Filed 8/12/15 In re D.G. CA4/2
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.
IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
DIVISION TWO
In re D.G., a Person Coming Under the Juvenile Court Law.
RIVERSIDE COUNTY DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC SOCIAL SERVICES, E063094
Plaintiff and Respondent, (Super.Ct.No. RIJ1400047)
v. OPINION
A.G. et al.,
Defendants and Appellants.
APPEAL from the Superior Court of Riverside County. Jacqueline C. Jackson,
Judge. Affirmed.
Shobita Misra, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant and
Appellant A.G.
Daniel G. Rooney, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant and
Appellant R.G.
1 Gregory P. Priamos, County Counsel, and James E. Brown, Guy B. Pittman, and
Julie Koons Jarvi, Deputy County Counsel, for Plaintiff and Respondent.
I. INTRODUCTION
Defendants and appellants, A.G. (Mother) and R.G. (Father), are the parents of a
girl, D.G., born in September 2013. The parents appeal orders terminating their parental
rights and placing D.G. for adoption. (Welf. & Inst. Code, § 366.26.)1 We affirm the
challenged orders.
Mother, joined by Father, claims the juvenile court erroneously refused to apply
the parental benefit exception to the adoption preference based on Mother’s contacts with
D.G. (§ 366.26, subd. (c)(1)(B)(i).) We conclude the court properly refused to apply the
parental benefit exception and properly terminated parental rights.
II. FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
A. The Events Underlying D.G.’s Dependency
D.G. was taken into protective custody on January 13, 2014, when she was three
months old, following a domestic violence incident between the parents in her presence.
The parents were married and living with D.G. Father was 25 years old; Mother was 19
years old. Mother attended college and relied on Father to care for D.G. while she was at
school. Father had been unemployed since November 2013 and had a five-year-old son
who lived with his mother. Mother had no other children.
1 All further statutory references are to the Welfare and Institutions Code unless otherwise indicated.
2 The domestic violence incident occurred on January 12, while Mother was
cooking breakfast. Father “freaked out” and “lost his mind” when he saw a knife Mother
was using to cut potatoes. He began throwing food from the refrigerator onto the floor,
and broke the refrigerator door. Father had been using methamphetamine on a daily basis
since he lost his job in November 2013. Mother had last used methamphetamine three
days before the incident, on January 9, and tested positive for methamphetamine on
January 13.
After Father broke the refrigerator door, Mother ran into the bedroom and Father
followed her, asking where he had put his stash of methamphetamine. Mother told him it
was in his jacket on the couch where D.G. was lying. When Father went to retrieve his
methamphetamine, Mother attempted to leave the apartment. Father grabbed Mother’s
hair and arm, threw her on a bed, twisted her arm behind her back, then dragged her onto
the floor. He left the bedroom and locked Mother inside, then returned to the bedroom,
where he smashed Mother’s laptop and broke a mirror, leaving broken glass
“everywhere.” Mother left the apartment and Father locked her out.
Mother contacted law enforcement to let her back inside the apartment. When the
police arrived, Mother was inside the apartment with Father and denied any domestic
violence had occurred, saying they had “just wrestled.” Father was arrested for domestic
violence, false imprisonment, child endangerment, and possession of drug paraphernalia
(a glass methamphetamine pipe with residue). Mother did not want to press charges
against Father.
3 Mother had an unstable childhood. She was “a chronic run away” as a child and
was on probation. At the age of 16, she was sent to live in a group home facility in Utah
for 11 months, “a placement for troubled youth.” Apparently before that, she was twice
sent to juvenile hall in Los Angeles, and violated her probation. She twice left the Los
Angeles juvenile hall, without permission, and twice left the Utah facility, also without
permission. Her aunt adopted her when she was five years old, and she lived with her
grandmother before her aunt adopted her. She denied any abuse by her biological parents
but said they probably neglected her.
