[Cite as In re A.W., 2023-Ohio-3962.]
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO SIXTH APPELLATE DISTRICT LUCAS COUNTY
In re A.W., Q.W. Court of Appeals No. L-23-1140
Trial Court No. 21283175
DECISION AND JUDGMENT
Decided: October 23, 2023
*****
Rebecca L. West-Estell, for appellee.
Laurel A. Kendall, for appellants.
SULEK, J.
{¶ 1} In this expedited appeal, appellant-father R.W. and appellant-mother As.W.
appeal the judgment of the Lucas County Court of Common Pleas, Juvenile Division,
which terminated their parental rights and awarded custody of the minor children, A.W.
and Q.W., to appellee Lucas County Children Services (“LCCS”). For the reasons that
follow, the trial court’s judgment is affirmed. I. Factual Background and Procedural History
{¶ 2} Father and mother are the parents of A.W., born in 2017, and Q.W., born in
2019. The present matter was initiated on February 17, 2021, when LCCS filed a
complaint in dependency and neglect.
{¶ 3} The complaint alleged that a domestic violence incident occurred between
father and mother on December 15, 2020. According to the crime report, mother
indicated that father punched and assaulted her, causing her to bleed and need stitches for
her lip. The children were present at the time. Father was initially charged with domestic
violence, but a grand jury declined to indict him.
{¶ 4} Several days later, LCCS received a referral that mother admitted to leaving
red marks on A.W.’s bottom after “whooping him.” A.W. has been diagnosed with
autism and appeared to be regressing in his development.
{¶ 5} Father and mother were not cooperative with the investigation. Mother
stated that she regretted ever calling the police. She also stated, “what man doesn’t hit a
woman these days.” In addition, it was reported to the caseworker that father had a
history of domestic violence with other females. In 2012, LCCS “indicated” a referral
involving domestic violence between father and his ex-wife. Further, both parents
reported that they were diagnosed with mental health issues and self-medicated through
the use of marijuana.
{¶ 6} A shelter care hearing was held and the children were placed in the interim
temporary custody of LCCS.
2. {¶ 7} On April 13, 2021, the trial court held an adjudication hearing, following
which it found A.W. and Q.W. to be dependent and neglected. The trial court awarded
temporary custody of the children to LCCS.
{¶ 8} Case plan services were provided to the parents with the goal of
reunification. Father was linked to a domestic violence batterer’s intervention program.
Mother was linked to domestic violence services for both abusers and victims. Both
parents were requested to complete a dual diagnostic assessment for mental health and
drug-related issues. Once they made significant progress on their mental health and
substance abuse issues, they were to be referred to parenting classes.
{¶ 9} On February 9, 2022, an annual review hearing was held. From the hearing
the trial court found that father and mother had completed their domestic violence
services, were engaged in mental health services, and had been referred for parenting
services. The court noted that both parents had not provided urine screens as requested
by LCCS. The court ordered that temporary custody of the children be continued with
LCCS.
{¶ 10} On August 1, 2022, a semi-annual review hearing was held. Following the
hearing, the trial court found that father and mother were compliant with their counseling
and medical management services, had completed their domestic violence services, and
were engaged in parenting services, but parenting observations still needed to be
completed.
3. {¶ 11} On November 14, 2022, LCCS moved for permanent custody of the
children. On January 27, 2023, father moved to terminate LCCS’s temporary custody
and to award legal custody of the children to him.
II. Permanent Custody Hearing
{¶ 12} After father’s request for a continuance due to a health issue, the trial court
held a permanent custody hearing on April 21, 25, and 28, 2023, eliciting the following
testimony. For clarity, the testimony will be arranged chronologically where possible.
{¶ 13} Upon initiation of the case in February 2021, father and mother began
completing their case plan services.
{¶ 14} Father completed his domestic violence services in August 2021 and his
parenting classes in September 2022. He completed his dual diagnostic assessment early
in the case and had been diagnosed with PTSD and bipolar disorder. Father was engaged
in mental health counseling services throughout the proceedings. He was not prescribed
any medication, but he did report self-medicating with marijuana and he had a medical
marijuana card.
{¶ 15} Mother completed her domestic violence services in 2021. She also
completed a dual diagnostic assessment and engaged in mental health services. She was
compliant through July 2022. In addition, mother completed the classroom portion of her
case plan services, but by October 2022 had not completed the additional observations
that were requested.
4. {¶ 16} During this time, the parents visited the children at LCCS. Nicole White,
the family visits scheduler for LCCS, testified that over the past year-and-a-half she
observed between 10 to 20 visits between the parents and the children. She testified that
father has great visits with the children; he does very well with them, plays with them,
meets their needs, talks with them, and interacts with both of them equally. According to
White, it was evident that the children love father.
{¶ 17} Regarding mother, White testified that she was “not quite as interactive.”
Many times, mother would have her head down looking at the floor while the children
were playing. White also described one time early in the case where mother was
changing A.W. and called him a very offensive name. White acknowledged, though, that
this occurred prior to mother attending any parenting classes.
