[Cite as In re B.Z.D., 2016-Ohio-886.] STATE OF OHIO, JEFFERSON COUNTY
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS
SEVENTH DISTRICT
IN THE MATTER OF: ) CASE NO. 15 JE 0021 ) B.Z.D. ) ) OPINION ) )
CHARACTER OF PROCEEDINGS: Civil Appeal from the Court of Common Pleas, Juvenile Division, of Jefferson County, Ohio Case No. 2013-DN-024
JUDGMENT: Affirmed.
APPEARANCES:
For Appellant: Atty. Judith M. Kowalski 333 Babbitt Road Suite 323 Euclid, Ohio 44123
For Appellee: Atty. Amanda J. Abrams 125 S. 5th Street Steubenville, Ohio 43952
Guardian Ad Litem: Atty. Bernard Battistel, 2630 Lafayette Blvd. Steubenville, Ohio 43952 JUDGES:
Hon. Cheryl L. Waite Hon. Gene Donofrio Hon. Carol Ann Robb Dated: March 7, 2016 [Cite as In re B.Z.D., 2016-Ohio-886.] WAITE, J.
{¶1} This appeal was filed from the trial court’s order terminating the parental
rights of the natural father (“Appellant”) and granting permanent custody of the minor
child, (“B.Z.D.”) to Jefferson County Department of Job and Family Services
(“Appellee”).
{¶2} We note at the outset that after a review of the record and the parties’
briefs in this matter, Appellee’s brief incorrectly cites to another case that is not
before this Court and incorporates the procedural history of that case in its brief.
Therefore, any references to that case are disregarded by this Court and are not
addressed herein.
{¶3} After an approximately two-year placement with a foster family, the
permanent surrender of parental rights by the natural mother and failure to comply
with the case plan by natural father, Appellee was awarded permanent custody of the
child. Appellant appeals the termination of his parental rights. Due to her permanent
surrender of her parental rights, natural mother is not a party to this appeal. As the
trial court properly applied the law and complied with all statutory requirements and a
review of the record supports the trial court’s decision, the judgment of the trial court
is affirmed.
Facts
{¶4} Appellant and the natural mother cohabitated for a period of time and
Appellant testified he was aware of the pregnancy. At some point prior to the birth of
B.Z.D., the natural mother left the home and did not return. B.Z.D. was born on April
18, 2013. At the time of the child’s birth, the mother tested positive for Subutex, -2-
opiates and marijuana. The child also tested positive for Subutex and opiates at
birth. As a result, the child spent approximately two weeks at Magee Women’s
Hospital in Pittsburgh. An ex parte order granting emergency custody to Appellee
was entered by the trial court on May 3, 2013. Appellee filed a complaint for neglect
and abuse, sought dependent child status, and filed a motion for temporary custody
on May 6, 2013. A shelter hearing was held on that date and the child was
adjudicated neglected, abused and dependent. Temporary custody was granted to
Appellee. A guardian ad litem was appointed in the matter as well as counsel for
mother. Mother relinquished her parental rights to the child and a permanent
surrender of the child was completed by court judgment entry on May 7, 2013.
{¶5} During the permanent surrender process, mother informed Appellee of
the potential father’s identity. Appellant was served in the matter and was appointed
counsel. A hearing was held on May 29, 2013 and the trial court issued its judgment
entry on June 13, 2013, again adjudicating the child as abused, neglected and
dependent. Temporary custody was granted to Appellee and Appellant was ordered
to cooperate with a case plan. Paternity testing was completed which determined
that Appellant could not be excluded as the father. Therefore, Appellant was
established by the trial court to be the father by a judgment entry dated June 26,
2013.
{¶6} A case plan was filed by Appellee on July 5, 2013, which acknowledged
mother’s permanent surrender of the child. In the plan, Appellee raised concerns
regarding Appellant, including his history of criminal behavior, drug and alcohol -3-
abuse, and his mental health issues. In order to comply with the case plan, Appellant
was required to refrain from drug and alcohol abuse; attend mental health counseling
on a regular and consistent basis; take his medications as prescribed; and follow
through with all mental health, physician and therapy appointments.
