WOODBT1FF, Circuit Judge.
The petition of review, presented by Seth Adams, a creditor of the bankrupt corporation, was brought to a hearing upon an order to show cause, which was duly served upon the bankrupt, and upon the petitioning creditors prosecuting the proceeding in the district court. No party appeared to oppose the application for a review and reversal of the order of the district court, or to deny the. allegations in the petition presented for that purpose. They are, therefore, for the purposes of such review, to be taken as admitted. The question, therefore, is — Ought Adams, upon the facts alleged by him, and not denied, to have been permitted to intervene, in the district court for Connecticut, for the protection of the interest he had in the estate of the bankrupt corporation, and to take part either in arresting or controlling the proceedings in this district?
This may now depend upon two questions: First, whether a creditor of an alleged bankrupt is, in any case, entitled to be heard in the district court, touching any order which that court may be asked to make by the bankrupt, or by a creditor petitioning that the debtor be adjudged a bankrupt, or, is such a proceeding so strictly inter partes, that no other creditor can intervene, for any purpose, prior to the adjudication; and second, whether the present petitioner presented a case in which intervention was necessary or proper, for the protection of the estate, or his interest therein.
It has been said, that no creditor is entitled to be heard until he has proven his debt in due form, so as to entitle him to share in the assets of the estate. This may, perhaps, be true when the object of such intervention is simply to interfere with the distribution of the assets, though I am not willing to hold even so broadly as to say, that no proof short of that of the formal and technical character contemplated by the forms of procedure will be sufficient to justify the court in entertaining an application by an actual creditor. In Be Troy Woolen Co. [Case No. 14,201], on review, I affirmed an order of the district court [Case No. 14,200], setting aside a sale of real estate by the assignee, on the applica[948]*948tion of creditors of the bankrupt, although such formal proof had not been made, and their claim was, in fact, contested. I cannot admit that a creditor of the bankrupt can have no standing in court to be heard touching the proceeding, in any case, prior to the adjudication, if he show, by proofs, satisfactory to the court, that he is in fact a creditor, and that his interests will be affected by the adjudication. Formal proof of the debt, under the proceeding instituted, is, in some sense, a submission to the jurisdiction of the court, and an apparent admission, if not a claim, that the adjudication should be made, and the estate administered, upon the petition then and there pending.
At first view, it is natural and agreeable to our ordinary ideas upon this subject, to assume that a petition by an alleged credit- or against his debtor, to compel a submission of his estate to the bankruptcy court, is a contest between two parties, with which a third person may not meddle. But this .is by no means a complete view of the scope and effect of the proceeding. It is not a mere suit inter partes. It rather partakes of the nature of a proceeding in rem, in which every actual creditor has a direct interest. The proceeding is summary, and, in a high degree, informal, and it should be free from technical embarrassment. It is true, that no one is entitled to be heard therein who has no interest 'to protect; but, it seems to me, that, if the applicant does, in fact, show that he is a creditor, and has an interest to protect, it is not in accordance with the spirit of the proceeding to compel him first to file that formal proof of his debt which would import a recognition of the jurisdiction of the court over the question of adjudication, and the administration of the assets, which, by his application, he seeks to contest. It is, also, true, that, to justify such intervention, the object or purpose disclosed must be one which, in a legal sense, is meritorious, and not purely officious. Therefore, the facts alleged as grounds of intervention must be such as entitle the applicant to consideration. The court must be able to see that the intervention may serve some useful purpose, either in protecting the rights of the applicant, or those of the creditors at large. On this subject, the case of Brewster v. Shelton, 24 Conn. 140, furnishes no remote analog}'. There, a creditor made application to the proper court to compel the appointment of trustees of the estate of his alleged debtor under the insolvent law of Connecticut. By that law, the appointment of trustees operated to defeat liens acquired by prior attachment of the debtor’s property. Certain creditors, who had made the attachments, intervened for the protection of their liens, and were successful in defeating the application. The objection that they were not parties, and that they were not entitled to be heard, was urged; but the supreme court of errors overruled this objection, and fully established their right to thus intervene. If it be suggested that the parties intervening in that case ■had acquired a specific lien, which was distinctly involved in the matter before the court, such suggestion brings into view the precise relation of Adams, the -present 'petitioner, to the matter pending in this case before the district court for Connecticut.
