[Cite as In re D.F., 2022-Ohio-1781.]
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT MONTGOMERY COUNTY
IN RE: D.F. & A.W.F. : : : Appellate Case No. 29350 : : Trial Court Case Nos. G-2018-000278- : 0N, 0Q and H-2018-000279-0P, 0R : : (Appeal from Common Pleas Court- : Juvenile Division) :
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OPINION
Rendered on the 27th day of May, 2022.
MATHIAS H. HECK, JR., by LISA M. LIGHT, Atty. Reg. No. 0097348, Assistant Prosecuting Attorney, Montgomery County Prosecutor’s Office, Appellate Division, Montgomery County Courts Building, 301 West Third Street, Dayton, Ohio 45422 Attorney for Appellee, Montgomery County Children Services
ROBERT ALAN BRENNER, Atty. Reg. No. 0067714, P.O. Box 340214, Dayton, Ohio 45434 Attorney for Appellant, Mother
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TUCKER, P.J. -2-
{¶ 1} Mother appeals from a judgment of the Montgomery County Court of
Common Pleas, Juvenile Division, which terminated her parental rights and awarded
Montgomery County Children Services (“MCCS”) permanent custody of her children, D.F.
and A.W.F. Mother contends the juvenile court erred by finding that an award of
permanent custody was in the children's best interest.
{¶ 2} Because the record clearly and convincingly establishes that the children had
been in the temporary custody of MCCS for 12 or more months out of a consecutive 22-
month period and that an award of permanent custody to MCCS was in the children’s
best interest, we affirm.
I. Facts and Procedural History
{¶ 3} D.F. was born in December 2006 and A.W.F. was born in May 2009. Both
boys lived with Mother for the majority of their lives. Father has not been involved with
the children and has not participated in this case.
{¶ 4} A.W.F. has been diagnosed with numerous disorders including autism,
attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, Tourette’s syndrome, and intermittent explosive
disorder. He takes five different medications for the management of his conditions.
D.F. has been diagnosed with disruptive mood dysregulation, attention deficit
hyperactivity combined presentation, and developmental coordination disorder. He
takes three different medications for his conditions. Mother receives treatment for post-
traumatic stress disorder, anxiety, and depression, and has been prescribed three -3-
medications.
{¶ 5} MCCS has been involved with this family since early 2017 when D.F. and
A.W.F. were discovered home alone while Mother was at work. When police responded
to the home, they noted a foul odor in the residence. The entire home was in disarray
with dog feces throughout. The officers discovered raw, spoiled meat on the kitchen
floor and expired food in the refrigerator. They also noted moldy dishes piled in the
kitchen. Mother was arrested and convicted of misdemeanor child endangering. The
children were placed outside the home but were subsequently returned to Mother’s care.
{¶ 6} In January 2018, staff at D.F.’s school noted he was arriving at school in dirty
clothes with an obvious odor about him. The school resource officer, Thomas Hamlin,
was alerted, and a welfare check was conducted on January 18, 2018. When Hamlin
arrived at the home, he noted numerous dogs running in the house. Hamlin observed
and smelled dog feces throughout the home. He also observed that the only toilet in the
home was clogged with feces. Hamlin found that there was no edible food in the home
and that there was standing water in both the kitchen sink and bathtub. The house was
cluttered with debris, and trash was strewn about the home. None of the beds had
sheets or blankets.
{¶ 7} A.W.F. and D.F. were removed from the home. Mother was arrested and
charged with felony child endangering. Mother was ultimately convicted as charged.
On January 19, 2018, MCCS filed a complaint alleging that D.F. and A.W.F. were abused,
neglected and dependent. The children were placed in the emergency custody of MCCS
that day. On February 23, 2018, the juvenile court adjudicated the children to be -4-
neglected, abused and dependent, and MCCS was granted temporary custody.
{¶ 8} A case plan was implemented for Mother. The case plan objectives
included the following: (1) complete a mental health assessment and follow any
recommendations; (2) complete of a parenting psychological assessment and follow any
recommendations; (3) complete a parenting education course and demonstrate
improvement in parenting skills; (4) maintain the home to a minimally acceptable
standard; (5) work with a financial planner in order to address a pending foreclosure
action; (6) attend appointments with the children; (7) participate in monthly caseworker
visits; (8) attend weekly visitation with the children; and, (9) sign information release
forms.