{¶ 18} Around the summer of 2022, the location of some of the visits changed.
Throughout the case, Q.W. had been placed with a foster family where he remained.
A.W., however, disrupted six different placements due to his special needs and
behavioral issues, resulting in him being placed at Anne Grady, a residential facility.
Desiree Werford, a team support caseworker with LCCS, testified that initially she would
transport A.W. from Anne Grady to Toledo for the visits. Werford testified that A.W.
generally was difficult in the car. Once, while she was driving on the highway, A.W.
broke out of his car seat and opened the car door. After that incident, the visits were
moved to Anne Grady.
5. {¶ 19} Werford testified that she only observed a handful of visits when mother
was present, and only with A.W.; Werford never observed mother with Q.W. Werford
testified that in the beginning mother was not very attached, but there were times where
she was very attentive to A.W. and was down on the ground with him and holding him.
{¶ 20} Throughout this time, the visits progressed from level 1 visits where a
representative from LCCS is in the room with the parents and the children, to level 2
visits where the parents are in the room alone with the children with a LCCS worker
checking in every 5 to 10 minutes, to level 3 visits where the parents have the children
out in the community unsupervised. The parents had level 3 visits for a few months.
{¶ 21} On May 7, 2022, the police were called to the parents’ home on a report of
a domestic dispute. The police report listed father as the victim and noted that father was
upset with mother because they received a $300 water bill and mother refused to help pay
any of the household bills. Father and mother both told the police that they argued but
they were not violent with each other and did not threaten any violence towards each
other. The police suggested that one of them leave the location for a little while to cool
down, but father and mother declined. The police also suggested that the parents look
into some type of counseling. No one was arrested as a result of this incident.
{¶ 22} On October 15, 2022, the police again were called to father and mother’s
home for a domestic dispute. According to the ongoing caseworker, Shawn Bates, the
police report stated that the parents got into an argument and that it got physical. Father
stated that the argument did not get physical. He elaborated that they were having a level
6. 3 visit with A.W. and it was time to take him back to Anne Grady. Mother grabbed the
car keys and ran down the road with them. Father called the police and was yelling at
mother to bring the keys back because he needed to return A.W. to Anne Grady so that
the agency would not take the child away from them for not following the rules.
{¶ 23} The police report from that incident stated that they were dispatched on a
“check safety” call. Father told the police that he and mother argued but it did not get
physical. When asked if they could speak to mother, father told the police that she was in
the shower throwing up due to being sick with Covid-19. The police asked mother
through the bathroom door if they could speak with her. She stuck her head out of the
door and stated that everything was okay and she was fine. No one was arrested as a
result of this incident.
{¶ 24} The next day, October 16, 2022, the parents had another level 3 visitation
with A.W. Bates recounted that the parents were returning A.W. to Anne Grady when
A.W. unbuckled himself from his car seat and began hitting mother. Mother hit A.W.
back. She then called Bates and Bates could hear a lot of screaming and yelling in the
background. During the commotion, mother pulled the emergency brake on the car,
causing it to spin in the roadway. After the situation calmed down, father and mother
were able to return A.W. to Anne Grady.
{¶ 25} Father also described what happened. He testified that they had been
having a great visit with A.W. He remarked that he had never seen mother and A.W.
bond so well together. But, when it was time to take A.W. back to Anne Grady, the
7. demeanor of both mother and A.W. changed. Within a few seconds of being in the car,
A.W. got out of his car seat. A.W. began to bite father, pull his hair, and scratch his ears
while father was driving. Father put his hand back to hold A.W. away and asked mother
to help him. Generally, in that situation, mother would climb into the back seat and sit
next to A.W. to help calm him down. This time, mother initially refused to help. Father
grabbed a bookbag and tried to put it between himself and A.W. so that he could drive.
Father said that A.W. then began to attack mother and mother turned around and became
violent with A.W. Father initially could not tell if mother was slapping A.W. or just
moving around to block him, but he reported to the police that A.W. threw his shoe at
mother and mother threw it back at him, hitting his head, and mother slapped A.W.
across his face with the back of her hand. Mother then pulled the emergency brake and
the car spun around in the intersection. Father testified that it all happened very quickly.
Mother then called Bates. Bates advised the parents to take A.W. back to Anne Grady,
and for father to take mother home so that she could pack her things and leave to go to a
shelter.
{¶ 26} Bates called the police who conducted a well-check on A.W., which
uncovered no signs of abuse or neglect. The police also followed up with a visit to the
parents’ home. Mother did not cooperate with the officer at the home and was arrested.
She was charged with domestic violence, child endangerment, and resisting arrest.
Father was not charged. Mother remained in jail for approximately one month before she
8. entered a plea deal and was placed on probation. As part of her probation, mother was to
have no contact with A.W.