Leaving then, the general question, in what cases and .for what purposes a creditor is entitled to be heard pending the proceeding-one of which is provided for in the 31st section of the bankrupt act, under which the courts have repeatedly held, that a creditor has a right to be heard in opposition to the discharge of the bankrupt, whether he has made formal proof of his debt or not (Bump’s Bankrupt Law, 4th Ed. p. 433, and cases there cited) — it is sufficient for us now to deal with the precise case presented by this petitioner. He is the petitioning credit- or in the district of Massachusetts, and has there obtained an adjudication declaring the debtor bankrupt. He has thereby acquired a clear legal right to have its property applied to the payment of its debts, and, in a proper sense, has obtained an equitable lien on all the property and estate of the bankrupt, (assuming, of course, for the purposes of this question, that the proceeding in Massachusetts is legal and operative,) and has an interest in protecting it from embarrassment, complication, and waste, or withdrawal from the control of that court, and, especially, in preventing the administration of any part of the assets from being transferred, under the forms of law, by collusion between the debtor and other creditors, to another and distant forum. But, nevertheless, as already observed, no intervention should be permitted, unless the case made by the petitioner shows that he is seeking a proper object, and presents the facts necessary to warrant the relief for which he asks. This leads to the consideration of the second question, and that is, whether the petitioner has shown a case which entitles him to intervene for the protection of his interest in this estate.
In determining this point, it is not necessary that I should express any opinion on the question whether the Boston, Hartford and Erie Railroad Company is, under the laws of Connecticut and Massachusetts, one corporation, or two corporations having a common stock, a common property, common powers, and identical corporators. Nor is it necessary to enquire here, whether railroad corpo-ations are amenable to the bankrupt act, as bankrupt debtors.
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WOODBT1FF, Circuit Judge.
The petition of review, presented by Seth Adams, a creditor of the bankrupt corporation, was brought to a hearing upon an order to show cause, which was duly served upon the bankrupt, and upon the petitioning creditors prosecuting the proceeding in the district court. No party appeared to oppose the application for a review and reversal of the order of the district court, or to deny the. allegations in the petition presented for that purpose. They are, therefore, for the purposes of such review, to be taken as admitted. The question, therefore, is — Ought Adams, upon the facts alleged by him, and not denied, to have been permitted to intervene, in the district court for Connecticut, for the protection of the interest he had in the estate of the bankrupt corporation, and to take part either in arresting or controlling the proceedings in this district?
This may now depend upon two questions: First, whether a creditor of an alleged bankrupt is, in any case, entitled to be heard in the district court, touching any order which that court may be asked to make by the bankrupt, or by a creditor petitioning that the debtor be adjudged a bankrupt, or, is such a proceeding so strictly inter partes, that no other creditor can intervene, for any purpose, prior to the adjudication; and second, whether the present petitioner presented a case in which intervention was necessary or proper, for the protection of the estate, or his interest therein.
It has been said, that no creditor is entitled to be heard until he has proven his debt in due form, so as to entitle him to share in the assets of the estate. This may, perhaps, be true when the object of such intervention is simply to interfere with the distribution of the assets, though I am not willing to hold even so broadly as to say, that no proof short of that of the formal and technical character contemplated by the forms of procedure will be sufficient to justify the court in entertaining an application by an actual creditor. In Be Troy Woolen Co. [Case No. 14,201], on review, I affirmed an order of the district court [Case No. 14,200], setting aside a sale of real estate by the assignee, on the applica[948]*948tion of creditors of the bankrupt, although such formal proof had not been made, and their claim was, in fact, contested. I cannot admit that a creditor of the bankrupt can have no standing in court to be heard touching the proceeding, in any case, prior to the adjudication, if he show, by proofs, satisfactory to the court, that he is in fact a creditor, and that his interests will be affected by the adjudication. Formal proof of the debt, under the proceeding instituted, is, in some sense, a submission to the jurisdiction of the court, and an apparent admission, if not a claim, that the adjudication should be made, and the estate administered, upon the petition then and there pending.
