Opinion issued December 21, 2023
In The
Court of Appeals For The
First District of Texas ———————————— NO. 01-23-00655-CV ——————————— IN RE CHARLES BOWEN AND BLACKFOOT ELECTRIC, INC., Relators
Original Proceeding on Petition for Writ of Mandamus
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Relators Charles Bowen and Blackfoot Electric, Inc. filed a Petition for Writ
of Mandamus complaining that Respondent, the Honorable Elaine H. Palmer,
abused her discretion by signing an order granting Real Parties in Interest’s Motion
for Judgment Nunc Pro Tunc and reinstating the underlying case after the trial court’s plenary power expired.1 Relators seek an order from this court vacating the
trial court’s order.
We conditionally grant the relief sought.
Background
Relators were involved in an automobile accident with Real Parties in Interest
Juan Nunez and Cristobal Nunez. Real Parties sued Relators for negligence in
connection with the accident on May 27, 2021.
In a notice dated April 12, 2022, the trial court informed the parties that
because “no answer or service ha[d] been filed,” the case would be dismissed for
want of prosecution on May 27, 2022, unless by that date, an answer was filed, a
default judgment order was signed, or a verified motion and order to retain were
filed. Real Parties took no action in response to the trial court’s notice. Noting the
“failure to comply with the Notice,” Respondent signed an order dismissing the
lawsuit for want of prosecution on June 3, 2022.
On June 22, 2022, Real Parties filed a Verified Motion to Reinstate setting
their motion for submission on July 11, 2022. Arguing “[d]efendant was served
September 22, 2021,”2 Real Parties requested reinstatement of the case to “an active
1 The underlying case is Juan Nunez and Cristobal Nunez v. Charles Lydon Bowen and Blackfoot Electric, Inc., Cause No. 2021-31913, pending in the 215th District Court of Harris County, Texas, the Honorable Elaine H. Palmer presiding. 2 There are two named defendants in the lawsuit. The Motion to Reinstate does not indicate which defendant was served. 2 status to allow Plaintiff additional time to file a motion for final default judgment.”
The trial court did not hold a hearing on the motion or otherwise act on the motion.
Four months later, on October 13, 2022, Real Parties filed a Motion for
Judgment Nunc Pro Tunc (“Motion Nunc Pro Tunc”), requesting Respondent grant
their previously filed Motion to Reinstate. Real Parties attached the sworn affidavit
of their paralegal, Jessica Hughes, to their motion. Hughes stated in her affidavit
that on October 12, 2022, she “discovered that th[e] [m]otion to [r]e-instate, and its
accompanying [o]rder did not receive a ruling . . . .” Hughes stated that on July 12,
2022 and on July 18, 2022, she was “told the [o]rder was on the Judge’s desk to be
granted and signed[,]” and she “had no notice that the case had not been [r]e-
instated.” “To the extent the [trial court was] concerned about is plenary power,”
Real Parties argued that the trial court’s failure to rule on their Motion to Reinstate
“was one of a clerical nature, and this can be corrected by a Judgment Nunc Pro
Tunc.”
Real Parties filed a notice setting their Motion Nunc Pro Tunc for submission
on October 24, 2022. On October 25, 2022, 144 days after dismissing the case for
want of prosecution, Respondent granted Real Parties’ Motion Nunc Pro Tunc,
thereby reinstating the case.
Relators filed the instant Petition for Writ of Mandamus asserting Respondent
abused her discretion in granting Real Parties’ Motion Nunc Pro Tunc and
3 reinstating the case, because the trial court’s plenary power expired on September
16, 2022. We directed Real Parties to file a response to the Petition for Writ of
Mandamus. Real Parties did not respond.
Discussion
A. Standard of Review
Mandamus relief is appropriate when the trial court abuses its discretion, and
the relator lacks an adequate remedy by appeal. In re AutoNation, Inc., 228 S.W.3d
663, 667 (Tex. 2007) (orig. proceeding); In re Prudential Ins. Co of America, 148
S.W.3d 124, 135-36 (Tex. 2004) (orig. proceeding). A trial court abuses its
discretion when there is “a clear failure by the trial court to analyze or apply the law
correctly.” Walker v. Packer, 827 S.W.3d 833, 840 (Tex. 1992) (orig. proceeding).
Mandamus relief is available “when a trial court issues an order after its
plenary power has expired.” In re Brookshire Grocery Co., 250 S.W.3d 66, 68 (Tex.
2008) (orig. proceeding) (citing In re Sw. Bell Tel. Co., 35 S.W.3d 602, 605 (Tex.
