5 F.3d 423
72 A.F.T.R.2d 93-6080, 62 USLW 2230, 93-2
USTC P 50,634,
29 Collier Bankr.Cas.2d 1039,
Bankr. L. Rep. P 75,444
In re Beverly Dell WEST, Debtor.
Beverly Dell WEST, Appellant,
v.
UNITED STATES of America, Appellee.
In re Robert Wesley WORTHEN, Debtor.
Robert Wesley WORTHEN, Appellant,
v.
UNITED STATES of America, Appellee.
Nos. 92-35286, 92-35293.
United States Court of Appeals,
Ninth Circuit.
Argued and Submitted Aug. 30, 1993.
Decided Sept. 21, 1993.
Wayne Godare, Snyder & Associates, Portland, OR, for appellants.
Gary R. Allen, Tax Div., U.S. Dept. of Justice, Washington, DC, for appellee.
Appeals from the United States District Court for the District of Oregon, Helen J. Frye, District Judge, Presiding.
Before: BROWNING, SCHROEDER, and HALL, Circuit Judges.
CYNTHIA HOLCOMB HALL, Circuit Judge:
Chapter 13 debtors Beverly West and Robert Worthen appeal the district court's reversal of bankruptcy court orders denying priority to tax claims of the Internal Revenue Service. The district court held that the debtors' prior Chapter 13 case suspended Bankruptcy Code Sec. 507(a)(7)(A)(ii)'s 240-day priority period until six months after the debtors dismissed that case. We affirm.
I. Background
On June 13, 1988, the IRS assessed income taxes for the years 1982 through 1984 against Beverly and Robert Worthen. Two-hundred and twenty days later, on January 19, 1989, the Worthens filed a joint petition under Chapter 13 of the Bankruptcy Code. On May 30, 1990, the Worthens voluntarily dismissed their case. They divorced shortly thereafter. On July 27, 1990, fifty-eight days after dismissing their joint case, Beverly West and Robert Worthen filed individual Chapter 13 petitions.
The IRS subsequently filed proofs of claim in the West and Worthen cases for the 1982-1984 income taxes. The debtors each filed Chapter 13 plans that provided for payment of the IRS claims on a pro rata basis with the general, unsecured claims. The IRS objected to confirmation on the ground that Bankruptcy Code Sec. 507(a)(7)(A) required that the plans give priority to the tax claims.
The bankruptcy court overruled the IRS objections, reasoning that the IRS was not entitled to priority because it had assessed the taxes more than 240 days before the debtors' individual petitions. The district court reversed, holding that the debtors' prior bankruptcy case suspended the running of the 240-day priority period until six months after the case was dismissed. 137 B.R. 1012 (D.Or.1992).
II. Statutory Framework
A bankruptcy court may not confirm a Chapter 13 plan unless it provides for "the full payment ... of all claims entitled to priority under section 507" of the Bankruptcy Code. 11 U.S.C. Sec. 1322(a)(2) (1988). Section 507 accords priority, in part, to government claims for income taxes "assessed within 240 days ... before the date of the filing of the petition." Id. Sec. 507(a)(7)(A)(ii).
Section 108(c) of the Bankruptcy Code provides for the suspension of certain nonbankruptcy statutes of limitation on actions against a debtor in bankruptcy. Section 6503 of the Internal Revenue Code, which suspends the limitation period on tax collection against a debtor in bankruptcy until six months after the debtor's case is dismissed, is one example of a nonbankruptcy provision within the scope of Sec. 108(c).
III. Contentions of the Parties
The debtors concede that, because the IRS assessed the taxes at issue within 240 days before their joint Chapter 13 petition, the tax claims in that case would have been entitled to priority under Sec. 507(a)(7)(A). The debtors assert, however, that priority status in their individual cases is inappropriate because 774 days had elapsed between the time of assessment and the date on which they filed their individual petitions. The bankruptcy court agreed.
The IRS argues that, read together, the Bankruptcy and Internal Revenue Codes suspend Sec. 507(a)(7)(A)'s priority periods from the time a debtor files for bankruptcy until six months after the case is dismissed. The IRS concedes that Sec. 108(c), which incorporates only nonbankruptcy law, does not facially apply to suspend the bankruptcy law priority periods. It urges, however, that Sec. 108(c)'s incorporation of Sec. 6503's suspension and extension illustrates a statutory purpose to preserve the collectibility of certain tax claims and that, as a result, the suspension and extension must also apply to the priority periods. The district court agreed and reversed the bankruptcy court.