At first view, it is natural and agreeable to our ordinary ideas upon this subject, to assume that a petition by an alleged credit- or against his debtor, to compel a submission of his estate to the bankruptcy court, is a contest between two parties, with which a third person may not meddle. But this .is by no means a complete view of the scope and effect of the proceeding. It is not a mere suit inter partes. It rather partakes of the nature of a proceeding in rem, in which every actual creditor has a direct interest. The proceeding is summary, and, in a high degree, informal, and it should be free from technical embarrassment. It is true, that no one is entitled to be heard therein who has no interest 'to protect; but, it seems to me, that, if the applicant does, in fact, show that he is a creditor, and has an interest to protect, it is not in accordance with the spirit of the proceeding to compel him first to file that formal proof of his debt which would import a recognition of the jurisdiction of the court over the question of adjudication, and the administration of the assets, which, by his application, he seeks to contest. It is, also, true, that, to justify such intervention, the object or purpose disclosed must be one which, in a legal sense, is meritorious, and not purely officious. Therefore, the facts alleged as grounds of intervention must be such as entitle the applicant to consideration. The court must be able to see that the intervention may serve some useful purpose, either in protecting the rights of the applicant, or those of the creditors at large. On this subject, the case of Brewster v. Shelton, 24 Conn. 140, furnishes no remote analog}'. There, a creditor made application to the proper court to compel the appointment of trustees of the estate of his alleged debtor under the insolvent law of Connecticut. By that law, the appointment of trustees operated to defeat liens acquired by prior attachment of the debtor’s property. Certain creditors, who had made the attachments, intervened for the protection of their liens, and were successful in defeating the application. The objection that they were not parties, and that they were not entitled to be heard, was urged; but the supreme court of errors overruled this objection, and fully established their right to thus intervene. If it be suggested that the parties intervening in that case ■had acquired a specific lien, which was distinctly involved in the matter before the court, such suggestion brings into view the precise relation of Adams, the -present 'petitioner, to the matter pending in this case before the district court for Connecticut.
Leaving then, the general question, in what cases and .for what purposes a creditor is entitled to be heard pending the proceeding-one of which is provided for in the 31st section of the bankrupt act, under which the courts have repeatedly held, that a creditor has a right to be heard in opposition to the discharge of the bankrupt, whether he has made formal proof of his debt or not (Bump’s Bankrupt Law, 4th Ed. p. 433, and cases there cited) — it is sufficient for us now to deal with the precise case presented by this petitioner. He is the petitioning credit- or in the district of Massachusetts, and has there obtained an adjudication declaring the debtor bankrupt. He has thereby acquired a clear legal right to have its property applied to the payment of its debts, and, in a proper sense, has obtained an equitable lien on all the property and estate of the bankrupt, (assuming, of course, for the purposes of this question, that the proceeding in Massachusetts is legal and operative,) and has an interest in protecting it from embarrassment, complication, and waste, or withdrawal from the control of that court, and, especially, in preventing the administration of any part of the assets from being transferred, under the forms of law, by collusion between the debtor and other creditors, to another and distant forum. But, nevertheless, as already observed, no intervention should be permitted, unless the case made by the petitioner shows that he is seeking a proper object, and presents the facts necessary to warrant the relief for which he asks. This leads to the consideration of the second question, and that is, whether the petitioner has shown a case which entitles him to intervene for the protection of his interest in this estate.
In determining this point, it is not necessary that I should express any opinion on the question whether the Boston, Hartford and Erie Railroad Company is, under the laws of Connecticut and Massachusetts, one corporation, or two corporations having a common stock, a common property, common powers, and identical corporators. Nor is it necessary to enquire here, whether railroad corpo-ations are amenable to the bankrupt act, as bankrupt debtors. For the purposes of this case, I might rest that point on the opinion of the learfied justice of the supreme court, (Mr. Justice Clifford,) by which the jurisdiction of the bankrupt courts over such corporations was affirmed, in the case against this [949]*949company in the district of Massachusetts (Sweat v. Boston, H. & E. R. Co. [Case No. 13,684]), but the question is not material for the disposition of the case now before me. If such jurisdiction exists, then this case is to be considered in other aspects. If it does not exist, then, surely, that fact should be no obstacle to an intervention to stay its assumption and exercise.
The petition shows, that the debtor is either a single corporation, exercising corporate powers by authority of Massachusetts, having its principal office and place of business in Boston, in the district of Massachusetts, and, therefore, within the jurisdiction of the bankrupt court there; or, two corporations united, owning all their property in common, conducting their business for the joint benefit, exercising like powers, having in all respects a common interest, performing all their functions to compass one object, for the benefit of the same corporators and stockholders, and having one set of creditors. In this aspect, they may be something more than .partners; but they are so united that they are plainly within the section (§ 36) of the bankrupt act relating to partnerships, as well as within that relating to joint stock companies (§ 37), and are, therefore, liable to be proceeded against in the district of Massachusetts. It is no less true, that, in either view of the character of the company, it was equally liable to be proceeded against in the district of Connecticut. The district courts of both districts had jurisdiction over the debtor, as a bankrupt.