{¶ 9} In December 2018, MCCS referred Mother to Agape for Youth, Inc.
(“Agape”), an entity which provides assistance to families in the reunification effort.
Agape personnel work directly with families for approximately five to ten hours per week.
The case was assigned to Donna Merrill, who first met with Mother on December 4, 2018.
Merrill noted that Mother’s house was cluttered and had a strong odor of urine. Merrill’s
primary focus was on getting the home clean and making it safe for the children while
also providing Mother with skills to help her deal with the behavioral needs of the boys.
{¶ 10} During a visit to the home in early January 2019, Merrill noted that the home
was “uncomfortably cold” and had an “overwhelming” odor of urine. Tr. p. 147. Merrill
also observed that the house was cluttered with trash and had dried feces on the floor.
The boys’ mattresses were on the floor with no sheets or blankets. The kitchen was
cluttered with old food and dirty dishes. -5-
{¶ 11} During January and February 2019, Mother made progress with the home,
and her visitations with the children went well. MCCS decided to allow unsupervised
visits and also began to allow overnight visits in the home. The overnight visits were
restricted to one child at a time. In March 2019, MCCS arranged for extended visitation
during the children’s spring break vacation; both boys were placed in Mother’s home for
that week. However, by the end of the week, the situation had deteriorated. Merrill
found the house to be in “probably the worst [condition] I’d ever seen it.” Tr. p. 157.
Mother told Merrill that the boys were out of control and were cursing at her, hitting her,
and throwing objects around. According to Mother, the boys had also been hitting and
kicking each other and A.W.F. had been urinating on the floor. Merrill observed broken
glass, cereal boxes, and spilled drinks on the floors throughout the home. Mother stated
that she had been unable to maintain the house and take care of the children at the same
time. However, Mother also admitted that she had not attempted to control the boys’
behavior because she believed they were having a good time.
{¶ 12} After the spring break visit ended, A.W.F. made an allegation that D.F. had
sexually assaulted him during the visit. Following an investigation, it could not be
determined whether an assault had occurred. However, MCCS restricted visitations
between the children to supervised visits. MCCS paused its reunification effort due to
Mother’s inability to maintain the home in a minimally acceptable standard and her
inability to effectively supervise the children. At that point, Agape closed its case, and
Merrill had a final home meeting with Mother.
{¶ 13} Eventually, Mother again began working toward cleaning the home. Once -6-
the condition of the home improved, MCCS attempted to reunify Mother and D.F., based
upon the theory that D.F. would be easier to care for while maintaining the home. This
attempt involved D.F. being returned to the home in June 2019 for an extended visitation.
MCCS conducted multiple home visits per month while D.F. lived there and noted that the
condition of the home was “marginal, but okay.” Tr. p. 318. However, by the end of
September 2019, the urine smell began increasing, and the home was again cluttered
with trash. In October, the caseworker began receiving telephone calls from D.F.’s
school regarding his lack of personal hygiene. The school also reported that D.F. was
wearing ill-fitting clothing, was not prepared for his classes, and was demonstrating
escalating inappropriate conduct, including threatening other students and lashing out at
the staff. After speaking with the school therapist, the caseworker requested a home
welfare check. Police officers went to the home, but Mother did not permit them to enter.
The next day, Hamlin, the school resource officer, accompanied two caseworkers to the
home. Mother permitted them to enter but had the lights turned off and the curtains
closed; eventually, the lights were turned on, and the caseworkers and Hamlin were able
to observe animal feces throughout the home. They also observed moldy food in the
kitchen and a puddle of urine in the dining room. A cat litter box in the kitchen was full
of feces, and feces was splattered on the floor. There were dried feces marks on a wall
that Mother said had been there for two years. D.F. was removed from the home that
day. On January 3, 2020, MCCS filed a motion seeking permanent custody of the
children.