Mother first used methamphetamine when she was 17 years old. She began using
it “consistently” at age 18, stopped while she was pregnant with D.G.; then began using it
again around December 2013, when she was 19 years old and D.G. was less than three
months old. She was using methamphetamine around twice weekly, while Father was
using it daily. She also took medication for attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder
(ADHD), but infrequently.
When a social worker from plaintiff and respondent, Riverside County
Department of Public Social Services (DPSS), visited the family apartment on January
13, 2014, it was neat and clean, and D.G. showed no signs of abuse or neglect. Mother
bailed Father out of jail on January 14. Like Mother, Father was on juvenile probation at
the age of 16. He had been arrested several times, most recently in November 2012 for
grand theft auto, but those charges were dropped. He began using methamphetamine “in
earnest” at the age of 16. He denied being around D.G. while under the influence, and
4 denied using methamphetamine with Mother. He claimed he only used
methamphetamine outside the home.
B. The Initial Dependency Proceedings
D.G. was ordered detained outside the parents’ custody on January 16, 2014. On
January 28, D.G. was placed in the home of her maternal grandparents, who later became
her prospective adoptive parents. The parents had supervised visits with D.G. on January
24 and February 1, 2014, and the visits “went well.”
By January 31, 2014, Mother was participating in outpatient treatment and other
services through a program offered by New Creation Addiction Treatment Center (New
Creation). On February 7, she enrolled in an inpatient program through New Creation
but left the program on February 19. Mother tested positive for methamphetamine on
February 7 and 10, but tested negative on February 15, 17, and 19. Mother, Father, and a
resident of the New Creation program spent the weekend of February 24 and 25
“partying” and doing drugs. On March 7, Mother enrolled in a new outpatient program.
On March 13, 2014, the juvenile court sustained allegations that the parents had
ongoing domestic violence disputes in the home in the presence of D.G., and abused
methamphetamine in the home while caring for D.G. D.G. was ordered removed from
parental custody, and reunification services were ordered for both parents. The parents’
services were terminated at the six-month review hearing in October 2014, and a section
366.26 hearing was set.
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Filed 8/12/15 In re D.G. CA4/2
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.
IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
DIVISION TWO
In re D.G., a Person Coming Under the Juvenile Court Law.
RIVERSIDE COUNTY DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC SOCIAL SERVICES, E063094
Plaintiff and Respondent, (Super.Ct.No. RIJ1400047)
v. OPINION
A.G. et al.,
Defendants and Appellants.
APPEAL from the Superior Court of Riverside County. Jacqueline C. Jackson,
Judge. Affirmed.
Shobita Misra, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant and
Appellant A.G.
Daniel G. Rooney, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant and
Appellant R.G.
1 Gregory P. Priamos, County Counsel, and James E. Brown, Guy B. Pittman, and
Julie Koons Jarvi, Deputy County Counsel, for Plaintiff and Respondent.
I. INTRODUCTION
Defendants and appellants, A.G. (Mother) and R.G. (Father), are the parents of a
girl, D.G., born in September 2013. The parents appeal orders terminating their parental
rights and placing D.G. for adoption. (Welf. & Inst. Code, § 366.26.)1 We affirm the
challenged orders.
Mother, joined by Father, claims the juvenile court erroneously refused to apply
the parental benefit exception to the adoption preference based on Mother’s contacts with
D.G. (§ 366.26, subd. (c)(1)(B)(i).) We conclude the court properly refused to apply the
parental benefit exception and properly terminated parental rights.
II. FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
A. The Events Underlying D.G.’s Dependency
D.G. was taken into protective custody on January 13, 2014, when she was three
months old, following a domestic violence incident between the parents in her presence.
The parents were married and living with D.G. Father was 25 years old; Mother was 19
years old. Mother attended college and relied on Father to care for D.G. while she was at
school. Father had been unemployed since November 2013 and had a five-year-old son
who lived with his mother. Mother had no other children.