In this state of the law, if no express rule were prescribed, no doubt would, I think, exist as to the proper practice, where the jurisdiction of both courts, to adjudge the debtor bankrupt and administer its estate, was invoked. The familiar practice of courts of equity, acting under the same general jurisdiction, would require them, when their jurisdiction should be invoked for the distribution of the same fund, by different complainants, to permit the court first obtaining jurisdiction of the fund, by the institution of a suit, to proceed therewith to its full and complete disposal. For, it will be observed, that such a case is not analogous to that of two suits proceeding at the same time in different states, under different laws. Both the district courts here are federal tribunals, acting under federal laws, constituting a single system, operating alike in both jurisdictions, and necessarily governed by the same rules, and proceeding to the same identical result. It would be a mere act of comity for a state tribunal to stay its own proceedings, on the ground that a suit was pending in a court of another state, both suits being for the administration of the same fund; as, for example, in a case for the construction of a will, and the proper distribution of the estate under it. Here, there can be but one administration, there is but one bankrupt law, the authority and jurisdiction of the courts are derived from one source, and the reasons for confining the administration of the estate to a single tribunal are of great fitness and force.
I am, therefore, of opinion, that, in the absence of any express provision, it would be the duty of the other district courts to yield the control and direction of the entire proceeding to that one whose jurisdiction was first invoked, and whose power is ample to accomplish all the purposes of the law, and protect the rights of all parties interested, under the authority of the same act which governs each of them. See the principle and some analogies in Smith v. M’Iver, 9 Wheat. [22 U. S.] 532; Ex parte Robinson [Case No. 11,935]; Shelby v. Bacon, 10 How. [51 U. S.] 56, 68; Peale v. Phipps, 14 How. [55 U. S.] 368, 374. Without this, it is difficult to see how the law caij be safely, uniformly, and legally administered. On the appointment of an assignee, all the property of the bankrupt is, by express terms, vested in him, by the assignment made, and such assignment relates back to the commencement of the proceedings. When, therefore, one''" court, having jurisdiction, has adjudged a debtor a bankrupt, appointed an assignee, and executed the assignment, nothing of the property of the bankrupt remains in him to be taken or administered by another tribunal. All is vested in the assignee appointed by the other, as of the time when the first petition was filed. If, on a second petition, filed in another court, the latter were to proceed to appoint an assignee, it is difficult to perceive that the title of the latter would not be completely overridden. To use, for illustration, the present case. The petition to put this debtor into bankruptcy was first filed in the district court of Massachusetts, which clearly had jurisdiction, and that court had adjudged it bankrupt before any such adjudication had taken place in Connecticut. If, then, as the statute expressly provides, the appointment of the assignee, and the assignment to him, relate back to the commencement of the proceedings, how can any as-signee appointed in Connecticut, under proceedings commenced subsequent to the beginning of those in Massachusetts, acquire any title or right to intermeddle with the administration, as against the assignee appointed in the latter district, and, by relation, if riot by prior appointment, having pri- or and exclusive title?
The law, however, contains other provisions bearing on the subject, and the general orders of the supreme court, made by express authority of the act, shed further light for our guidance. In the case of co-partnerships, when the co-partners reside in different districts, and, therefore, more than one court has jurisdiction, it is provided, that the court in which the petition is first filed shall retain exclusive jurisdiction over the case, (§ 36.) This provision is to prevent the complication which might arise if both [950]*950courts were to attempt to administer the same estate, and furnishes an apt analogy, if not a rule, for this precise case. It is possible, that the same assignee might be chosen and approved [appointed]3 in each jurisdiction; but it is also possible, that different ones might be chosen. And, if the same were chosen in both, there is no fitness nor propriety that there should be a double accounting, or a double series of orders, with double services and costs. The act authorizes proceedings against a single debtor, either in the district in which he resides, or that in which he carries on business. Proceedings might, therefore, be commenced against him in both; and I find, in the terms of the act, no express declaration as to which court shall have priority of jurisdiction. The implication, however, resulting from the vesting in the assignee the title to all ,the property of the bankrupt by relation back to the commencement of the proceedings, seems necessarily to involve the same rule as that expressly prescribed in the case of co-partnerships.