{¶7} On May 2, 2014, Appellee filed a motion for extension of temporary
custody for six months. A progress summary report was incorporated in the motion
and indicated Appellant continued to receive mental health treatment; had passed all
but one of his random urine screens, and had attended at that time two anger
management groups per week. The report also stated that Appellant was compliant
with scheduled parent-child visitations each week and only cancelled for illness. It
also reflects that Appellant interacted well with his son, including feeding, changing
his diapers and talking with the child. The visits were expanded to two supervised
visits per week, for four hours total. Appellant was also given parent aide services
and he continued to meet with representatives once per week. The report also
indicated that Appellant had filed a petition for custody of the child in September of
2013 which was ultimately denied by the trial court based on Appellant’s past history
of criminal behavior including charges of domestic violence and drug trafficking. We
note that this information was contained only within the progress report found in this
record along with testimony at the hearing on this matter. The actual record of the
custody proceedings was not made a part of this record. -4-
{¶8} On June 4, 2014, a hearing was held on the motion for extension of
temporary custody. By agreement of the parties, the trial court granted the extension
of temporary custody for six months.
{¶9} On November 7, 2014, Appellee filed a second extension of temporary
custody for a period of six months. The case plan progress summary incorporated
into this second motion was nearly identical to the earlier progress report, with the
addition that Appellant’s visits were to move from supervision at the agency location
to in-home visits commencing November 12, 2014. These also were to include
overnight visits. The progress summary also stated that another petition for custody
was filed by Appellant and a hearing on that petition was scheduled for January 6,
2015. Again, the record of the custody matter is not before us.
{¶10} A hearing on the second extension motion was held on December 3,
2014. The parties agreed to another six month extension of temporary custody.
{¶11} On April 21, 2015, Appellee filed a comprehensive case plan with the
court. In the section entitled, “Concerns/Expected Changes/Services” the plan
stated, “[the child] is in need of Permanency. [The child] is unable to self-protect.
Reunification cannot be achieved”. On April 22, 2015, Appellee filed a motion for
permanent custody, or in the alternative, protective supervision if legal custody was
granted to Appellant. Again, a summary of progress was incorporated. That
summary repeated that a second custody motion had been filed by Appellant in
October 2014 and a custody hearing was scheduled for January 2015. Importantly,
the summary also stated that Appellant had sent a letter to both the court and -5-
Appellee in December of 2014 indicating that he was not ready for custody and
wanted to wait for a full custody hearing until the child was five years old. Again, the
record in Appellant’s custody filings is not before us. However, in Appellant’s
testimony regarding this matter he acknowledged drafting and sending this letter to
the court.
{¶12} A hearing was held on Appellee’s permanent custody motion on June 5,
2015. Testimony was provided by a medical records coordinator for the behavioral
health center attended by Appellant; a therapist from this behavioral health center;
Appellant’s case manager from the center; a caseworker for Appellee and, finally,
from Appellant himself. The guardian ad litem also submitted a written report to the
court, recommending permanent custody be given to Appellee. Appellant’s extensive
case file from the Jefferson Behavioral Health System was admitted into evidence. A
thorough review of that file reveals that after being charged with petty theft in late
2014, Appellant began to miss both counseling and anger management
appointments. While he had made commitments to his caseworker to take care of
his outstanding warrants for failure to appear in the petty theft matter, he never
followed through. He also tested positive for cocaine during a random urine
screening. The file also shows that his caseworker assisted Appellant in drafting the
letter to Appellee and the court concerning his current inability to care for his son.
Testimony by his caseworker and Appellant at the hearing acknowledged Appellant’s
conduct and that Appellant was unable to take custody and desired to postpone
review until the child was five. -6-
{¶13} On June 19, 2015, the magistrate issued its judgment, granting
permanent custody to Appellee and terminating Appellant’s parental rights. The
magistrate’s decision outlined the statutory factors and cited a number of factors
warranting a grant of permanent custody to Appellee including: failure to comply with
the case plan; failure to complete drug and alcohol counseling; failure to complete
mental health counseling; failure to submit random drug screens since February
2015; a positive drug screen for cocaine; outstanding warrant for petty theft;
extensive criminal history; and Appellant’s admission that he was not able to care for
the child.
{¶14} Appellant filed objections to the magistrate’s decision, followed by
additional objections after a transcript of the hearing was prepared. Appellee filed a
response to the objections. The trial court ultimately overruled Appellant’s objections
and adopted the magistrate’s decision by judgment entry dated September 22, 2015.