IV. Discussion
We review de novo the district court's statutory interpretation. E.g., Careau Group v. Juan De La Cruz Farm Workers Pension Fund (In re Careau Group), 923 F.2d 710, 711 (9th Cir.1991).
To begin, we note that interpretation of the Bankruptcy Code "begins where all such inquiries must begin: with the language of the statute itself." United States v. Ron Pair Enters., 489 U.S. 235, 241, 109 S.Ct. 1026, 1030, 103 L.Ed.2d 290 (1989) (interpreting Sec. 506(b)). E.g., Patterson v. Shumate, --- U.S. ----, ----, 112 S.Ct. 2242, 2248, 119 L.Ed.2d 519 (1992) (interpreting Sec. 541(c)); Toibb v. Radloff, --- U.S. ----, ----, 111 S.Ct. 2197, 2200, 115 L.Ed.2d 145 (1991) (interpreting Sec. 109(d)). Nevertheless, we realize that "in the 'rare cases [in which] the literal application of a statute will produce a result demonstrably at odds with the intentions of its drafters' ..., the intention of the drafters, rather than the strict language, controls." Ron Pair, 489 U.S. at 242, 109 S.Ct. at 1031 (quoting Griffin v. Oceanic Contractors, Inc., 458 U.S. 564, 571, 102 S.Ct. 3245, 3250, 73 L.Ed.2d 973 (1982)).
The case at bar is one such "rare case." Because literal interpretation of Sec. 108(c) would frustrate the Bankruptcy Code's intricate scheme for the payment of tax claims, we do not adopt the debtors' "plain language" admonitions.
Section 507(a)(7) creates a "delicate balance" between priority and discharge of tax claims. In re Official Comm. of Unsecured Creditors of White Farm Equip. Co., 943 F.2d 752, 757 (7th Cir.1991), cert. denied, --- U.S. ----, 112 S.Ct. 1292, 117 L.Ed.2d 115 (1992). The statute's legislative history reveals that, as part of this balance, "Congress intended to give the government the benefit of certain time periods to pursue its collection efforts." United States v. Richards (In re Richards), 994 F.2d 763, 765 (10th Cir.1993).
Free access — add to your briefcase to read the full text and ask questions with AI
5 F.3d 423
72 A.F.T.R.2d 93-6080, 62 USLW 2230, 93-2
USTC P 50,634,
29 Collier Bankr.Cas.2d 1039,
Bankr. L. Rep. P 75,444
In re Beverly Dell WEST, Debtor.
Beverly Dell WEST, Appellant,
v.
UNITED STATES of America, Appellee.
In re Robert Wesley WORTHEN, Debtor.
Robert Wesley WORTHEN, Appellant,
v.
UNITED STATES of America, Appellee.
Nos. 92-35286, 92-35293.
United States Court of Appeals,
Ninth Circuit.
Argued and Submitted Aug. 30, 1993.
Decided Sept. 21, 1993.
Wayne Godare, Snyder & Associates, Portland, OR, for appellants.
Gary R. Allen, Tax Div., U.S. Dept. of Justice, Washington, DC, for appellee.
Appeals from the United States District Court for the District of Oregon, Helen J. Frye, District Judge, Presiding.
Before: BROWNING, SCHROEDER, and HALL, Circuit Judges.
CYNTHIA HOLCOMB HALL, Circuit Judge:
Chapter 13 debtors Beverly West and Robert Worthen appeal the district court's reversal of bankruptcy court orders denying priority to tax claims of the Internal Revenue Service. The district court held that the debtors' prior Chapter 13 case suspended Bankruptcy Code Sec. 507(a)(7)(A)(ii)'s 240-day priority period until six months after the debtors dismissed that case. We affirm.
I. Background
On June 13, 1988, the IRS assessed income taxes for the years 1982 through 1984 against Beverly and Robert Worthen. Two-hundred and twenty days later, on January 19, 1989, the Worthens filed a joint petition under Chapter 13 of the Bankruptcy Code. On May 30, 1990, the Worthens voluntarily dismissed their case. They divorced shortly thereafter. On July 27, 1990, fifty-eight days after dismissing their joint case, Beverly West and Robert Worthen filed individual Chapter 13 petitions.
The IRS subsequently filed proofs of claim in the West and Worthen cases for the 1982-1984 income taxes. The debtors each filed Chapter 13 plans that provided for payment of the IRS claims on a pro rata basis with the general, unsecured claims. The IRS objected to confirmation on the ground that Bankruptcy Code Sec. 507(a)(7)(A) required that the plans give priority to the tax claims.