1 All further statutory references are to the Welfare and Institutions Code unless otherwise indicated.
2 The domestic violence incident occurred on January 12, while Mother was
cooking breakfast. Father “freaked out” and “lost his mind” when he saw a knife Mother
was using to cut potatoes. He began throwing food from the refrigerator onto the floor,
and broke the refrigerator door. Father had been using methamphetamine on a daily basis
since he lost his job in November 2013. Mother had last used methamphetamine three
days before the incident, on January 9, and tested positive for methamphetamine on
January 13.
After Father broke the refrigerator door, Mother ran into the bedroom and Father
followed her, asking where he had put his stash of methamphetamine. Mother told him it
was in his jacket on the couch where D.G. was lying. When Father went to retrieve his
methamphetamine, Mother attempted to leave the apartment. Father grabbed Mother’s
hair and arm, threw her on a bed, twisted her arm behind her back, then dragged her onto
the floor. He left the bedroom and locked Mother inside, then returned to the bedroom,
where he smashed Mother’s laptop and broke a mirror, leaving broken glass
“everywhere.” Mother left the apartment and Father locked her out.
Mother contacted law enforcement to let her back inside the apartment. When the
police arrived, Mother was inside the apartment with Father and denied any domestic
violence had occurred, saying they had “just wrestled.” Father was arrested for domestic
violence, false imprisonment, child endangerment, and possession of drug paraphernalia
(a glass methamphetamine pipe with residue). Mother did not want to press charges
against Father.
3 Mother had an unstable childhood. She was “a chronic run away” as a child and
was on probation. At the age of 16, she was sent to live in a group home facility in Utah
for 11 months, “a placement for troubled youth.” Apparently before that, she was twice
sent to juvenile hall in Los Angeles, and violated her probation. She twice left the Los
Angeles juvenile hall, without permission, and twice left the Utah facility, also without
permission. Her aunt adopted her when she was five years old, and she lived with her
grandmother before her aunt adopted her. She denied any abuse by her biological parents
but said they probably neglected her.
Mother first used methamphetamine when she was 17 years old. She began using
it “consistently” at age 18, stopped while she was pregnant with D.G.; then began using it
again around December 2013, when she was 19 years old and D.G. was less than three
months old. She was using methamphetamine around twice weekly, while Father was
using it daily. She also took medication for attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder
(ADHD), but infrequently.
When a social worker from plaintiff and respondent, Riverside County
Department of Public Social Services (DPSS), visited the family apartment on January
13, 2014, it was neat and clean, and D.G. showed no signs of abuse or neglect. Mother
bailed Father out of jail on January 14. Like Mother, Father was on juvenile probation at
the age of 16. He had been arrested several times, most recently in November 2012 for
grand theft auto, but those charges were dropped. He began using methamphetamine “in
earnest” at the age of 16. He denied being around D.G. while under the influence, and
4 denied using methamphetamine with Mother. He claimed he only used
methamphetamine outside the home.
B. The Initial Dependency Proceedings
D.G. was ordered detained outside the parents’ custody on January 16, 2014. On
January 28, D.G. was placed in the home of her maternal grandparents, who later became
her prospective adoptive parents. The parents had supervised visits with D.G. on January
24 and February 1, 2014, and the visits “went well.”
By January 31, 2014, Mother was participating in outpatient treatment and other
services through a program offered by New Creation Addiction Treatment Center (New
Creation). On February 7, she enrolled in an inpatient program through New Creation
but left the program on February 19. Mother tested positive for methamphetamine on
February 7 and 10, but tested negative on February 15, 17, and 19. Mother, Father, and a
resident of the New Creation program spent the weekend of February 24 and 25
“partying” and doing drugs. On March 7, Mother enrolled in a new outpatient program.
On March 13, 2014, the juvenile court sustained allegations that the parents had
ongoing domestic violence disputes in the home in the presence of D.G., and abused
methamphetamine in the home while caring for D.G. D.G. was ordered removed from
parental custody, and reunification services were ordered for both parents. The parents’
services were terminated at the six-month review hearing in October 2014, and a section
366.26 hearing was set.