Appellant filed this timely appeal, raising four assignments of error for review. Due to
the related nature of the first two assignments of error, we will address them together.
ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR NO. 1
THE DECISION TO GRANT PERMANENT CUSTODY TO THE
JEFFERSON COUNTY CHILDREN’S SERVICES DIVISION WAS NOT
SUPPORTED BY CLEAR AND CONVINCING EVIDENCE; FURTHER,
THE AWARD OF PERMANENT CUSTODY WAS AGAINST THE
MANIFEST WEIGHT OF THE EVIDENCE.
ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR NO. 2 -7-
THE AWARD OF PERMANENT CUSTODY WAS NOT IN THE BEST
INTERESTS OF THE MINOR CHILD.
{¶15} Appellant is challenging the weight of the evidence supporting the trial
court’s order granting permanent custody to Appellee. Appellant contends the trial
court erred in awarding permanent custody to Appellee where the evidence
presented was “minimal and conflicting” and the witnesses testifying on behalf of
Appellee were unfamiliar with Appellant and his case. Appellant also asserts that the
record contains far more evidence that he successfully bonded with his son and had
a positive track record of case plan compliance.
{¶16} Parental custody is a “fundamental liberty interest” of a parent,
protected by the Fourteenth Amendment of the United States Constitution. Santosky
v. Kramer, 455 U.S. 745, 753, 102 S.Ct. 1388 (1982). It is well settled that “a court
exercising Juvenile Court jurisdiction is invested with a very broad discretion, and,
unless that power is abused, a reviewing court is not warranted in disturbing its
judgment.” In re Anteau, 67 Ohio App. 117, 119, 36 N.E.2d 47, 48 (1941). “The term
‘abuse of discretion’ connotes more than an error of law or of judgment; it implies that
the court’s attitude is unreasonable, arbitrary or unconscionable.” In re Jane Doe 1,
57 Ohio St.3d 135, 137, 566 N.E.2d 1181, 1184 (1990), citing State v. Adams, 62
Ohio St.2d 151, 157, 172-173, 404 N.E.2d 144, 148-149 (1980). A juvenile court’s
decision to terminate parental rights must be supported by clear and convincing
evidence. Santosky, supra, paragraph three of the syllabus; R.C. 2151.414(B)(1). -8-
Clear and convincing evidence is that measure or degree of proof which
will produce in the mind of the trier of facts a firm belief or conviction as
to the allegations sought to be established. It is [an] intermediate
[standard], being more than a mere preponderance, but not to the
extent of such certainty as is required beyond a reasonable doubt as in
criminal cases. It does not mean clear and unequivocal. (Emphasis
sic).
Cross v. Ledford, 161 Ohio St. 469, 477, 120 N.E.2d 118 (1954).
{¶17} In reviewing a juvenile court’s decision to ascertain whether it is
supported by clear and convincing evidence, “a reviewing court may not as a matter
of law substitute its judgment as to what facts are shown by the evidence for that of
the trial court” as the “trial judge, having heard the witnesses testify, was in a far
better position to evaluate their testimony than a reviewing court.” Id. at 478. “Where
the evidence is in conflict, the trier of facts may determine what should be accepted
as the truth and what should be rejected as false.” Id. “Judgments supported by
some competent, credible evidence going to all the essential elements of the case
will not be reversed by a reviewing court as being against the manifest weight of the
evidence.” C.E. Morris Co. v. Foley Constr Co., 54 Ohio St.2d 279, 376 N.E.2d 578
(1978), syllabus.
{¶18} Once a child has been placed in temporary custody with an agency, it
may file for permanent custody pursuant to R.C. 2151.413(A). R.C. 2151.414
contains the procedures a juvenile court must follow in making its determination -9-
regarding a request by the agency for permanent custody. In re C.W., 104 Ohio
St.3d 163, 2004-Ohio-6411, 818 N.E.2d 1176, ¶9. The juvenile court must conclude,
by clear and convincing evidence, that it is in the child’s best interest and that one of
the conditions set forth in R.C. 2151.414(B)(A) is applicable.
{¶19} Where, as in the instant matter, a motion for permanent custody is filed
by a children services agency, the trial court’s decision is governed by R.C.