{¶ 27} Bates testified that she spoke with father about the situation and father
reported that he was trying to help get A.W. back into the car seat. After mother pulled
the emergency brake, father tried to calm mother down and tried to ensure that A.W. was
getting back into his seat. Bates asked father if he took any measures to protect A.W.
from mother and father replied that he should have left mother at the beginning of the
case to avoid all of these actions and to be more protective of his children. On cross-
examination, Bates was asked what father could have done in that situation and she
replied that he could have pulled over and removed A.W. from the vehicle and tried to
de-escalate the situation. Bates criticized father for not calling her or 911, but father
retorted that they only had one cell phone and mother had grabbed it and was using it to
call Bates.
{¶ 28} Following this incident, father attempted to get a protective order from
mother, but was denied. Father also initiated divorce proceedings because he understood
from LCCS that the only chance he had to get his children back was to separate from
mother.
{¶ 29} Father continued to visit with the children by himself. Werford stated that
the first few visits were difficult because everyone was getting used to the new
surroundings, but over time father grew close with A.W. and was able to get down on his
level and learn to cope with and redirect A.W.’s behaviors. Werford testified that she
9. believed that father was “absolutely” bonded with the children and that the children were
bonded with him and with each other. She never had a concern for the children’s safety
when they were with father and he was attentive to their needs. Werford noted, however,
that father would sometimes talk about the case in front of the children, which she did not
think was appropriate, but she could not remember any specific examples.
{¶ 30} In November 2022, LCCS moved for permanent custody of the children.
{¶ 31} In December 2022, during a visit with Q.W., father appeared to be under
the influence. White testified that father had an outburst and caused such a scene that
LCCS was forced to cancel the visit for that day. White acknowledged that she only ever
saw father behave like that one time, and usually he did very well with Q.W., was bonded
with him, and interacted appropriately with him.
{¶ 32} Also in December 2022, mother completed an updated dual assessment and
was recommended to do counseling services and medication management, but as of
March 2023 she had not engaged in those services.
{¶ 33} White also noted that in December 2022 or January 2023, mother requested
to end the visit with Q.W. early and told White that she wanted to reduce the visits from
two hours to one hour.
{¶ 34} On January 11, 2023, another domestic dispute occurred between the
parents, which resulted in the police being called to the residence. Mother was upset and
attempting to leave and father did not want her to drive the car she was taking because
mother never purchased insurance for it. Father offered for her to take a different car, but
10. she refused. According to father, because mother was upset and because he did not want
her driving an uninsured car in that state of mind, father broke out the back passenger
window to prevent mother from leaving in that car. Father admitted that it was a childish
decision, but the police reported that no physical violence occurred at that time.
{¶ 35} The parents’ divorce was finalized on January 31, 2023. In the weeks
leading up to the divorce and those following the divorce, father was confused about
LCCS’s expectations for the parents. Father was initially under the impression that
LCCS did not want the parents living together. To that end, Bates testified that she
informed the parents at a case review meeting in January 2023 that the agency was
concerned about the potential for domestic violence. Mother moved out of the home in
January or February 2023. While she was out of the home, father became ill in February
2023 and mother came over to care for him.
{¶ 36} Sometime after that, mother contacted father and excitedly told him that the
caseworker said it was okay for her to move back into the home. During some of his
visits, father spoke with Werford about the situation. Werford detailed father’s confusion
about mother’s ability to live in the family home following the October 2022 incident.
According to Werford, father had the understanding that mother was not permitted to live
in the family home, but then mother told him that the caseworker said it was okay.
Father felt like he was getting conflicting answers. Werford instructed father to contact
his caseworker and his lawyer. Father told Werford that he spoke with the caseworker,
and the caseworker told him that mother could come back to the home.
11. {¶ 37} For her part, Bates testified that she spoke with mother in March 2023 and
told mother that the agency “cannot tell her where she can live. If she wants to go back
home, she’s free to live wherever she wants.” Bates claims that she did not directly tell
mother that she could move back in with father. Although the agency had concerns about
mother living with father due to the history of domestic violence, Bates did not convey
those concerns to mother at that time.
{¶ 38} Mother moved back in with father in March 2023 and they resided together
at the time of the permanent custody hearing.
{¶ 39} In addition to the above testimony, the parties presented evidence regarding
the parents’ general fitness to care for the children. Father called Erika Long, the
parenting class coordinator. Long testified that the parenting class consisted of 12
weekly Zoom meetings. Both parents attended every class and both were cooperative. In
addition, Long conducted nine observations with the parents. Father successfully
completed both the classroom and observation portions of the program. Mother
successfully completed the classroom portion, but she was recommended to complete an
additional two observations due to LCCS’s concerns. Mother did not complete those two
observations, however, because of the no contact order following the October 16, 2022
incident. Mother was therefore unsuccessfully terminated from the program.
{¶ 40} Long testified that the parents were on time for their observations every
week. Initially, there was some difficulty transporting A.W. because he was very violent
12. towards the staff. On one occasion, A.W. kicked the transport driver and caused injury.