2000) (orig. proceeding)).
B. Applicable Law
Texas Rule of Civil Procedure 165a governs dismissals for want of
prosecution and reinstatements. For motions to reinstate, Rule 165a provides that
the motion:
shall be filed with the clerk within 30 days after the order of dismissal is signed or within the period provided by Rule 306a. . . . The clerk shall 4 deliver a copy of the motion to the judge, who shall set a hearing on the motion as soon as practicable. The court shall notify all parties or their attorneys of record of the date, time and place of the hearing.
TEX. R. CIV. P. 165a(3). In the event “for any reason” the motion “is not decided by
signed order within seventy-five days after the judgment is signed,” the motion
“shall be deemed overruled by operation of law.” Id. When a timely motion to
reinstate is filed,
the trial court, regardless of whether an appeal has been perfected, has plenary power to reinstate the case until 30 days after all such timely filed motions are overruled, either by a written and signed order or by operation of law, whichever occurs first.
Id.
When there are clerical errors in a judgment or order, a trial court is authorized
to issue a judgment nunc pro tunc to correct the error even after its plenary power
has expired. See TEX. R. CIV. P. 316 (providing “[c]lerical mistakes in the record of
any judgment may be corrected by the judge in open court”); see also TEX. R. CIV.
P. 306a(6) (stating that “[w]hen a corrected judgment has been signed after
expiration of the court’s plenary power pursuant to Rule 316, the periods mentioned
in paragraph (1) of this rule shall run from the date of signing the corrected judgment
with respect to any complaint that would not be applicable to the original
document”).
5 C. The Motion for Judgment Nunc Pro Tunc and Motion to Reinstate
Relators timely filed their Motion to Reinstate on June 22, 2022, 19 days after
the trial court signed its order of dismissal on June 3, 2022. See TEX. R. CIV. P.
165a(3). Respondent did not act on the Motion to Reinstate within 75 days after the
order of dismissal was signed. The motion was thus overruled by operation of law
75 days after the order of dismissal was signed or on August 17, 2022. See TEX. R.
CIV. P. 165a (3); see also In re Garcia, 94 S.W.3d 832, 834 (Tex. App.—Corpus
Christi–Edinburg 2002) (orig. proceeding) (“The motion for reinstatement was
overruled by operation of law because it was not decided within seventy-five days
after the judgment was signed.”).
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Opinion issued December 21, 2023
In The
Court of Appeals For The
First District of Texas ———————————— NO. 01-23-00655-CV ——————————— IN RE CHARLES BOWEN AND BLACKFOOT ELECTRIC, INC., Relators
Original Proceeding on Petition for Writ of Mandamus
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Relators Charles Bowen and Blackfoot Electric, Inc. filed a Petition for Writ
of Mandamus complaining that Respondent, the Honorable Elaine H. Palmer,
abused her discretion by signing an order granting Real Parties in Interest’s Motion
for Judgment Nunc Pro Tunc and reinstating the underlying case after the trial court’s plenary power expired.1 Relators seek an order from this court vacating the
trial court’s order.
We conditionally grant the relief sought.
Background
Relators were involved in an automobile accident with Real Parties in Interest
Juan Nunez and Cristobal Nunez. Real Parties sued Relators for negligence in
connection with the accident on May 27, 2021.
In a notice dated April 12, 2022, the trial court informed the parties that
because “no answer or service ha[d] been filed,” the case would be dismissed for
want of prosecution on May 27, 2022, unless by that date, an answer was filed, a
default judgment order was signed, or a verified motion and order to retain were
filed. Real Parties took no action in response to the trial court’s notice. Noting the
“failure to comply with the Notice,” Respondent signed an order dismissing the
lawsuit for want of prosecution on June 3, 2022.
On June 22, 2022, Real Parties filed a Verified Motion to Reinstate setting
their motion for submission on July 11, 2022. Arguing “[d]efendant was served
September 22, 2021,”2 Real Parties requested reinstatement of the case to “an active
1 The underlying case is Juan Nunez and Cristobal Nunez v. Charles Lydon Bowen and Blackfoot Electric, Inc., Cause No. 2021-31913, pending in the 215th District Court of Harris County, Texas, the Honorable Elaine H. Palmer presiding. 2 There are two named defendants in the lawsuit. The Motion to Reinstate does not indicate which defendant was served. 2 status to allow Plaintiff additional time to file a motion for final default judgment.”
The trial court did not hold a hearing on the motion or otherwise act on the motion.