5 Prior to the review hearing, DPSS reported Mother had made no progress in her
case plan. Between March and October 2014, she was enrolled in several substance
abuse treatment programs, but left each program before completing it. She did not
submit to any random drugs tests between March and October 2014. Her whereabouts
were unknown between July 27 and August 18, after she left one treatment program. Her
participation in other aspects of her case plan was sporadic at best. She attended only a
few parenting and domestic violence classes, and did not participate in any individual
counseling sessions. She tested positive for methamphetamine only two days before the
October 16 review hearing.
Father did not participate in any services. In June 2014, he was arrested for being
under the influence of methamphetamine. In October 2014, he was arrested and charged
with felony possession of methamphetamine, misdemeanor possession of drug
paraphernalia, and violation of his probation.
C. The Section 366.26 Hearing
In February 2015, DPSS reported Mother had significant contacts with D.G. over
the previous year, though her contacts were “at times inconsistent.” Except for the period
in July and August 2014, when her whereabouts were unknown, Mother had once
weekly, two-hour supervised visits with D.G. in the home of the maternal grandparents.
The visits were “appropriate” but never progressed to unsupervised visits. The maternal
grandmother assured DPSS she would not allow Mother to visit D.G. if Mother was
6 under the influence of controlled substances. Father had had sporadic contacts with D.G.
since January 2014, and D.G. was uncomfortable in his presence.
D.G. was a “cherished member” of the grandparents’ family. She had a strong
emotional attachment to the grandparents and no developmental delays. The
grandparents were willing to adopt her, and they did not want to enter into a postadoption
agreement with Mother.
At the March 3, 2015, section 366.26 hearing, the court terminated parental rights
and placed D.G. for adoption, after rejecting Mother’s request to select legal guardianship
rather than adoption as D.G.’s permanent plan, on the ground the parental benefit
exception applied based on Mother’s contacts with D.G. (§ 366.26, subd. (c)(1)(B)(i).)
III. DISCUSSION
Mother claims the juvenile court erroneously refused to apply the parental benefit
exception to the adoption preference based on her continued visits with D.G. Father joins
this claim, and argues that if Mother’s parental rights are reinstated then his parental
rights should also be reinstated. We conclude the court properly refused to apply the
parental benefit exception. Thus, we affirm the section 366.26 orders.
A. Applicable Legal Principles and Standard of Review
At a section 366.26 permanency planning hearing, the juvenile court determines a
permanent plan of care for a dependent child. (In re Casey D. (1999) 70 Cal.App.4th 38,
50.) Permanent plans include adoption, guardianship, and long-term foster care. (In re
S.B. (2008) 164 Cal.App.4th 289, 296.) “Adoption, where possible, is the permanent
7 plan preferred by the Legislature.” (In re Autumn H. (1994) 27 Cal.App.4th 567, 573.)
Adoption requires terminating the parental rights of the child’s parents. (Id. at p. 574.)
To avoid termination of parental rights and adoption, a parent has the burden of
showing that one or more of the statutory exceptions to termination of parental rights set
forth in section 366.26, subdivision (c)(1)(A) or (B) apply. (In re Scott B. (2010) 188
Cal.App.4th 452, 469.) These exceptions permit the court “to choose an option other
than the norm, which remains adoption.” (In re Celine R. (2003) 31 Cal.4th 45, 53.)
The parental benefit exception applies when two conditions are shown: the parent
has “maintained regular visitation and contact with the child and the child would benefit
from continuing the relationship.” (§ 366.26, subd. (c)(1)(B)(i).) The relationship must
be a parental one, not merely a pleasant relationship with a shared, emotional bond. (In
re Derek W. (1999) 73 Cal.App.4th 823, 827.) To prove the child would benefit from
continuing the parental relationship, the parent must show “either that (1) continuation of
the parent-child relationship will promote the well-being of the child to such a degree as
to outweigh the well-being the child would gain in a permanent home with new, adoptive
parents [citation] or (2) termination of the parental relationship would be detrimental to
the child.” (In re Angel B. (2002) 97 Cal.App.4th 454, 466.)