On another occasion, A.W. broke a sculpture while kicking and screaming.
{¶ 41} Regarding the actual visits, Long testified that A.W. was a little
apprehensive at first, but quickly warmed up to his parents and seemed to be more
comfortable with father than mother. Long observed that A.W. and Q.W. would engage
in some violent play, but the parents would redirect the children to not be as violent or to
work better together and the redirection would be successful. She also noticed that
A.W.’s behavior greatly improved when Q.W. was present. Long testified it appeared
that the children and parents were well-bonded, and that father more so than mother was
open to learning and improving.
{¶ 42} Long did, however, express a couple of concerns. She was concerned that
father would show up for his visits smelling of marijuana. She also raised a concern
regarding the children’s cursing and father’s use of curse words back to them. Long
testified that A.W. would call people a “dirty f***er,” and father would respond “well,
you’re a dirty f***er.” However, after raising this concern early in the parenting
program, father improved his behavior and stopped cursing. Long noted that even when
father used the curse words he did so in a playful, not malicious, manner.
{¶ 43} On cross-examination, Long testified about a progress update that she sent
on November 17, 2022. In the update, Long highlighted that father was observed to do
most of the talking while mother was more reserved in the background. Whenever Long
asked mother for some feedback, there would usually be a moment of silence, followed
13. by a few words from mother and then father would interrupt or take over the
conversation. It appeared to Long that father was more in control of the relationship and
that dynamic also continued in their parenting. A.W. would normally warm up to father
first and Long observed that A.W. felt “his safety” with father; if something went wrong,
or if A.W. was hurt or upset, he would go to father instead of mother. Long also
observed that A.W. directed most of his anger towards mother and not father. He would
throw blocks at her, try to hit her, or call her derogatory names. Long agreed that a
domestic violence dynamic between the parents could explain some of A.W.’s behaviors
towards mother. When Long observed mother alone with the children, she noticed that
mother “was much more independent and seemed more in greater spirits when [father]
wasn’t in the home.”
{¶ 44} Bates also discussed father’s fitness to parent. Bates testified that father
completed all of the case plan services she recommended for him. He met with the
children regularly, was well-bonded with the children, was “very appropriate” with the
children, and the children seemed happy to see him. Bates added that it was very obvious
that the children were well-bonded to each other. She testified that other than the
October 16, 2022 incident, there were not any concerns with father’s level 3 visits, and
but for that incident the agency would have recommended awarding legal custody of
A.W. and Q.W. to the parents. However, she still had safety concerns regarding the risk
of domestic violence despite the fact that she had no knowledge of any physical violence
or offensive touching between the parties since the children were removed in February
14. 2021, with the exception of the October 16, 2022 incident. Bates was asked what father
could have done to convince LCCS that he could adequately care for his children, and she
responded that he would have had to demonstrate the skills that he learned in his
domestic violence services and not have had any 911 calls coming from his residence.
Father responded that he did use the skills from his domestic violence classes and the 911
calls were usually to stop the incidents from going any further.
{¶ 45} Bates testified that father believes he is protective of his children and that
he is doing everything he can to protect them, but she does not agree. Bates remarked
that although father has completed all the services that LCCS has asked him to do, the
key consideration is whether there has been compliance and change.
{¶ 46} The parties also presented evidence regarding the best interests of the
children. Bates testified that Q.W.’s foster parent has indicated a willingness to adopt
him. The foster parent has also stated that she would continue the visits between Q.W.
and A.W. Bates acknowledged that there is a much lower probability that an adoptive
home could be found for A.W.—in her opinion, it was a “50/50 toss up”—but, she
recognized that it would be better for A.W. to be in a private home. She thought that
A.W. would do well with mother and father if they could meet his basic needs as well as
their own in providing a safe environment.
{¶ 47} Bates testified that since A.W. has been at Anne Grady he has made
significant progress: his behaviors have decreased significantly, he is speaking more, he
is going to school, he is able to be transported more easily, and he rides the bus to school.
15. All of these changes give Bates hope that he could potentially be placed with an adoptive
family.
{¶ 48} Werford testified that awarding permanent custody to LCCS would hurt
A.W. and Q.W. According to Werford, both children benefit from visits with father, they
are excited to see him, and they hug and kiss him. Werford explained that if permanent
custody were awarded to LCCS, A.W. would not have any family to visit him at Anne
Grady and he essentially would be raised by the staff at the facility.
{¶ 49} Father testified that he loves his children, he has stable income, housing,
and transportation, he would be able to stay home and be available for his children, and
he has family support. He also testified that if he was awarded custody he would abide
by any orders regarding mother, including if the court ordered that mother could not live
with him. Father wanted to be with the boys together and he believed there was no better
person than him to love and care for the children.
