sex offender assessment to
determine his risk to reoffend and ordered the probation department to investigate and report on
the issue of his declassification. Subsequently, on October 25, 2012, the juvenile court denied
D.M.’s motion for declassification. D.M. did not appeal the denial of his motion.
{¶6} In October 2015, D.M. filed a motion to vacate his original 2009 classification
order as void, because the juvenile court classified him as a juvenile sex offender registrant
pursuant to R.C. 2152.82, which only applied if the juvenile had a prior adjudication for a
sexually oriented offense. The State replied in opposition, conceding that the juvenile court
should have classified the youth pursuant to R.C. 2152.83 rather than R.C. 2152.82, but arguing
that the classification was voidable rather than void and that D.M.’s motion to vacate the original
classification was barred by the doctrine of res judicata. On February 1, 2016, the juvenile court
agreed with the State and concluded that the original classification order was voidable, rather
than void. Although it also concluded that the doctrine of res judicata was applicable, it
nevertheless corrected the original classification order to reflect that D.M. was subject to
mandatory classification as a juvenile sex offender registrant (as D.M. stipulated prior to the
original classification) pursuant to R.C. 2152.83 instead of R.C. 2152.82. D.M. filed a timely
appeal, raising one assignment of error for review. 4
II.
ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR
THE JUVENILE COURT ERRED WHEN IT DENIED D.M.’S MOTION TO VACATE HIS CLASSIFICATION AS VOID BECAUSE THE JUVENILE COURT WAS NOT AUTHORIZED TO CLASSIFY HIM UNDER R.C. 2152.82.
{¶7} D.M. argues that the juvenile court erred by denying his motion to vacate his
original sex offender classification because the order was void. This Court disagrees. We are
persuaded, however, by the State’s argument that the juvenile court’s error in classifying D.M. as
a juvenile sexual offender registrant with citation to R.C. 2152.82 resulted in a voidable order,
the consideration of which by this Court is precluded by the doctrine of res judicata.
{¶8} The Supreme Court of Ohio recently continued its ongoing attempts to clarify the
distinction between void and voidable orders relative to sentencing issues. In State v. Williams,
Slip Opinion No. 2016-Ohio-7658, the high court reiterated that, because a trial court only has
authority to impose a sentence or other penalty as provided by law, the imposition of a sentence
or penalty contrary to statute is a nullity and results in a void judgment of conviction. ¶ 20-22.
Accordingly, the Williams court held that, where the sentencing court has actually determined
that offenses are allied offenses of similar import, the sentence is void if the trial court imposes a
sentence on each count because the law requires that allied offenses merge for purposes of
sentencing. ¶ 2. Where the sentence is void as contrary to law, the doctrine of res judicata is not
applicable and the sentence remains subject to collateral attack at any time. Id.
{¶9} The Williams court distinguished sentences and penalties that were imposed
merely in error, however. “[I]f the sentencing court had jurisdiction and statutory authority to
act, sentencing errors do not render the sentence void, and the sentence can be set aside only if
successfully challenged on direct appeal.” Williams at ¶ 23, citing State v. Fisher, 128 Ohio 5
St.3d 92, 2010-Ohio-6238, ¶ 6-7, and State v. Payne, 114 Ohio St.3d 502, 2007-Ohio-4642, ¶ 28.
Accordingly, the high court noted that a trial court’s failure to merge offenses for purposes of
sentencing, where the court has not previously found the offenses to be allied (either expressly or
by merely failing to make such a finding), does not result in a void sentence, but rather a
voidable one subject to challenge only on direct appeal. Williams at ¶ 23, 26. The imposition of
multiple sentences is void as contrary to law only where the sentencing court has definitively
found offenses to be allied of similar import, neglects its mandatory duty to merge the offenses,
and nevertheless imposes a sentence on each count. In other words, because the sentencing court
retains statutory authority to impose a sentence on every count that is not an allied offense of
similar import, even where it has erroneously failed to find that the offenses are allied, the
sentence is not void but merely voidable. Id. at ¶ 24-25. Applying this logic to the instant case,
it is reasonable to note that as long as the juvenile court had the statutory authority to classify
D.M. as a juvenile sex offender registrant, any error it committed in its execution of that duty
would result in a voidable classification rather than a void one.