But, the supreme court, whose orders, in cases not otherwise provided for. or, at least, so far as they are consistent with what is provided by the act, are conclusive, by general order number sixteen, have directed, that, “in case two or more petitions shall be filed against the same individual in different districts, the first hearing shall be had in the district in which the debtor has his domi-cil; * * * and, in case of two or more petitions against the same firm in different courts, * * * the petition first filed shall be first heard;. * * * and. in either case, the proceedings upon the other petitions may be stayed until an adjudication is made upon the petition first heard, and the court which makes the first adjudication of bankruptcy shall retain jurisdiction over all proceedings therein until the same shall be closed.” Upon the facts stated in this petition of review, if the bankrupt be regarded as a single corporation and having a domi-cil, within the meaning of this -order of the supreme court, that domicil is as truly in Massachusetts as in Connecticut, the bankrupt having been incorporated by both states. If, however, it is to be regarded as composed of joint parties, and in the nature of a co-partnership, then the petition filed in Massachusetts was entitled to be first heard, and then, as in the other case, provision was made for staying the proceedings in Connecticut; and the court in Massachusetts, having made the first adjudication of bankruptcy, retained jurisdiction over all proceedings therein until the same shall be closed. But, if the character of the debtor here is anomalous, not precisely answering either description, then the law and the order of the supreme court prescribe a rule, which, from its obvious fitness and propriety, should be the guide of the court in these proceedings, in order to avoid the complication, embarrassment and expense, if not inevitable conflict, resulting from an endeavor to administer the same fund in two districts.
It may not follow, that the court in which the latest petition is filed, must, or ought to, dismiss the proceeding lawfully and regularly instituted; but it should, at least, in my opinion, on a proper application, stay the proceedings, until some adjudication touching the bankruptcy be had in the tribunal in which the petition was first filed; or, if the debtor has been already adjudged bankrupt there, abstain from an apparent interference with the title of the assignee to the estate.
If these views are correct, then there was ground for the application to the court in Connecticut to stay proceedings, and yield to the already acquired and exclusive jurisdiction of the court in Massachusetts. This ground was fully shown by the petitioner in his application to the district court, and it was further alleged that the debtor was in collusion with the petitioning creditors here, and would make no resistance to their petition. Who, then, was authorized to present these facts to the district court in this state, and assert the prior and exclusive jurisdiction of the court in Massachusetts? The debtor would not. The petitioning creditors would not. If they were acting in collusion, their purpose could only be to complicate and embarrass the proceedings, to the prejudice of the creditors, and to produce conflict and litigation. I feel no hesitation in saying, that the petitioning creditor in Massachusetts was eminently the proper party to bring the state of this case to the attention of the cotut, and ask to be heard in resistance to further proceedings which tended to his prejudice, as the prosecuting creditor, and which, if permitted to have any operation, tended to defeat the rights he had acquired, and the effect of the adjudication, in Massachusetts. Unless this be so, then the neglect of the debtor to resist the later proceedings defeats the express provision giving exclusive jurisdiction to the court in which a petition is first filed, or that which gives to the court making the first adjudication exclusive jurisdiction; or it leaves the court to proceed to an idle and useless form of adjudication and administration, after its jurisdiction has been, for the time at least, defeated, and when the property of the bankrupt is divested, so as to leave nothing for the court to administer. I think, therefore, that the petition of Adams should have been entertained, and, if the facts therein alleged were not controverted, or were found true, the proceedings in the court below should have been stayed.
Since the argument of this petition of review, the creditors, proceeding under the adjudication of bankruptcy in the district court, have chosen the same assignees who were chosen by the creditors under the proceed[951]*951ings in Massachusetts, and they have been approved by both courts.
[NOTE. For proceedings in Massachusetts, see Oases Nos. 47. 152, and 13.6S4. For proceedings in New Xork, see Id. 1,678-1,680.]
Ifind nothing whatever in the case to warrant the conclusion that the adjudication Of bankruptcy in this state was an improper decree. Surely, the petitioning creditor, who himself sought a like decree in Massachusetts, cannot deny that the debtor was bankrupt, and could be properly so adjudged. And, as to the assignees, they are duly appointed by the court in Massachusetts, and the further sanction of an appointment in Connecticut can by no possibility prejudice the petitioner. There is, therefore, in the present condition of the matter, no occasion for disturbing what has been done. All that can be said is, that, according to the views which I have here expressed, the petitioner was entitled to have the proceeding earlier stayed, to avoid a possible result that cannot now happen. It may be suggested, that these subsequent occurrences are not regularly before me on this review. In technical strictness, that is true; but I have ample power to permit them to be brought before me. Such supervision as is conferred on this court in these cases, summary in its nature, is not to be so hampered by technical rules, as to prevent my dealing with the case as it now exists. It seems to me, therefore, that, unless the petitioner desires to deny that those subsequent proceedings took place as I have stated, all that is necessary now is, to stay the proceedings in the district court. It is not easy to see that there can ever be occasion to move further therein; but. if the jurisdiction of the court in Massachusetts should in any way be defeated, or the proceedings therein be reversed, or dismissed, upon any grounds not also applicable to those pending in this district, it may be of the utmost importance to all the creditors, and especially to the petitioner himself, that those proceedings be resumed and continued to the final close of the administration of this bankrupt estate.