{¶ 50} Mother testified that she thought it was in the best interests of her children
for father to be awarded legal custody. In that event, mother’s plan was to move out of
the home and to stay away for as long as she had to.1
{¶ 51} Finally, the guardian ad litem, Anita Lopez, testified that it would be in the
best interests of the children to award permanent custody to LCCS. In her report, she
1 On cross-examination, mother revealed that she had lost custody of another child nine years earlier after that child, at the age of three, left the house while mother was sleeping and walked a mile down the road to his grandmother’s house.
16. noted that both children are making significant progress developmentally, but are not on
target. Since being placed at Anne Grady, A.W. is receiving the continuous services that
he needs and he is improving. Q.W. is “doing great” in his foster placement. He is more
on target and has socialization and interaction skills appropriate for his age. In her
testimony, Lopez added that she did not highlight enough her concerns about A.W. being
in long-term care. She recognized that if permanent custody was awarded to LCCS,
A.W. would not have any family to visit him other than Q.W. as long as Q.W.’s foster
parent continued to do so.
{¶ 52} On cross-examination, Lopez testified that she has observed visits with
father and agreed that father was appropriate with the children and was bonded with
them. She also testified that the children appeared to enjoy the visits, although she
remarked that “anybody would be happy to play with their parents and toys, and they
usually are brought gifts from the father consistently.”
{¶ 53} Lopez stated that if the October 16, 2022 incident had not occurred, she
“probably would have” been supportive of father being awarded legal custody. When
asked what father could have done differently that day, Lopez replied that he should have
recognized that A.W. could not sit in a car seat for a long time and he should have given
A.W. a toy, a screen, or something else to keep him constantly entertained and distracted.
{¶ 54} Lopez identified her concern as the parents not being able to learn how to
avoid placing the children in dangerous situations outside of the structure of visitations,
which are all fun and games. Lopez believed that father could be protective of both
17. children if mother was not in the home, but she recommended permanent custody to
LCCS once father allowed mother to move back in with him. Even if the parents were
not living together, it was apparent to Lopez that they would continue to see each other,
which would raise the concern for domestic violence.
{¶ 55} Lopez noted that father and mother have a history of domestic disturbance
calls to the police. Lopez noticed that a big difference was when father and mother lived
in Fulton County, they would call the sheriff’s department regularly. The sheriff’s
department, being very familiar with them, would come out and de-escalate the situation
and then things would calm down and go back to normal. Father reported to Lopez that
was how he and mother handled their situations. However, when they did the same thing
after moving to Lucas County, the Lucas County Sheriff’s Department took the necessary
protective steps and referred the case to LCCS.
{¶ 56} Lopez also testified to an email discussion that she had with father and
mother on February 1, 2022. Mother initiated the email exchange by asking when Lopez
was planning to observe the parents with their children and by asking if Lopez was aware
that A.W. was being moved from his foster placement again and was being screened by
the nurses at child protective services because of all the bruises on his body. Mother
alleged that A.W. was being neglected and abused in the foster homes. Lopez responded
that if they wanted her to, she would come observe a visitation. She also reminded the
parents to do everything the judge required them to do, and she asked them if they had
stopped using marijuana.
18. {¶ 57} Father replied to Lopez by attacking her and saying that she was worthless
and should be retired or in jail since she and the judge were allowing A.W. to be abused.
Father further reminded Lopez that the marijuana is a medication and if she has a
problem with it then she can take it up with the state medical board. Lopez responded
that it was the judge, not her, that ordered him to stop using marijuana. She conveyed her
understanding why father was so upset, but she entreated father to recognize that she was
not the enemy and encouraged him to speak with his lawyer. A few minutes later, Lopez
advised father that he cannot lose his temper in the next meeting, even if he was angry,
and even if he had the right to be angry. She reminded him that it was after he walked
out of court the first time that the judge ordered him to give drug screens. Lopez wanted
father to recognize that “if you can’t control your anger or walk out again, they are not
going to give you a chance with your children.”
{¶ 58} Father responded to Lopez’s last email with a lengthy diatribe that used
intensely vulgar, threatening, offensive, abusive, and racist language. The diatribe
centered on father’s children being taken away and also his right to use marijuana.
{¶ 59} At the permanent custody hearing, Lopez testified that the email was
alarming and she learned from the incident that if she asked father questions in a forward,
direct way that would trigger him to become angry and frustrated. Lopez believed that
father is still the same person today if he was pushed or challenged. She agreed that this
behavior was exhibited moments earlier when father was on the witness stand being
cross-examined by the attorney for LCCS. Lopez did acknowledge, however, that father
19. made an in-person apology for sending the email and he has not behaved in that way
towards her since.
{¶ 60} Lopez concluded that domestic violence is dangerous for children and for
the adults, and she noted that recently some children in Lucas County have died as a
result of domestic violence. Thus, she believed that while it is apparent that both parents
love their children, they also love each other, and despite the services that have been
offered the parents have not resolved their domestic violence issues and have not been
able to prove that they are capable of protecting the children.