{¶10} In support of his argument, D.M. relies on this Court’s holding in In re H.P., 9th
Dist. Summit No. 24239, 2008-Ohio-5848, for the proposition that a juvenile court’s erroneous
sex offender classification renders the classification order void. H.P. is distinguishable from the
instant matter, however. In H.P., the juvenile court committed the youth to the custody of the
Department of Youth Services and contemporaneously classified him as a Tier III sex offender
despite the clear mandate of R.C. 2152.83(A)(1) that the juvenile court classify a youth whom it
has committed to a secure facility only upon the youth’s release from the secure facility. This
Court held that classification order to be void and ordered its vacation because the juvenile court
lacked the statutory authority to classify the youth at that time. 2008-Ohio-5848, at ¶ 17. 6
Accordingly, the juvenile court in H.P. imposed a penalty without statutory authority to do so,
rendering the classification void.
{¶11} In the instant case, however, the juvenile court did not lack the statutory authority
to classify D.M. as a juvenile sex offender registrant. In fact, under the circumstances of his
case, the juvenile court had a mandatory duty to classify D.M. as a juvenile sex offender
registrant. Pursuant to R.C. 2152.83,
(A)(1) The court that adjudicates a child a delinquent child shall issue as part of the dispositional order * * * an order that classifies the child a juvenile offender registrant and specifies that the child has a duty to comply with sections 2950.04, 2950.041, 2950.05, and 2950.06 of the Revised Code if all of the following apply:
(a) The act for which the child is or was adjudicated a delinquent child is a sexually oriented offense or a child-victim oriented offense that the child committed on or after January 1, 2002.
(b) The child was sixteen or seventeen years of age at the time of committing the offense.
(c) The court was not required to classify the child a juvenile offender registrant under section 2152.82 of the Revised Code or as both a juvenile offender registrant and a public registry-qualified juvenile offender registrant under section 2152.86 of the Revised Code.
(Emphasis added). Moreover, based on the time of the commission of the sexually oriented
offense, the juvenile court was mandated to also classify the child as a Tier I, Tier II, or Tier III
sex offender or child-victim offender. R.C. 2152.831. Accordingly, had the juvenile court failed
to fulfill these mandatory duties under the law, its classification order would have been void. See
Williams, supra, at ¶ 28. However, because the juvenile court had the jurisdiction and statutory
authority to act, any error in its classification of D.M. did not render the order void, but merely
voidable. Id. at ¶ 23, citing Fisher at ¶ 6-7. Because the classification was merely voidable,
D.M. must have challenged it on direct appeal or be barred from raising the issue later pursuant
to the doctrine of res judicata. Williams at ¶ 23. 7
{¶12} The doctrine of res judicata precludes a party from relitigating any issue that was,
or should have been, litigated in a prior action between the parties. State v. Zhao, 9th Dist.
Lorain No. 03CA008386, 2004-Ohio-3245, ¶ 7, citing State v. Meek, 9th Dist. Lorain No.
03CA008315, 2004-Ohio-1981. In classifying D.M. as a juvenile sex offender registrant, the
juvenile court made the findings necessary to classify the youth as a Tier I juvenile sex offender
registrant as required by R.C. 2152.83 and 2152.831. To the extent that it erroneously referenced
R.C. 2152.82, which further requires a determination that the youth was previously adjudicated a
delinquent child for committing a sexually oriented offense, at both the classification hearing and
in the classification order, D.M. was required to raise that issue on direct appeal. Because he
failed to challenge his classification as erroneous on direct appeal, he is barred from raising that
issue now pursuant to the doctrine of res judicata. The assignment of error is overruled.
III.
{¶13} D.M.’s sole assignment of error is overruled. The judgment of the Medina
County Court of Common Pleas, Juvenile Division, is affirmed.
Judgment affirmed.
There were reasonable grounds for this appeal.
We order that a special mandate issue out of this Court, directing the Court of Common
Pleas, County of Medina, State of Ohio, to carry this judgment into execution. A certified copy
of this journal entry shall constitute the mandate, pursuant to App.R. 27.
Immediately upon the filing hereof, this document shall constitute the journal entry of
judgment, and it shall be file stamped by the Clerk of the Court of Appeals at which time the 8
period for review shall begin to run. App.R. 22(C). The Clerk of the Court of Appeals is
instructed to mail a notice of entry of this judgment to the parties and to make a notation of the
mailing in the docket, pursuant to App.R. 30.
Costs taxed to Appellant.
DONNA J. CARR FOR THE COURT
MOORE, J. SCHAFER, J. CONCUR.
APPEARANCES:
CHARLYN BOHLAND, Assistant State Public Defender, for Appellant.
S. FORREST THOMPSON, Prosecuting Attorney, and VINCENT A. VIGLUICCI, Assistant Prosecuting Attorney, for Appellee.