{¶ 14} During the pendency of this case, D.F. has been in the same foster home -7-
except during the periods of extended visitation with Mother. His foster family was
meeting his physical and mental needs and had expressed interest in adoption, but it was
concerned by Mother’s interference with D.F.’s care.
{¶ 15} A.W.F.’s behavioral problems and mental health symptoms deteriorated as
he got older. He exhibited inappropriate sexual behavior, which had escalated to the
point that he had attempted to masturbate in front of other people. He had been violent
toward his peers and made comments about raping little girls and setting people on fire.
He hoarded and consumed his own feces.1
{¶ 16} A.W.F. had had five foster home care placements. At one point, he was in
a foster home in which MCCS had previously placed some of its most challenging
children. However, in September 2018, A.W.F.’s behavior escalated to the point that he
was hospitalized for ten days in the psychiatric ward of Cincinnati Children’s Hospital for
psychosis and hallucinations. A.W.F. was then removed from that foster placement; the
foster parents did not believe they could safely house A.W.F. because he had acted
violently toward the other children in the home.
{¶ 17} In May 2019, A.W.F. was placed in a group home in Montgomery County,
where he has remained. At one point, the group home contemplated making a removal
request because the staff members did not believe they could care for A.W.F. and
because Mother was combative with the staff. Thereafter, MCCS limited Mother’s
contact with A.W.F., and his behavior somewhat improved. The home hired additional
1 According to the caseworker, Mother stated that A.W.F. had had a habit of consuming his own feces since he was two-years old. The caseworker stated Mother did not find this behavior concerning. -8-
staff in order to care for A.W.F., and he received 24-hour personalized care at the time of
the hearing. Except when he is sleeping, A.W.F. was given one-on-one care.
{¶ 18} A hearing on the motion for permanent custody was conducted on
November 12 and 13, 2020. Thereafter, the magistrate found that the children had been
in the custody of MCCS for 12 out of 22 consecutive months and that a grant of permanent
custody to MCCS was in the best interest of the children. Mother filed timely objections
to the magistrate’s decision. On December 8, 2021, the trial court overruled Mother’s
objections and awarded permanent custody of both children to MCCS.
{¶ 19} Mother appeals.
II.
{¶ 20} Mother asserts the following as her sole assignment of error:
THE JUVENILE COURT ERRED WHEN IT GRANTED PERMANENT
CUSTODY OF THE CHILDREN TO [MCCS].
{¶ 21} Ohio recognizes that “parents who are ‘suitable’ have a ‘paramount’ right to
the custody of their children.” In re B.C., 141 Ohio St.3d 55, 2014-Ohio-4558, 21 N.E.3d
308, ¶ 19, quoting In re Perales, 52 Ohio St.2d 89, 97, 369 N.E.2d 1047 (1977). (Other
citations omitted.) However, the rights of the parent “are not absolute, but are always
subject to the ultimate welfare of the child, which is the polestar or controlling principle to
be observed.’ ” In re Cunningham, 59 Ohio St.2d 100, 106, 391 N.E.2d 1034 (1979),
quoting In re R.J.C., 300 So.2d 54, 58 (Fla. App.1974). “Ultimately, parental interests
are subordinate to the child's interest when determining the appropriate resolution of a -9-
petition to terminate parental rights.” B.C. at ¶ 20.
{¶ 22} Ohio’s statutes regarding termination of parental rights recognize the
importance of determining the best interest of a child. R.C. 2151.414(B)(1) establishes
a two-part test for courts to apply when determining a motion for permanent custody.
Relevant to this case, the statute requires a court to find, by clear and convincing
evidence, that: (1) the child has been in the temporary custody of a public children
services agency for 12 or more months of a consecutive 22-month period; and (2) a grant
of permanent custody is in the child’s best interest. “Clear and convincing evidence is
that measure or degree of proof which is more than a mere ‘preponderance of the
evidence,’ but not to the extent of such certainty as is required ‘beyond a reasonable
doubt’ in criminal cases, and which will produce in the mind of the trier of facts a firm belief
or conviction as to the facts sought to be established.” Cross v. Ledford, 161 Ohio St.