The bankruptcy court overruled the IRS objections, reasoning that the IRS was not entitled to priority because it had assessed the taxes more than 240 days before the debtors' individual petitions. The district court reversed, holding that the debtors' prior bankruptcy case suspended the running of the 240-day priority period until six months after the case was dismissed. 137 B.R. 1012 (D.Or.1992).
II. Statutory Framework
A bankruptcy court may not confirm a Chapter 13 plan unless it provides for "the full payment ... of all claims entitled to priority under section 507" of the Bankruptcy Code. 11 U.S.C. Sec. 1322(a)(2) (1988). Section 507 accords priority, in part, to government claims for income taxes "assessed within 240 days ... before the date of the filing of the petition." Id. Sec. 507(a)(7)(A)(ii).
Section 108(c) of the Bankruptcy Code provides for the suspension of certain nonbankruptcy statutes of limitation on actions against a debtor in bankruptcy. Section 6503 of the Internal Revenue Code, which suspends the limitation period on tax collection against a debtor in bankruptcy until six months after the debtor's case is dismissed, is one example of a nonbankruptcy provision within the scope of Sec. 108(c).
III. Contentions of the Parties
The debtors concede that, because the IRS assessed the taxes at issue within 240 days before their joint Chapter 13 petition, the tax claims in that case would have been entitled to priority under Sec. 507(a)(7)(A). The debtors assert, however, that priority status in their individual cases is inappropriate because 774 days had elapsed between the time of assessment and the date on which they filed their individual petitions. The bankruptcy court agreed.
The IRS argues that, read together, the Bankruptcy and Internal Revenue Codes suspend Sec. 507(a)(7)(A)'s priority periods from the time a debtor files for bankruptcy until six months after the case is dismissed. The IRS concedes that Sec. 108(c), which incorporates only nonbankruptcy law, does not facially apply to suspend the bankruptcy law priority periods. It urges, however, that Sec. 108(c)'s incorporation of Sec. 6503's suspension and extension illustrates a statutory purpose to preserve the collectibility of certain tax claims and that, as a result, the suspension and extension must also apply to the priority periods. The district court agreed and reversed the bankruptcy court.
IV. Discussion
We review de novo the district court's statutory interpretation. E.g., Careau Group v. Juan De La Cruz Farm Workers Pension Fund (In re Careau Group), 923 F.2d 710, 711 (9th Cir.1991).
To begin, we note that interpretation of the Bankruptcy Code "begins where all such inquiries must begin: with the language of the statute itself." United States v. Ron Pair Enters., 489 U.S. 235, 241, 109 S.Ct. 1026, 1030, 103 L.Ed.2d 290 (1989) (interpreting Sec. 506(b)). E.g., Patterson v. Shumate, --- U.S. ----, ----, 112 S.Ct. 2242, 2248, 119 L.Ed.2d 519 (1992) (interpreting Sec. 541(c)); Toibb v. Radloff, --- U.S. ----, ----, 111 S.Ct. 2197, 2200, 115 L.Ed.2d 145 (1991) (interpreting Sec. 109(d)). Nevertheless, we realize that "in the 'rare cases [in which] the literal application of a statute will produce a result demonstrably at odds with the intentions of its drafters' ..., the intention of the drafters, rather than the strict language, controls." Ron Pair, 489 U.S. at 242, 109 S.Ct. at 1031 (quoting Griffin v. Oceanic Contractors, Inc., 458 U.S. 564, 571, 102 S.Ct. 3245, 3250, 73 L.Ed.2d 973 (1982)).
The case at bar is one such "rare case." Because literal interpretation of Sec. 108(c) would frustrate the Bankruptcy Code's intricate scheme for the payment of tax claims, we do not adopt the debtors' "plain language" admonitions.
Section 507(a)(7) creates a "delicate balance" between priority and discharge of tax claims. In re Official Comm. of Unsecured Creditors of White Farm Equip. Co., 943 F.2d 752, 757 (7th Cir.1991), cert. denied, --- U.S. ----, 112 S.Ct. 1292, 117 L.Ed.2d 115 (1992). The statute's legislative history reveals that, as part of this balance, "Congress intended to give the government the benefit of certain time periods to pursue its collection efforts." United States v. Richards (In re Richards), 994 F.2d 763, 765 (10th Cir.1993). "[T]he tax collector ... should not lose taxes which he has not had reasonable time to collect or which the law has restrained him from collecting." S.Rep. No. 989, 95th Cong., 2d Sess. 14 (1978), reprinted in 1978 U.S.C.C.A.N. 5787, 5800.
