Allen, J.
We have nothing before us by which we can determine, with any certainty, where Bushwick inlet, a. stream wholly within Kings county, terminates by a junction with East river, which, from low-water mark, is within the terminal limits of the city and county of New York. In the absence of evidence leading to a different conclusion, it must be assumed that the Legislature, in fixing the bulk-head lines in front of the lands of the appellants, at the foot of North Thirteenth street extended, regarded the waters as a part of the East river, whatever may have been, or may be, the form of the shore fine, and as within the shore lines of the city and county of New York, and not as part of an inlet or creek within the county of Kings. (Laws of 1857, chap. 763.) By chapter 606 of the Laws of 1865, the description of the bulk-head line and the pier line adjacent to the shores of the port of New York, as established by the act of 1857
(supra),
were amended so as to locate the bulkhead as now permanently fixed under the act of 1873 (chap. 334), between the southerly side of North Thirteenth street and the southerly side of North Tenth street. The bulkhead line as then established did not extend across North. Thirteenth street. In 1871, the law authorizing the opening. • of North Thirteenth street was enacted (S. L., chap. 833), and by it the common council of the city of Brooklyn, was empowered to open, continue and complete the street “ to the East river and to the permanent bulk-head line.”’ The intention was to open the street as a public highway to - the waters of the East river and the artificial shore as established by the bulk-head line, and the purposes of the act and the intention of the Legislature would not have been accomplished by arresting the street at the bulk-head line of 1857,.
over 200 feet inland from the bulk-head line on the south line of the street as extended. The street would have been extended north to the river or the bulk-head line as before established, but would have been, so far as appears, a
cul d& sac.
The street was authorized to be opened to the East, river and the bulk-headline 872 feet from First street, as, the bulk-head line was located by the act of 1865. But if this is not so, then resort may be had to the act of 1873,, which changes the bulk-head and pier-head lines to conform to the map entitled “ map of water-fronts on East river at Bushwick inlet, Brooklyn,” made by D. Rosa, etc., and filed in the office of the secretary of State, on the 5th of June, 1865, which map may have been made pursuant to the act of 1865 (supra), except in so far as it projected a bulk-head line north and east of North Thirteenth street, and as I infer is an extension of the bulk-head line contemplated by that act northerly and easterly across North Thirteenth street, and in a curve until it strikes the former bulk-head line. Whether this act then for the first time established the permanent bulkhead line as now located, or merely completed and perfected that which had been inténded under the act of 1865, and SO' conformed what might have been imperfect, irregular or unauthorized, is not material. At the time of the enactment of the law, the authority conferred by the act of 1871 had not been executed. Proceedings for the opening of the street and the appraisal of the damages to the land-owners; were then pending before the commissioners. The later act, regulating the bulk-head, and establishing its line further from First street, did not in terms, or by implication, repeal or modify the provisions of the act of 1871. There was no connection between the two statutes. The authority was ti> open the street to the East river and the bulk-head line, and that was a shifting terminus, not an absolute and fixed boundary at the bulk-head line, as it existed at any particular time. The statute made provision for a street to the river, not to the shore of the river as it existed at the time of its passage, but as it might exist, either by change in the natural
banks or in the artificial structures erected for the purpose of commerce. The bulk-head line being changed before the opening of the street, the law carried the street to the river line; and, had the line been changed after the street had been opened and improved, the public would have had a right of way over the new made land to the river, and would have had the charge of it as a public street.
(People
v.
Lambier,
5 Den., 9.)
Grants of land may be by fixed and permanent monuments, or by shifting boundaries. Boundary lines are generally certain, and fixed by circumstances or monuments existing at the time, but they are not necessarily so, and whether fixed or shifting depends upon the construction of the deeds and the intention of the parties.
(White's Bank
v.
Nichols,
64 N. Y., 65.) The same rule applies in the interpretation of a statute, and the intent of the act under consideration is very obvious. The statute of 1873 did not so change the character of the locality as to render the exercise of the authority conferred by the act of 1871 unnecessary or impracticable, or even more difficult, nor was the passage of the act any evidence of a change of intent on the part of the Legislature, as declared by the act of 1871, to give the public a thoroughfare to the river and the bulk-head line by opening North Thirteenth street to both.
It is objected that compensation should have been made to the owners of the land covered by the street between First street and Pratt street. Nominal damages only were given, upon the ground that the land had been dedicated, or in some way appropriated, to the use of the public for a street before the present claimants became the owners, and that they, therefore, had but a nominal interest in them.
If the present appellants took title to the lands, subject to such prior dedication or appropriation, they wei'e only entitled to nominal damages.