469, 120 N.E.2d 118 (1954), paragraph three of the syllabus.
{¶ 23} Here the juvenile court made the findings required to award MCCS
permanent custody. Specifically, the court found the children had been in the custody of
MCCS for 12 or more months of a consecutive 22-month period and that awarding
permanent custody to MCCS was in their best interest. We review the court’s decision
for an abuse of discretion, and we will not disturb custody decisions on evidentiary
grounds “if the record contains competent, credible evidence by which the court could
have formed a firm belief or conviction that the essential statutory elements for a
termination of parental rights have been established.” In re T.D., 2d Dist. Montgomery
No. 27136, 2016-Ohio-7245, ¶ 5, citing In re L.C., 2d Dist. Clark No. 2010-CA-90, 2011- -10-
Ohio-2066, ¶ 14. The phrase “abuse of discretion” implies a decision that is
unreasonable, arbitrary, or unconscionable. Id.
{¶ 24} Mother does not dispute that the children had been in the temporary custody
of MCCS for 12 or more months of a consecutive 22-month period. Instead, she asserts
that the evidence did not support the finding that awarding permanent custody to MCCS
was in the best interest of the children. Her argument in support focuses exclusively on
the assertion that she has met her case plan goals.
{¶ 25} The record shows that Mother had worked on her case plan. Indeed, she
had completed several of the case plan goals. However, some of the goals had not been
met. For example, the record demonstrates that Mother completed a mental health
assessment and attended therapy at the Flexman Clinic. However, she quit attending
therapy in February 2019. When confronted about the lack of ongoing services, Mother
claimed that she was completing therapy through another service, but she did not provide
documentation to verify these services. Approximately a year later, in April 2020, MCCS
received a letter from a counseling service indicating that Mother was engaged in therapy
for anxiety. This record supports a finding that Mother had been somewhat compliant
with the mental health component of her case plan. However, it also shows that she did
not resume counseling services until MCCS filed for permanent custody.
{¶ 26} Mother also completed a parenting assessment and attended parenting
classes through different services including MCCS, Agape, and United Rehabilitation
Services. However, both the caseworker and Merrill, the Agape employee, testified that
Mother would initially show some improvement after the classes, but she would not -11-
continue to implement what she had learned. Mother failed to intervene with the children
when they were violent with each other and would claim they were merely play-fighting.
Mother continued to allow A.W.F. to eat with his hands, stating he did not know how to
use utensils.2 She expressed no concern about the allegations of sexual assault and
showed no concern about having the boys together. During one visit, A.W.F. was injured
when he began to climb up a wall without any intervention by Mother. Mother minimized
the severity of A.W.F.’s condition and believed she could handle him on her own.
However, the child ran away from Mother’s home in December 2018 and January 2019.
During one overnight visit, A.W.F. defecated in different places around the home and
urinated on Mother’s bed. A.W.F. was violent toward both Mother and D.F. The record
was replete with instances demonstrating that Mother basically allowed the boys to run
amok without any attempt to moderate their behavior, even when that behavior was
unsafe and violent. Further, Mother expressly stated that she was unable to maintain a
clean, safe home and simultaneously care for the boys. Thus, while Mother complied
with the case plan by attending parenting classes, she was unable to implement the
lessons.
{¶ 27} Additionally, MCCS provided services through Agape in order to help
Mother learn to maintain her home while caring for the children. However, the record
amply demonstrates that Mother consistently failed to maintain the home in a manner
suitable and safe for raising children. Even after extensive services were provided, she
informed MCCS that she could not maintain the home while simultaneously caring for the
2 When Merrill visited A.W.F. in one of his foster homes, she observed him sit at the table and use utensils to eat. -12-
boys. Further, it appears that Mother would allow the home to fall into disarray every
time the children were returned to her and would only work on house maintenance when
MCCS removed the children. This pattern had been ongoing since 2017.
{¶ 28} Based upon this record, we cannot conclude Mother had substantially
complied with portions of her case plan. Furthermore, even had Mother successfully
complied with every requirement of her case plan, this court has stated that completion
of a case plan is not dispositive of a best interest analysis. In re T.D., 2d Dist.