Four months later, on October 13, 2022, Real Parties filed a Motion for
Judgment Nunc Pro Tunc (“Motion Nunc Pro Tunc”), requesting Respondent grant
their previously filed Motion to Reinstate. Real Parties attached the sworn affidavit
of their paralegal, Jessica Hughes, to their motion. Hughes stated in her affidavit
that on October 12, 2022, she “discovered that th[e] [m]otion to [r]e-instate, and its
accompanying [o]rder did not receive a ruling . . . .” Hughes stated that on July 12,
2022 and on July 18, 2022, she was “told the [o]rder was on the Judge’s desk to be
granted and signed[,]” and she “had no notice that the case had not been [r]e-
instated.” “To the extent the [trial court was] concerned about is plenary power,”
Real Parties argued that the trial court’s failure to rule on their Motion to Reinstate
“was one of a clerical nature, and this can be corrected by a Judgment Nunc Pro
Tunc.”
Real Parties filed a notice setting their Motion Nunc Pro Tunc for submission
on October 24, 2022. On October 25, 2022, 144 days after dismissing the case for
want of prosecution, Respondent granted Real Parties’ Motion Nunc Pro Tunc,
thereby reinstating the case.
Relators filed the instant Petition for Writ of Mandamus asserting Respondent
abused her discretion in granting Real Parties’ Motion Nunc Pro Tunc and
3 reinstating the case, because the trial court’s plenary power expired on September
16, 2022. We directed Real Parties to file a response to the Petition for Writ of
Mandamus. Real Parties did not respond.
Discussion
A. Standard of Review
Mandamus relief is appropriate when the trial court abuses its discretion, and
the relator lacks an adequate remedy by appeal. In re AutoNation, Inc., 228 S.W.3d
663, 667 (Tex. 2007) (orig. proceeding); In re Prudential Ins. Co of America, 148
S.W.3d 124, 135-36 (Tex. 2004) (orig. proceeding). A trial court abuses its
discretion when there is “a clear failure by the trial court to analyze or apply the law
correctly.” Walker v. Packer, 827 S.W.3d 833, 840 (Tex. 1992) (orig. proceeding).
Mandamus relief is available “when a trial court issues an order after its
plenary power has expired.” In re Brookshire Grocery Co., 250 S.W.3d 66, 68 (Tex.
2008) (orig. proceeding) (citing In re Sw. Bell Tel. Co., 35 S.W.3d 602, 605 (Tex.
2000) (orig. proceeding)).
B. Applicable Law
Texas Rule of Civil Procedure 165a governs dismissals for want of
prosecution and reinstatements. For motions to reinstate, Rule 165a provides that
the motion:
shall be filed with the clerk within 30 days after the order of dismissal is signed or within the period provided by Rule 306a. . . . The clerk shall 4 deliver a copy of the motion to the judge, who shall set a hearing on the motion as soon as practicable. The court shall notify all parties or their attorneys of record of the date, time and place of the hearing.
TEX. R. CIV. P. 165a(3). In the event “for any reason” the motion “is not decided by
signed order within seventy-five days after the judgment is signed,” the motion
“shall be deemed overruled by operation of law.” Id. When a timely motion to
reinstate is filed,
the trial court, regardless of whether an appeal has been perfected, has plenary power to reinstate the case until 30 days after all such timely filed motions are overruled, either by a written and signed order or by operation of law, whichever occurs first.
Id.
When there are clerical errors in a judgment or order, a trial court is authorized
to issue a judgment nunc pro tunc to correct the error even after its plenary power
has expired. See TEX. R. CIV. P. 316 (providing “[c]lerical mistakes in the record of
any judgment may be corrected by the judge in open court”); see also TEX. R. CIV.
P. 306a(6) (stating that “[w]hen a corrected judgment has been signed after
expiration of the court’s plenary power pursuant to Rule 316, the periods mentioned
in paragraph (1) of this rule shall run from the date of signing the corrected judgment
with respect to any complaint that would not be applicable to the original
document”).
5 C. The Motion for Judgment Nunc Pro Tunc and Motion to Reinstate
Relators timely filed their Motion to Reinstate on June 22, 2022, 19 days after
the trial court signed its order of dismissal on June 3, 2022. See TEX. R. CIV. P.
165a(3). Respondent did not act on the Motion to Reinstate within 75 days after the
order of dismissal was signed. The motion was thus overruled by operation of law
75 days after the order of dismissal was signed or on August 17, 2022. See TEX. R.
CIV. P. 165a (3); see also In re Garcia, 94 S.W.3d 832, 834 (Tex. App.—Corpus
Christi–Edinburg 2002) (orig. proceeding) (“The motion for reinstatement was
overruled by operation of law because it was not decided within seventy-five days
after the judgment was signed.”).