(In re Furman St.,
17 Wend., 649;
People
v. Lambier,
supra.)
The record is barren of evidence as to the authority by which the strip of land on the west side of First, in line with Thirteenth street on the
east, was designated or set apart as a street, or whether it was at any time, and if so, when dedicated to the uses of the public as a street by the owner, or whether it was laid down as a street upon any map by which conveyances had been made, or upon a map of the city made by authority of law.
It may be conceded that a dedication of lands for a public use is not perfect, so as to divest the owner of his absolute dominion over them until accepted by the public ; but that does not aid us in determining the question now made upon this record. The right of the public, and the fact that the strip of land had been in some way set apart as and for a public street or highway, is proved by the conveyance to the claimants, and upon which they rely.
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Allen, J.
We have nothing before us by which we can determine, with any certainty, where Bushwick inlet, a. stream wholly within Kings county, terminates by a junction with East river, which, from low-water mark, is within the terminal limits of the city and county of New York. In the absence of evidence leading to a different conclusion, it must be assumed that the Legislature, in fixing the bulk-head lines in front of the lands of the appellants, at the foot of North Thirteenth street extended, regarded the waters as a part of the East river, whatever may have been, or may be, the form of the shore fine, and as within the shore lines of the city and county of New York, and not as part of an inlet or creek within the county of Kings. (Laws of 1857, chap. 763.) By chapter 606 of the Laws of 1865, the description of the bulk-head line and the pier line adjacent to the shores of the port of New York, as established by the act of 1857
(supra),
were amended so as to locate the bulkhead as now permanently fixed under the act of 1873 (chap. 334), between the southerly side of North Thirteenth street and the southerly side of North Tenth street. The bulkhead line as then established did not extend across North. Thirteenth street. In 1871, the law authorizing the opening. • of North Thirteenth street was enacted (S. L., chap. 833), and by it the common council of the city of Brooklyn, was empowered to open, continue and complete the street “ to the East river and to the permanent bulk-head line.”’ The intention was to open the street as a public highway to - the waters of the East river and the artificial shore as established by the bulk-head line, and the purposes of the act and the intention of the Legislature would not have been accomplished by arresting the street at the bulk-head line of 1857,.
over 200 feet inland from the bulk-head line on the south line of the street as extended. The street would have been extended north to the river or the bulk-head line as before established, but would have been, so far as appears, a
cul d& sac.
The street was authorized to be opened to the East, river and the bulk-headline 872 feet from First street, as, the bulk-head line was located by the act of 1865. But if this is not so, then resort may be had to the act of 1873,, which changes the bulk-head and pier-head lines to conform to the map entitled “ map of water-fronts on East river at Bushwick inlet, Brooklyn,” made by D. Rosa, etc., and filed in the office of the secretary of State, on the 5th of June, 1865, which map may have been made pursuant to the act of 1865 (supra), except in so far as it projected a bulk-head line north and east of North Thirteenth street, and as I infer is an extension of the bulk-head line contemplated by that act northerly and easterly across North Thirteenth street, and in a curve until it strikes the former bulk-head line. Whether this act then for the first time established the permanent bulkhead line as now located, or merely completed and perfected that which had been inténded under the act of 1865, and SO' conformed what might have been imperfect, irregular or unauthorized, is not material. At the time of the enactment of the law, the authority conferred by the act of 1871 had not been executed. Proceedings for the opening of the street and the appraisal of the damages to the land-owners; were then pending before the commissioners. The later act, regulating the bulk-head, and establishing its line further from First street, did not in terms, or by implication, repeal or modify the provisions of the act of 1871. There was no connection between the two statutes. The authority was ti> open the street to the East river and the bulk-head line, and that was a shifting terminus, not an absolute and fixed boundary at the bulk-head line, as it existed at any particular time. The statute made provision for a street to the river, not to the shore of the river as it existed at the time of its passage, but as it might exist, either by change in the natural
banks or in the artificial structures erected for the purpose of commerce. The bulk-head line being changed before the opening of the street, the law carried the street to the river line; and, had the line been changed after the street had been opened and improved, the public would have had a right of way over the new made land to the river, and would have had the charge of it as a public street.
(People
v.
Lambier,
5 Den., 9.)
Grants of land may be by fixed and permanent monuments, or by shifting boundaries. Boundary lines are generally certain, and fixed by circumstances or monuments existing at the time, but they are not necessarily so, and whether fixed or shifting depends upon the construction of the deeds and the intention of the parties.
(White's Bank
v.