“‘The balancing of competing considerations must be performed on a case-by-case
basis and take into account many variables, including the age of the child, the portion of
the child’s life spent in the parent’s custody, the “positive” or “negative” effect of
interaction between parent and child, and the child’s particular needs. [Citation.]’” (In re
8 Jasmine D. (2000) 78 Cal.App.4th 1339, 1349-1350.) “If severing the existing parental
relationship would deprive the child of ‘a substantial, positive emotional attachment such
that the child would be greatly harmed, the preference for adoption is overcome and the
natural parent’s rights are not terminated.’ [Citation.]” (In re B.D. (2008) 159
Cal.App.4th 1218, 1235.)
Our state appellate courts have traditionally applied both the substantial evidence
test and the abuse of discretion test in considering challenges to juvenile court
determinations that the parental benefit exception did not apply. (In re Scott B., supra,
188 Cal.App.4th at p. 469.) As one court explained: “‘[E]valuating the factual basis for
an exercise of discretion is similar to analyzing the sufficiency of the evidence for the
ruling. . . . Broad deference must be shown to the trial judge. The reviewing court should
interfere only “‘if [it] find[s] that . . . no judge could reasonably have made the order that
he did.’ . . .”’ [Citations.]” (In re Jasmine D., supra, 78 Cal.App.4th at p. 1351.)
More recently, the state appellate courts have applied a composite standard of
review, recognizing that the parental benefit exception entails both factual and
discretionary determinations. (In re Bailey J. (2010) 189 Cal.App.4th 1308, 1314-1315
[substantial evidence standard applies to the factual determination of whether beneficial
relationship exists, and abuse of discretion standard applies to the determination of
whether there is a compelling reason to apply the exception]; In re K.P. (2012) 203
Cal.App.4th 614, 621-622 [same].)
9 B. Analysis
Mother claims it was detrimental to D.G. not to apply the parental benefit
exception and to terminate her parental rights. She argues her visits were consistent and
predictable, and the “high quality” of her visits contributed to D.G.’s “sense of security,
well-being, and overall development.” She claims DPSS repeatedly acknowledged that
D.G. was emotionally attached to her.
Substantial evidence shows, however, that Mother did not occupy a parental role
in D.G.’s life. In addition, the juvenile court did not abuse its discretion in concluding
D.G. would benefit more from adoption than from continuing her relationship with
Mother through a long-term guardianship.
Indeed, Mother did not show that terminating her parental rights would deprive
D.G. of “‘a substantial, positive emotional attachment’” with Mother, or that D.G. would
be greatly harmed if Mother’s parental rights were terminated. (In re B.D., supra, 159
Cal.App.4th at p. 1235.) D.G. was only 17 months old at the time of the section 366.26
hearing. D.G. was happy in her grandparents’ home, while Mother continued to use
methamphetamine and failed to complete numerous treatment programs. In short, there
was no “compelling reason” to apply the parental benefit exception. (§ 366.26, subd.
(c)(1)(B).)
Lastly, because the court properly refused to apply the parental benefit exception
based on Mother’s relationship with D.G., there is no basis to reinstate Father’s parental
rights. (Cal. Rules of Court, rule 5.725(g) [rights of both parents must be terminated in
10 order to free child for adoption]; cf. In re DeJohn B. (2000) 84 Cal.App.4th 100, 110
[reinstating one parent’s parental rights upon reversal of judgment terminating other
parent’s parental rights] with In re Caitlin B. (2000) 78 Cal.App.4th 1190, 1194 [nothing
in former Cal. Rules of Court, rule 1463(g), the predecessor to Cal. Rules of Court, rule
5.725(g), requires one parent’s parental rights to be reinstated if other parent’s parental
rights are reinstated].)
IV. DISPOSITION
The March 15, 2015, orders terminating parental rights and selecting adoption as
the permanent plan for D.G. are affirmed.
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
KING J.
We concur:
McKINSTER Acting P. J.
MILLER J.