{¶ 61} Following the permanent custody hearing, the trial court announced its
judgment terminating the parents’ parental rights and awarding custody of the children to
{¶ 62} The trial court found under R.C. 2151.414(E)(1) that despite reasonable
case planning and diligent efforts, both parents were unable to remedy the problems that
initially caused the children to be placed outside the home. Specifically, mother
continues to use violence towards the children and continues to remain in a relationship
with father despite violent interactions as recently as January 2023. Father, likewise, has
exhibited no change in his behavior as evidenced by his behavior in the January 2023
incident.
{¶ 63} The trial court also found under R.C. 2151.414(E)(4) that both parents have
demonstrated a lack of commitment towards the children by failing to regularly support
or visit with the children when able to do so, or by other actions showing an
20. unwillingness to provide an adequate permanent home for the children. In particular, the
court cited the parents’ inability to use the skills that they have learned through the
services to correct their behavior. Father continues to exhibit violent, inappropriate
behavior, demonstrating his explosive personality in the courtroom and in the January
2023 incident. Further, the court found that both parents are addicted to their relationship
and have chosen their relationship over their children. The court reasoned that even
though the parents love their children, they are unwilling to separate for the sake of their
children.
{¶ 64} Finally, the trial court found under R.C. 2151.414(D)(1) that permanent
custody to LCCS was in the best interests of the children and that they deserve a legally
safe, secure, and permanent environment. The court found that the children are doing
well in their respective placements. A.W. has made progress yet will need significant
services upon his discharge from Anne Grady. The court also found that the children
should continue to have contact with each other and that Q.W.’s adoptive parent has
committed to facilitating this. The court concluded, “[W]hile it is evident the parents
love their children, they are unable to keep them safe. Actions speak louder than words
and Father has a domestic violence history that dates back to 2012. It shouldn’t take an
outsider to make the parents recognize they have a toxic relationship that children should
not be exposed to.”
21. III. Assignments of Error
{¶ 65} Father and mother have timely appealed the judgment terminating their
parental rights and now assert three assignments of error:
1. The trial court’s finding that neither parent remedied the issue
which caused the removal such that the children could not be placed with
either of them within a reasonable time or should not be placed with either
of them pursuant to R.C. 2151.414(E)(1) was not supported by clear and
convincing evidence.
2. The trial court’s finding that both parents demonstrated a lack of
commitment to the children by failing to regularly support or visit them
when able to do so, or otherwise demonstrating an unwillingness to provide
an adequate permanent home for the children pursuant to R.C.
2151.414(E)(4) was not supported by clear and convincing evidence.
3. The trial court’s finding that it is in the best interest of the
children to award permanent custody to LCCS pursuant to R.C.
2151.414(D)(1) was not supported by clear and convincing evidence.
IV. Analysis
{¶ 66} In their assignments of error, father and mother challenge the trial court’s
decision to terminate their parental rights.
{¶ 67} “A trial court’s determination in a permanent custody case will not be
reversed on appeal unless it is against the manifest weight of the evidence.” In re A.H.,
22. 6th Dist. Lucas No. L-11-1057, 2011-Ohio-4857, ¶ 11, citing In re Andy-Jones, 10th
Dist. Franklin Nos. 03AP-1167, 03AP-1231, 2004-Ohio-3312, ¶ 28. “Reversal is proper
only where its determined, after weighing the evidence and all reasonable inferences
including the credibility of the witnesses, that the juvenile court clearly lost its way and
created such a manifest miscarriage of justice that the judgment must be reversed.” In re
S.S., 6th Dist. Lucas No. L-22-1219, 2023-Ohio-1663, ¶ 27, citing In re T.J., 2021-Ohio-
4085, 180 N.E.3d 706, ¶ 40 (6th Dist.), citing State v. Thompkins, 78 Ohio St.3d 380,
387, 678 N.E.2d 541 (1997).
{¶ 68} In addition, the trial court, as the trier of fact, is in the best position to
weigh the evidence and evaluate the testimony. In re A.H. at ¶ 11, citing In re Brown, 98
Ohio App.3d 337, 342, 648 N.E.2d 576 (3d Dist.1994). “Thus, in determining whether
the judgment below is manifestly against the weight of the evidence, every reasonable
intendment and every reasonable presumption must be made in favor of the judgment and
the finding of facts.” In re S.S. at ¶ 28, quoting In re W.M., 6th Dist. Lucas No. L-22-
1016, 2022-Ohio-1978, ¶ 42.
{¶ 69} In order to terminate parental rights and award permanent custody of a
child to a public services agency under R.C. 2151.414, the juvenile court must find two
things by clear and convincing evidence: (1) that one of the enumerated factors in R.C.
2151.414(B)(1)(a)-(e) apply, and (2) that permanent custody is in the best interests of the
child. R.C. 2151.414(B)(1). Clear and convincing evidence is that which is sufficient to
produce in the mind of the trier of fact a firm belief or conviction as to the facts sought to
23. be established. In re T.J., 2021-Ohio-4085, 180 N.E.3d 706, ¶ 36 (6th Dist.), citing Cross
v. Ledford, 161 Ohio St. 469, 120 N.E.2d 118 (1954), paragraph three of the syllabus.