2151.414(B)(1), which provides:
[T]he court may grant permanent custody of a child to [the agency] if
the court determines at the hearing * * * by clear and convincing
evidence, that it is in the best interest of the child to grant permanent
custody of the child to the agency that filed the motion for permanent
custody and that any of the following apply:
(a) * * * the child cannot be placed with either of the child’s parents
within a reasonable time or should not be placed with the child’s
parents.
(b) The child is abandoned.
(c) The child is orphaned, and there are no relatives of the child who
are able to take permanent custody.
(d) The child has been in the temporary custody of one or more public
children services agencies * * * for twelve or more months of a
consecutive twenty-two-month period, or the child has been in the -10-
temporary custody of one or more public services agencies * * * for
twelve or more months of a consecutive twenty-two-month period and *
* * the child was previously in the temporary custody of an equivalent
agency in another state.
For the purposes of division (B)(1) of this section, a child shall be
considered to have entered the temporary custody of an agency on the
earlier of the date the child is adjudicated pursuant to section 2151.28
of the Revised Code [to be an abused, neglected, or dependent child]
or the date that is sixty days after the removal of the child from home.
{¶20} When determining the best interest of the child at a hearing held
pursuant to R.C. 2151.414(D)(1), “the court shall consider all relevant factors,
including, but not limited to, the following:”
(a) The interaction and interrelationship of the child with the child’s
parents, siblings, relatives, foster caregivers and out-of-home providers,
and any other person who may significantly affect the child;
(b) The wishes of the child, as expressed directly by the child or
through the child’s guardian ad litem, with due regard for the maturity of
the child;
(c) The custodial history of the child, including whether the child has
been in the temporary custody of one or more public children services -11-
agencies * * * for twelve or more months of a consecutive twenty-two-
month period, * * *;
(d) The child’s need for a legally secure permanent placement and
whether that type of placement can be achieved without a grant of
permanent custody to the agency;
(e) Whether any of the factors in divisions (E)(7) to (11) of this section
apply in relation to the parents and child.
For purposes of division (D)(1) of this section, a child shall be
considered to have entered the temporary custody of an agency on the
earlier of the date the child is adjudicated pursuant to section 2151.28
of the Revised Code [to be abused, neglected, or dependent child] or
the date that is sixty days after the removal of the child from home.
{¶21} The trial court can find that it is in the best interest of the child that
custody be permanently transferred to a public agency after having considered the
factors identified in R.C. 2151.414(D)(1). R.C. 2151.414(D)(2) states that a court,
“shall commit the child to the permanent custody of a public children services
agency” if all of the following are met:
(a) The court determines by clear and convincing evidence that one or
more of the factors in division (E) of this section exist and the child
cannot be placed with one of the child’s parents within a reasonable
time or should not be placed with either parent. -12-
(b) The child has been in an agency’s custody for two years or longer,
and no longer qualifies for temporary custody pursuant to division (D) of
section 2151.415 of the Revised Code.
(c) The child does not meet the requirements for a planned permanent
living arrangement pursuant to division (A)(5) of section 2151.353 of the
Revised Code.
(d) Prior to the dispositional hearing, no relative or other interested
person has filed, or has been identified in, a motion for legal custody of
{¶22} When making a determination as to whether a child can be placed with
either parent within a reasonable period of time, or whether a child should be placed
with either parent pursuant to R.C. 2151.414(E), a court “shall consider all relevant
evidence” and determine by clear and convincing evidence that one or more of the
following exists as to each parent:
(1) Following the placement of the child outside the child’s home and
notwithstanding reasonable case planning and diligent efforts by the
agency to assist the parents to remedy the problems that initially
caused the child to be placed outside the home, the parent has failed
continuously and repeatedly to substantially remedy the conditions
causing the child to be placed outside the child’s home. In determining
whether the parents have substantially remedied those conditions, the -13-
court shall consider parental utilization of medical, psychiatric,
psychological, and other social and rehabilitative services and material
resources that were made available to the parents for the purpose of
changing parental conduct to allow them to resume and maintain
parental duties.