Montgomery No. 27136, 2016-Ohio-7245, ¶ 12. Accord In re C.C., 187 Ohio App.3d
365, 2010-Ohio-780, 932 N.E.2d 360, ¶ 25 (8th Dist.). “When the focus is on the child's
best interest, a trial court conceivably could terminate parental rights even if a parent
completed all of her case-plan objectives.” (Citation omitted.) T.D. at ¶ 12, citing In re
M.B., 4th Dist. Highland No. 15CA19, 2016-Ohio-793, ¶ 59. Case plans are “simply ‘a
means to a goal, but not the goal itself,’ and other considerations still may justify an award
of permanent custody to a children-services agency.” (Citations omitted.) Id., quoting In
re J.H., 12th Dist. Clinton No. CA2015-07-014, 2016-Ohio-640, ¶ 47.
{¶ 29} In determining the best interest of a child, R.C. 2151.414(D) requires a
juvenile court to consider the following factors: (1) the interaction and interrelationship of
the child with the child's parents, siblings, relatives, foster parents and out-of-home
providers, and any other person who may significantly affect the child; (2) the wishes of
the child, as expressed directly by the child or through the child's guardian ad litem, with
due regard for the maturity of the child; (3) the custodial history of the child; (4) the child's
need for a legally secure permanent placement and whether that type of placement can -13-
be achieved without a grant of permanent custody to the agency; and (5) whether any
factors listed under R.C. 2151.414(E)(7) to (11) apply.
{¶ 30} With regard to the interaction and interrelationship of the children to
significant others, we note there is no dispute that Mother loves the children and that the
boys are bonded with her. However, the boys are not bonded with one another. D.F.
expressed resentment that his Mother expects him to help care for A.W.F., and he had
no interest in being with A.W.F.
{¶ 31} D.F. was in a foster-to-adopt placement. There was evidence that he had
bonded with his foster family and enjoyed his time in their home. He stated that he was
allowed to be just a kid in the foster home rather than being expected to take care of a
sibling. He also had expressed that he was not embarrassed about the condition of his
foster home like he was about Mother’s home.
{¶ 32} A.W.F.’s therapist stated it would be a challenge for A.W.F. to have a
meaningful relationship with anyone due to his disabilities. However, he received
appropriate care and supervision in the group home.
{¶ 33} Both boys had expressed the desire to return to Mother. However, D.F.
did not want A.W.F. in the home. The guardian ad litem recommended an award of
permanent custody to MCCS.
{¶ 34} The trial court found that both children were in need of a legally secure
placement, which could not be achieved without a grant of permanent custody to MCCS.
The boys had been in the temporary custody of MCCS since in January 2018. MCCS
attempted reunification of Mother with both children, but the condition of the home -14-
deteriorated and Mother was not able to maintain a safe environment or adequately care
for the boys. MCCS attempted a second reunification with D.F. only, but D.F. started
appearing in school with hygiene and behavioral issues, and the home was found to be
in a substandard condition. Mother had two convictions for child endangering, and there
was no evidence to support a finding that she had overcome the issues that led to those
convictions. Further, both boys had special needs which Mother had been unable to
meet. D.F.’s needs were being met in his foster home, which was a foster-to-adopt
placement. The record demonstrates that A.W.F. needed to reside in a secure facility
where he had multiple caregivers.
{¶ 35} On this record, the juvenile court did not err in terminating Mother's parental
rights and awarding permanent custody to MCCS; there was clear and convincing
evidence that the children had been in the temporary custody of MCCS for more than 12
months of a 22-month period. Further, the evidence supported the court’s finding that
an award of permanent custody was in the children’s best interest.
{¶ 36} The sole assignment of error is overruled.
III. Conclusion
{¶ 37} The judgment of the juvenile court is affirmed.
DONOVAN, J. and WELBAUM, J., concur. -15-
Copies sent to:
Mathias H. Heck, Jr. Lisa M. Light Robert Alan Brenner Michael P. Brush Carl A. Lux J.S. Hon. Helen C. Wallace