The clear and convincing standard requires more than a preponderance of the evidence,
but it does not require proof beyond a reasonable doubt. Cross at paragraph three of the
syllabus.
{¶ 70} In their first and second assignments of error, the parents contest the trial
court’s finding that R.C. 2151.414(B)(1)(a) applies.
{¶ 71} R.C. 2151.414(B)(1)(a) provides that a trial court may grant permanent
custody of a child to the agency if it finds that, in addition to the placement being in the
best interest of the child,
The child is not abandoned or orphaned, has not been in the
temporary custody of one or more public children services agencies or
private child placing agencies for twelve or more months of a consecutive
twenty-two-month period, * * * and the child cannot be placed with either
of the child’s parents within a reasonable time or should not be placed with
the child’s parents.
R.C. 2151.414(E) requires a trial court to find that a child cannot be placed with either of
the child’s parents within a reasonable time or should not be placed with either parent if
any of sixteen factors are met.
{¶ 72} Here, the trial court found that R.C. 2151.414(E)(1) and (4) applied to
father and mother. R.C. 2151.414(E)(1) states,
24. Following the placement of the child outside the child’s home and
notwithstanding reasonable case planning and diligent efforts by the agency
to assist the parents to remedy the problems that initially caused the child to
be placed outside the home, the parent has failed continuously and
repeatedly to substantially remedy the conditions causing the child to be
placed outside the child’s home. In determining whether the parents have
substantially remedied those conditions, the court shall consider parental
utilization of medical, psychiatric, psychological, and other social and
rehabilitative services and material resources that were made available to
the parents for the purpose of changing parental conduct to allow them to
resume and maintain parental duties.
R.C. 2151.414(E)(4) states,
The parent has demonstrated a lack of commitment toward the child
by failing to regularly support, visit, or communicate with the child when
able to do so, or by other actions showing an unwillingness to provide an
adequate permanent home for the child.
{¶ 73} Addressing the trial court’s finding under R.C. 2151.414(E)(1) first, this
court notes that the parents focus on the application of that section to father; they do not
make the argument that the trial court’s finding under R.C. 2151.414(E)(1) is against the
manifest weight of the evidence as to mother. In their brief, the parents contend that the
evidence shows that father has remedied the domestic violence issues that necessitated
25. the children’s removal. In support, they identify that father successfully completed his
domestic violence and parenting services, developed an “action plan” in the event of a
conflict, is engaged in counseling, divorced mother, and is well-bonded with the children
and behaves appropriately with them.
{¶ 74} Regarding the specific incidents of October 16, 2022, and January 11,
2023, the parents argue that those incidents do not demonstrate that father failed to
protect his children or committed domestic violence. Specifically, as to the October 16,
2022 incident, father was driving the car and appropriately asked mother to help calm
down A.W. It was mother who acted inappropriately and responded to A.W. with
violence and then pulled the emergency brake. LCCS criticized father for not pulling
over sooner or calling the police, but father testified that it all happened quickly and the
parents only had one phone, which mother was already using to speak with the
caseworker. After the incident, father followed the caseworker’s directions and returned
A.W. to Anne Grady and took mother home so she could pack to go to a shelter. A check
on A.W. discovered no signs of neglect or abuse and there was no indication that father
responded to the situation with violence at any point.
{¶ 75} As to the January 11, 2023 incident, father testified that mother was upset
and he did not want her driving the car without insurance in her state of mind. Father had
offered mother the option of taking a different car instead but she refused. Father then
broke the rear passenger window of his own car to prevent mother from taking it. Father
26. was not violent towards mother, nor was there any indication that father threatened
violence against mother.
{¶ 76} Therefore, because of the absence of any physical violence by father since
the inception of the case, the parents urge this court to conclude that father has remedied
the domestic violence issues and to hold that the trial court’s finding otherwise is against
the manifest weight of the evidence.
{¶ 77} This court has carefully reviewed the record and all the evidence. Based
upon that review, and affording every reasonable intendment and every reasonable
presumption in favor of the judgment and the finding of facts, this court must conclude
that this is not the exceptional case where the trial court clearly lost its way and created a
manifest miscarriage of justice.
{¶ 78} This case began in December 2020 with father committing domestic
violence against mother in the presence of the children, and mother committing violence
against A.W. by “whooping” him leaving red marks on his bottom. The issue of
domestic violence has been a concern with father dating back to at least 2012 and father
and mother have an unhealthy relationship. Prior to moving to Lucas County, the parents
would frequently contact the sheriff’s department in Fulton County to keep the peace.
That pattern has continued.