(2) Chronic mental illness, chronic emotional illness, mental
retardation, physical disability, or chemical dependency of the parent
that is so severe that it makes the parent unable to provide an adequate
permanent home for the child at the present time and, as anticipated,
within one year after the court holds the hearing * * *
(3) The parent committed any abuse * * * against the child, caused the
child to suffer any neglect as described in section 2151.03 of the
Revised Code, or allowed the child to suffer any neglect as described in
section 2151.03 of the Revised Code between the date that the original
complaint alleging abuse or neglect was filed and the date of the filing
of the motion for permanent custody;
***
(16) Any other factor the court considers relevant.
{¶23} Pursuant to R.C. 2151.414(B)(1), when the trial court rules on a motion
for permanent custody, it must initially make the determination as to whether it is in -14-
the best interest of the child and then determine whether any of the factors
enumerated in the statute also apply.
{¶24} In the instant matter, as the child has been in Appellee’s custody for a
two year time period, R.C. 2151.414(D)(2) is the applicable standard. Therefore, the
trial court is required to make a best interest finding and a determination that all four
factors have been met. It is undisputed that the child has been in the custody of
Appellee for at least two years and that the child cannot be placed in an independent
planned permanent living arrangement. It is also undisputed that no further
extensions of the temporary custody order can be granted. Therefore, sections (b),
(c) and (d) of R.C. 2151.414(D)(2) have been satisfied.
{¶25} The remaining factor requires the trial court to determine by clear and
convincing evidence that one or more of the factors enumerated in R.C. 2151.414(E)
exist and the child cannot be placed with either parent within a reasonable time, or
should not be placed with either parent. If such placement is not possible, then
permanent custody shall be granted to Appellee.
{¶26} In its judgment entry, the trial court set forth numerous factors in
support of its order granting permanent custody to Appellee. Specifically, Appellant
failed to comply with the case plan without justification; Appellant failed to complete
drug and alcohol counseling; Appellant failed to complete mental health counseling;
Appellant failed to submit to random drug screens beginning in February of 2015;
Appellant’s last drug screen was positive for cocaine; Appellant had an outstanding
warrant for his arrest at the time of the hearing; Appellant had an extensive criminal -15-
history dating back to 1995 which included instances of drug trafficking and domestic
violence; and that Appellant has continuously and repeatedly failed to substantially
remedy the conditions causing the child to be placed outside of the child’s home. It
cannot be overlooked that the court also relied on Appellant’s admission that he was
currently unable to care for the child.
{¶27} The trial court also considered the additional factors listed in R.C.
2151.414(D)(1), finding: child is in need of legally secure permanent placement and
placement cannot be accomplished without granting permanent custody to Appellee;
the child is successfully integrated into the foster parents’ home and the foster
parents are interested in adopting the child; and that the guardian ad litem
recommended that permanent custody be granted to Appellee.
{¶28} In this case we are presented with a scenario where, according to the
record, Appellant was initially in compliance with his case plan. Compliance began
to break down when Appellant was charged with petty theft. From there began a
complete downward slide for Appellant as to his case plan, where he failed to
comply with counseling, random urine screens and to address his outstanding arrest
warrants. Importantly, Appellant admitted that he was not ready to currently care for
the child, testifying, “I want my son but I want my son when I’m totally in the right
frame of mind.” (Tr., p. 126.)
{¶29} The findings made by the trial court as well as a review of the record
reveal the trial court did not abuse its discretion and that the judgment was not -16-
against the manifest weight of the evidence. Appellant’s first and second
assignments of error are without merit and are overruled.
ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR NO. 3
THE APPELLANT WAS DEPRIVED OF HIS RIGHT TO A FAIR TRIAL
BY REASON OF PROSECUTORIAL MISCONDUCT, IN THAT THE
PROSECUTOR THROUGHOUT THE TRIAL ASKED IMPROPER
LEADING QUESTIONS.
ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR NO. 4
THE APPELLANT RECEIVED INEFFECTIVE ASSISTANCE OF
COUNSEL BY REASON OF COUNSEL’S FAILURE TO OBJECT TO
THE PROSECUTOR’S ASKING OF IMPROPER LEADING
QUESTIONS ON DIRECT EXAMINATION.
{¶30} Appellant’s third and fourth assignments of error relate to the conduct of
his trial counsel. Appellant asserts that in-house counsel for Appellee was engaged
in “prosecutorial misconduct” in conducting direct examination through the use of
leading questions and that Appellant received ineffective assistance of counsel
because of his trial counsel’s failure to object to this conduct.