Nichols,
64 N. Y., 65.) The same rule applies in the interpretation of a statute, and the intent of the act under consideration is very obvious. The statute of 1873 did not so change the character of the locality as to render the exercise of the authority conferred by the act of 1871 unnecessary or impracticable, or even more difficult, nor was the passage of the act any evidence of a change of intent on the part of the Legislature, as declared by the act of 1871, to give the public a thoroughfare to the river and the bulk-head line by opening North Thirteenth street to both.
It is objected that compensation should have been made to the owners of the land covered by the street between First street and Pratt street. Nominal damages only were given, upon the ground that the land had been dedicated, or in some way appropriated, to the use of the public for a street before the present claimants became the owners, and that they, therefore, had but a nominal interest in them.
If the present appellants took title to the lands, subject to such prior dedication or appropriation, they wei'e only entitled to nominal damages.
(In re Furman St.,
17 Wend., 649;
People
v. Lambier,
supra.)
The record is barren of evidence as to the authority by which the strip of land on the west side of First, in line with Thirteenth street on the
east, was designated or set apart as a street, or whether it was at any time, and if so, when dedicated to the uses of the public as a street by the owner, or whether it was laid down as a street upon any map by which conveyances had been made, or upon a map of the city made by authority of law.
It may be conceded that a dedication of lands for a public use is not perfect, so as to divest the owner of his absolute dominion over them until accepted by the public ; but that does not aid us in determining the question now made upon this record. The right of the public, and the fact that the strip of land had been in some way set apart as and for a public street or highway, is proved by the conveyance to the claimants, and upon which they rely. The deed to Pratt bounds the lands conveyed by several streets, including .North Thirteenth street, and by a separate clause conveys the interest of the grantors in the several streets lying in front of, and adjacent to the plot conveyed, to the centre lines thereof respectively, and adds: “Of which streets North Thirteenth street has not been opened or ceded to the public.” The interest conveyed was the title of an owner, bounded by a street or highway, who is presumed to own to the centre of the same, subject to the easement in the public, and such a conveyance is a clear recognition by grantor and grantee of the rights of the public. The grant to the husband and devisor of the appellant Kloss is somewhat different, and but little less emphatic as evidence of an existing or inchoate right in the public to the strip of land as a street. One of the lines of the land granted is “ the centre line of a parcel of land called North Thirteenth street, although not opened as a street.” The grantee took title to the portion of land included within the lines of the so-called street, as a street, -and if it was not in fact a legal highway, the onus was upon "the claimant for compensation for its actual appropriation as .a street, to show that it was not in fact a street by dedication or otherwise. The commissioners have adjudged that the land had been dedicated as a street, and the record does not disclose facts to impeach their judgment. There is no
evidence to establish a withdrawal of the dedication before acceptance, if the present owners could revoke a dedication. made by their grantors. Whether they could do so might depend upon many circumstances. Conveyances might have been made to others in reference to the street as contemplated, so that the grantor could not have recalled it; and if so, any acts of the grantees in that direction would have been fruitless.
(In re Furman
street,
supra.)
The act relied upon as a revocation of the prior dedication, is the enclosing of the lands. This was not done until in 1871, and after the deed to Pratt, in March of that year, and how soon thereafter does not appear. We cannot assume that it was done before April 28,1871, when the public acted upon the dedication and accepted it, by directing the opening of the street. The appellants do not show error in the assessment of nominal damages for the parcels of land now under consideration. Whether the commissioners allowed the appellant Pratt any sum specifically for his bulk-head, which constituted a part of the land taken, and for which compensation was made, does not appear. The appellants might have had a specific report on that subject, but as the commissioners have allowed $30,000 in gross for the land taken,- it must be assumed that compensation was made for the value of the property taken, as estimated by the commissioners in the condition in which it then was with its bulk-head, and all permanent improvements and additions.
I am also of the opinion, in the absence of a report specifically stating the rule by which the commissioners made their estimate and assessment of damages, that in assessing to Pratt or the Pratt Manufacturing Company, for the plot marked 1 on the map, they must have taken into consideration the entire loss and damage to the owners of the entire plot, by reason of the taking of the portion for the street, and leaving a gore of land between the street and Bushwick. inlet or the bulk-head line. It is not the case of one damaged or injuriously affected in the use and enjoyment of his lands, by taking the lands of another, for which separate
compensation might be made, perhaps ; but the injury consists, in taking a part and leaving a portion of less value for enjoyment than it would have been in connection with the part taken. It cannot be assumed that this consideration was. ignored by intelligent commissioners, in estimating the damages for the appropriation of the land taken.
We find no error in the proceedings, and the order must, be affirmed.
All concur, except Rapallo, J., who concurs as to the right to extend the street, but dissents from that part which, denies compensation for the land on the ground of dedication.
Order affirmed.