{¶ 79} On May 7, 2022, the police were called because of a domestic dispute. On
October 15, 2022, the police were again called because of a domestic dispute. Then the
incident on October 16, 2022 occurred where mother became violent with A.W. and was
27. criminally charged because of it. Father responded by seeking a protection order and
filing for a divorce. Before the divorce was finalized, the January 11, 2023 incident
occurred wherein the parents got into an argument and father became physically
aggressive and broke the window of his own car.
{¶ 80} Despite having received counseling services and domestic violence
intervention services, and knowing of his contentious relationship with mother and
mother’s propensity to be violent with A.W., father allowed mother to move back in with
him in March 2023. In so doing, father created the same conditions that fostered the
domestic violence in December 2020. Nothing has changed over the course of the
proceedings. Therefore, the trial court’s finding that the parents have failed continuously
and repeatedly to substantially remedy the conditions causing the child to be placed
outside the child’s home is not against the manifest weight of the evidence.
{¶ 81} Notably, the trial court “only needed to find that one [R.C. 2151.414(E)]
factor applied to support its holding.” In re C.F., 113 Ohio St.3d 73, 2007-Ohio-1104,
862 N.E.2d 816, ¶ 50; In re Za.G., 6th Dist. Williams Nos. WM-19-019, WM-19-020,
WM-19-021, WM-19-022, 2020-Ohio-405, ¶ 102. Thus, because the trial court’s finding
under R.C. 2151.414(E)(1) is not against the manifest weight of the evidence, the court’s
finding under R.C. 2151.414(E)(4) need not be considered. In re A.E., 6th Dist. Lucas
No. L-23-1043, 2023-Ohio-2310, ¶ 68.
{¶ 82} Accordingly, the parents’ first and second assignments of error are not
well-taken.
28. {¶ 83} In their third assignment of error, the parents argue that the trial court’s
finding that permanent custody is in the children’s best interest was not supported by
clear and convincing evidence.
{¶ 84} R.C. 2151.414(D)(1) provides several factors that the trial court must
consider in making its determination, including, but not limited to:
(a) The interaction and interrelationship of the child with the child’s
parents, siblings, relatives, foster caregivers and out-of-home providers, and
any other person who may significantly affect the child;
(b) The wishes of the child, as expressed directly by the child or
through the child’s guardian ad litem, with due regard for the maturity of
the child;
(c) The custodial history of the child, including whether the child has
been in the temporary custody of one or more public children services
agencies or private child placing agencies for twelve or more months of a
consecutive twenty-two month period * * *;
(d) The child’s need for a legally secure permanent placement and
whether that type of placement can be achieved without a grant of
permanent custody to the agency;
(e) Whether any of the factors in divisions (E)(7) to (11) of this
section apply in relation to the parents and child.
29. {¶ 85} In this case, the parents argue that it is not in the best interests of A.W. for
LCCS to be awarded permanent custody since A.W. will be placed in an institutional
setting. Further, although Q.W. is in a foster placement willing to adopt, it is not in his
best interests to be removed from his parents. The parents contend that father is able to
provide a suitable home for both boys allowing them to be together. He is well-bonded
with the children and he receives social security disability, which provides a stable source
of income and allows him to be available for the children 24 hours a day. Mother has
agreed to move out of the home and father has testified that he will abide by any order
regarding mother.
{¶ 86} Upon review, there is competent, credible evidence supporting the trial
court’s best-interests determination. At the time of the permanent custody hearing, the
children had been placed outside of the parents’ home for over two years. Testimony was
presented that both children are making significant progress in their placements. A.W.,
while placed in a residential facility, has been receiving the services that he needs and his
behaviors have decreased significantly, he is speaking more, he is going to school, he is
able to be transported more easily, and he rides the bus to school. Q.W. has been placed
in a foster home that is willing to adopt him and the foster parent has expressed a
willingness to continue the visits between Q.W. and A.W. Finally, the guardian ad litem
testified that the children need a legally secure placement and unfortunately the parents
have not been able to provide one. In light of this evidence, the trial court’s finding that
30. permanent custody to LCCS is in the children’s best interests is not against the manifest
weight of the evidence.
{¶ 87} Accordingly, the parents’ third assignment of error is not well-taken.
V. Conclusion
{¶ 88} For the foregoing reasons, the judgment of the Lucas County Court of
Common Pleas, Juvenile Division, terminating the parental rights of father and mother, is
not against the manifest weight of the evidence and is affirmed. Father and mother are
ordered to pay the costs of this appeal pursuant to App.R. 24.
Judgment affirmed.
A certified copy of this entry shall constitute the mandate pursuant to App.R. 27. See also 6th Dist.Loc.App.R. 4.
Christine E. Mayle, J. ____________________________ JUDGE Gene A. Zmuda, J. ____________________________ Charles E. Sulek, J. JUDGE CONCUR. ____________________________ JUDGE
This decision is subject to further editing by the Supreme Court of Ohio’s Reporter of Decisions. Parties interested in viewing the final reported version are advised to visit the Ohio Supreme Court’s web site at: http://www.supremecourt.ohio.gov/ROD/docs/.
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