Pursuant to Rule 165a(3), Respondent retained plenary power to reinstate the
case for an additional 30 days or until September 16, 2022. TEX. R. CIV. P. 165a (3);
see also In re Garcia, 94 S.W.3d at 834 (“The trial court had plenary power to
reinstate the case until thirty days after any such timely filed motion was
overruled.”). Real Parties did not file their Motion Nunc Pro Tunc until October 13,
2022, well after the court’s plenary power had expired. Presumably aware of this
problem, Real Parties argued that Respondent’s failure to rule on their Motion to
Reinstate was a clerical error because Respondent had intended to rule on the Motion
to Reinstate, and thus the court had plenary power to grant their motion. Respondent
6 granted Real Parties’ Motion Nunc Pro Tunc on October 25, 2022, thereby
reinstating the case.
Respondent abused her discretion in granting Real Parties’ Motion Nunc Pro
Tunc because, when she granted the motion, the trial court’s plenary power had
expired. “[A]n order that dismisses a case for want of prosecution becomes a final
judgment upon expiration of the trial court’s plenary jurisdiction.” In re Wal-Mart
Stores, Inc., 20 S.W.3d 734, 738 (Tex. App.—El Paso 2000, no pet.) (orig.
proceeding). “Once [a] judgment becomes final, . . . the court’s power to correct is
limited to the correction of clerical errors only, which may be performed though a
judgment nunc pro tunc.” Parker v. Lancon, 1998 WL 104967, at *1 (Tex. App.—
Houston [14th Dist.] Mar. 12, 1998). “A clerical error is a mistake or omission that
prevents the judgment as entered from reflecting the judgment as rendered.” Id.
Notably, “even if the dismissal was signed by mistake, our focus must be on what
judgment the trial court actually rendered, rather than what the court may have
intended.” In re Pipoly, 2001 WL 1479268, at *2 (Tex. App.—San Antonio Nov.
21, 2001, no pet.) (orig. proceeding).
Applying these principles to the instant case, we hold there was no clerical
error to correct and thus Respondent’s October 25, 2022 is void. Neither the trial
court’s failure to hold a hearing on Real Parties’ Motion to Reinstate nor dismissal
of the case for want of prosecution on June 3, 2022 was a clerical error. Even if we
7 agree with Real Parties that Respondent intended to grant Real Parties’ Motion to
Reinstate when she ruled on their Motion Nunc Pro Tunc, any attempted correction
of such error was a “judicial” act, requiring Respondent to have jurisdiction through
plenary power to rule on the motion. Indeed, “[i]f the [court] intends to render one
thing but actually renders another, the resultant error is judicial, not clerical.” Id.
(quoting citation omitted).
Because the plenary power of the trial court expired on September 16, 2022,
Respondent’s October 25, 2022 order granting Real Parties’ Motion Nunc Pro Tunc
and reinstating the case, is void. See Walker v. Harrison, 597 S.W.2d 913, 915 (Tex.
1980) (orig. proceeding) ([“T]he time limits provided in rule 165a are mandatory
and jurisdictional and . . . orders of reinstatement entered after their expiration are
void.”); In re Valliance Bank, 422 S.W.3d 722, 729 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2012,
orig. proceeding) (“Because the trial court signed the order of reinstatement after its
plenary power had expired, we hold that the order of reinstatement is void and of no
legal effect.”); In re Boglia, L.L.C., 2011 WL 13385443, at *1 (Tex. App.—Houston
[1st Dist.] Dec. 22, 2011, orig. proceeding) (mem. op.) (“A reinstatement order
rendered after the expiration of the trial court’s plenary power is void.”).
“Mandamus is the proper vehicle to remedy a void reinstatement order.” Id.
We hold Respondent abused her discretion in granting Real Parties’ Motion
Nunc Pro Tunc and reinstating the case. Mandamus is thus warranted. See Estate
8 of Howley By & Through Howley v. Haberman, 878 S.W.2d 139, 140 (Tex. 1994)
(orig. proceeding) (“When a trial court erroneously reinstates a case after the
expiration of the court’s plenary jurisdiction, mandamus will issue.”).
Conclusion
We conditionally grant mandamus relief and direct Respondent to vacate her
October 25, 2022 order reinstating the case. A writ will issue only if the trial court
does not comply. All pending motions are dismissed as moot.
PER CURIAM
Panel consists of Chief Justice Adams and Justices Landau and Rivas-Molloy.