By incorporating the suspension provisions of the Internal Revenue Code, Sec. 108(c) reflects a policy determination that " 'it would be unfair to allow the statute [of limitations] to run against the government's right to enforce a tax lien when, even if the government did bring suit, it couldn't collect because it couldn't 'get at' the taxpayer's assets.' " Molina v. United States (In re Molina), 99 B.R. 792, 794-95 (S.D.Ohio 1988) (quoting United States v. Verlinsky, 459 F.2d 1085, 1087 (5th Cir.1972)). Interpreting Sec. 108(c) literally would allow a debtor to create an "impenetrable refuge" by filing a bankruptcy petition, waiting for Sec. 507(a)(7)'s priority periods to expire, and then dismissing the case and refiling shortly thereafter. Florence v. IRS (In re Florence), 115 B.R. 109, 111 (S.D.Ohio 1990).
Given the clearly-expressed statutory purpose of providing the IRS with a specific period of time within which to collect taxes, "[s]uch a result is neither required by, nor consistent with, a holistic interpretation of the Bankruptcy Code." Id. This is particularly true in light of the established policy that " 'limitations statutes barring the collection of taxes otherwise due and unpaid are strictly construed in favor of the Government.' " Badaracco v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue, 464 U.S. 386, 392, 104 S.Ct. 756, 761, 78 L.Ed.2d 549 (1983) (quoting Lucia v. United States, 474 F.2d 565, 570 (5th Cir.1973)).
In the first case to address this issue, Brickley v. United States (In re Brickley), 70 B.R. 113 (9th Cir.1986), the Ninth Circuit Bankruptcy Appellate Panel reached the same conclusion. The Brickley panel reasoned that a literal reading of Sec. 108(c) "would render the extension of the statute of limitations ... without meaning, since tax collectibility is obviously useless if the tax debt has been discharged." Id. at 115.
Nearly every other court that has analyzed the issue has followed Brickley. Most recently, the Tenth Circuit applied a different analysis but reached the same conclusion. See Richards, 994 F.2d at 765-66 (affirming the bankruptcy court's use of Sec. 105(a) to suspend the 240-day priority period during the course of the debtor's prior bankruptcy). We find Brickley persuasive and adopt its reasoning.
The debtors contend that, even if the 240-day period stopped running during their prior bankruptcy, the IRS is still not entitled to priority because it actually had 278 days after assessment in which to collect the taxes without hindrance from a pending bankruptcy case (220 days prior to the joint petition plus fifty-eight days after dismissal and before the individual petitions). We disagree. Because we look to Internal Revenue Code Sec. 6503, incorporated through Bankruptcy Code Sec. 108(c), to suspend the priority period, we think it logical to also apply Sec. 6503's six-month extension period.
The six-month extension illustrates a legislative recognition that interruption in collection activity necessitates additional time once the IRS is again free to pursue tax debtors. Although the legislative history is bereft of reasons for granting the extension, common sense dictates that such a period was given in order to provide the IRS with sufficient time to restart and refocus its collection efforts once able to do so. The legislative history of Sec. 108(c), which incorporates Sec. 6503, implicitly acknowledges this purpose:
[Section 108(c) is] designed to minimize the administrative problems governmental tax authorities face, or may face, in collecting taxes in bankruptcy proceedings....
[T]he statute of limitations on collection of a nondischargeable Federal tax liability of a debtor will resume running after 6 months following the end of the period which the debtor's assets are in the control or custody of the bankruptcy court. This rule will provide the [IRS] adequate time to collect nondischargeable taxes following the end of the [bankruptcy] proceedings.
S.Rep. No. 989, 95th Cong., 2d Sess. 14-15, 30-31 (1978), reprinted in 1978 U.S.C.C.A.N. 5787, 5800-01, 5816-17 (emphasis added). Adding six months to the priority period in the case of successive bankruptcy petitions preserves this intent.
V. Conclusion
The debtors' joint Chapter 13 case suspended the running of Sec. 507(a)(7)(A)(ii)'s 240-day priority period from the date of the bankruptcy petition until six months after the case was dismissed. The IRS claims are therefore entitled to priority.
AFFIRMED.