{¶31} We first point out that counsel for Appellee is not acting as a
“prosecutor.” As such, the line of criminal cases cited by Appellant are not applicable
in this matter. Regardless, it appears that Appellant is contending that trial counsel’s
leading questions guided the witness testimony and precluded a fair trial. -17-
Additionally, Appellant alleges that Appellee counsel’s cross-examination of
Appellant was improperly argumentative.
{¶32} Appellant recognizes that trial counsel failed to object to Appellee
counsel’s questioning at trial. Thus, absent plain error, Appellant has waived this
argument on appeal. State v. Williams, 51 Ohio St.2d 112, 364 N.E.2d 1364 (1977),
paragraph one of the syllabus. “Notice of plain error * * * is to be taken with the
utmost caution, under exceptional circumstances and only to prevent a manifest
miscarriage of justice.” State v. Long, 53 Ohio St.2d 91, 372 N.E.2d 804 (1978),
paragraph three of the syllabus.
{¶33} The line of questioning on direct examination of Appellee’s witnesses at
trial cited by Appellant in his brief are foundational in nature, including requesting the
name and current employment of one of Appellant’s past therapists. Thus, these are
entirely appropriate. Moreover, Appellant cites a handful of similar questions by
counsel on cross-examination of Appellant which he contends are argumentative, but
appear reasonably innocuous.
Q Okay. Sir, I asked you a question. Why did you write that letter?
A And I just stated to you.
Q I didn’t ask to be attacked by you.
A I’m not attacking you. You attacking me [sic].
(Tr., p. 125.) -18-
{¶34} The questioning on direct may have been leading in nature but is not of
such significance as to affect the outcome of the trial. Similarly, the exchanges on
cross-examination are not tantamount to plain error in either their quantity or
substance and do not rise to the level of a manifest miscarriage of justice. Therefore,
Appellant’s third assignment of error is without merit and is overruled.
{¶35} Regarding, Appellant’s fourth assignment of error, R.C. 2151.352
provides that parents are guaranteed the right to counsel throughout a permanent
custody process. This right incorporates the effective assistance of counsel.
McMann v. Richardson, 397 U.S. 759, 90 S.Ct. 1441 (1970). Furthermore, as the
permanent custody proceeding involves the termination of parental rights, the
standard for effective assistance of counsel is the same as in criminal matters. Jones
v. Lucas Cty. Children Serv. Bd., 46 Ohio App.3d 85, 546 N.E.2d 471 (1988).
“Counsel’s performance will not be deemed ineffective unless and until counsel’s
performance is proved to have fallen below an objective standard of reasonable
representation, and, in addition, prejudice arises from counsel’s performance.” State
v. Bradley, 42 Ohio St.3d 136, 538 N.E.2d 373 (1989), paragraph two of the syllabus.
{¶36} After a thorough review of the proceedings in the trial court, including
Appellant’s direct examination at the hearing, the cross-examination of Appellant’s
case manager and the Appellee’s caseworker by Appellant’s trial counsel, the record
in this case does not demonstrate that Appellant was deprived of any substantive or
procedural right which would have rendered the trial “fundamentally unfair.” Lockhart
v. Fretwell, 506 U.S. 364, 372, 113 S.Ct. 838 (1993). Additionally, there was no -19-
behavior on the part of opposing counsel to which Appellant’s counsel could properly
object. Therefore, Appellant’s fourth assignment of error is without merit and is
overruled.
Conclusion
{¶37} Appellant presents four assignments of error on appeal. In his first and
second assignments, Appellant asserts that the trial court’s decision to grant
permanent custody to Appellee was against the manifest weight of the evidence and
was not in the best interest of the child, although the record demonstrates that the
trial court carefully reviewed each of the statutory requirements in making its
determination and there is ample evidence in the record to support the trial court’s
determination. In his third and fourth assignments, Appellant asserts both
prosecutorial misconduct and ineffective assistance of counsel, neither of which are
supported by the record and hearing testimony. Therefore, based on the foregoing,
Appellant’s assignments of error are overruled and the judgment of the trial court is
affirmed.
Donofrio, P.J., concurs.
Robb, J., concurs.