[Cite as In Re A.T., 2018-Ohio-2899.] IN THE COURT OF APPEALS FIRST APPELLATE DISTRICT OF OHIO HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO
IN RE: A.T. : APPEAL NOS. C-170467 C-170468 : C-170469 TRIAL NOS. 15-007432 Z : 15-007433Z 15-007434Z :
: O P I N I O N.
Appeals From: Hamilton County Juvenile Court
Judgments Appealed From Are: Affirmed
Date of Judgment Entry on Appeal: July 25, 2018
Joseph T. Deters, Hamilton County Prosecuting Attorney, and Alex Scott Havlin, Assistant Prosecuting Attorney, for Appellee,
Raymond T. Faller, Hamilton County Public Defender, and Julie Kahrs Nessler, Assistant Public Defender, for Appellant. OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
M ILLER , Judge.
{¶1} Following a bench trial before a magistrate, A.T. was adjudicated
delinquent for committing acts that, had he been an adult, would have constituted
misdemeanor possession of drug paraphernalia, misdemeanor possession of
marijuana, and felonious possession of heroin. A.T. claims that the juvenile court’s
delinquency findings were in error. For the following reasons, we affirm.
Facts and Procedural History
{¶2} On October 5, 2015, Ohio State Highway Patrol Trooper Bradley Hess
stopped a car traveling 62 m.p.h. where the posted speed limit was 35 m.p.h. While
informing the driver that he would receive a speeding ticket, Trooper Hess detected
the odor of raw marijuana in the car. He returned to his patrol car to radio for
backup so that he could safely remove the driver and two passengers to search the
vehicle. A.T. was the front-seat passenger.
{¶3} Approximately 20 minutes after the initial stop, two additional
troopers arrived. Trooper Hess ordered the driver out of the car, searched him and
placed him in his patrol car. Upon questioning, the driver reluctantly admitted that
there was a marijuana cigar in the car. Next, Trooper Hess searched A.T., emptying
A.T.’s pockets and discovering both a digital scale and an envelope containing a
heroin gravel. A.T. was informed he was under arrest and was placed in Hess’s
patrol car. After the second passenger was also placed in the patrol car, the other
troopers searched the vehicle. A marijuana cigar was found under the front-
passenger seat, where A.T. had been seated.
{¶4} A.T. filed a motion to suppress the evidence discovered in the search of
his person. The magistrate denied the motion and proceeded to a bench trial, where
A.T. was adjudicated delinquent. Over A.T.’s objections, the juvenile court adopted
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the magistrate’s decisions on the motion to suppress and the adjudication. A.T. now
appeals.
Analysis
{¶5} In two assignments of error, A.T. claims that the trial court erred in
denying his motion to suppress. In his first assignment of error, A.T. claims that the
search of his person was unlawful. He argues that because there was no testimony at
the suppression hearing that Trooper Hess was qualified to recognize the odor of
marijuana, Trooper Hess could not have had probable cause to search the vehicle.
A.T. also asserts that even if Trooper Hess was qualified to recognize the odor of
marijuana and had probable cause to search the vehicle, there was no testimony that
the odor emanated from A.T., so A.T. should not have been searched.
{¶6} In his second assignment of error, A.T. claims that the duration of the
traffic stop exceeded constitutional limits. A.T. argues that Trooper Hess violated his
Fourth Amendment rights when he prolonged the stop beyond the time necessary to
issue the speeding ticket. Thus, any evidence obtained as a result of the stop should
have been suppressed.
Standard of Review
{¶7} Appellate review of a motion to suppress presents a mixed question of
law and fact. An appellate court must accept the trial court’s findings of fact if they
are supported by competent, credible evidence. State v. Burnside, 100 Ohio St.3d
152, 2003-Ohio-5372, 797 N.E.2d 71, ¶ 8. Accepting these facts as true, the appellate
court must then independently determine whether the facts satisfy the applicable
legal standard. Id.
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The Searches of the Vehicle and A.T. Were Lawful
{¶8} The Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution and Article
1, Section 14 of the Ohio Constitution protect individuals from unreasonable searches
and seizures. State v. Leak, 145 Ohio St.3d 165, 2016-Ohio-154, 47 N.E.3d 821, ¶ 13.
Under the Fourth Amendment, warrantless searches are per se unreasonable without
prior approval by a judge, subject to a few specific exceptions. Id. at ¶ 15, citing
Arizona v. Gant, 556 U.S. 332, 338, 129 S.Ct. 1710, 173 L.Ed.2d 485 (2009). Two
such exceptions are the automobile exception and the exigent circumstances
exception.
{¶9} Under the automobile exception, police may conduct a warrantless
search of a vehicle if there is probable cause to believe that the vehicle contains
contraband, and exigent circumstances necessitate a search or seizure. State v.
Chase, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 25323, 2013-Ohio-2347, ¶ 21, citing State v.
Mills, 62 Ohio St.3d 357, 367, 582 N.E.2d 972 (1992); Chambers v. Maroney, 399
U.S. 42, 48, 90 S.Ct. 1975, 26 L.Ed.2d 419 (1970). The mobility of automobiles often
creates exigent circumstance and is the traditional justification for this exception to
the Fourth Amendment’s warrant requirement. California v. Carney, 471 U.S. 386,
391, 105 S.Ct. 2066, 85 L.Ed.2d 406 (1985).
{¶10} Under the exigent circumstances exception, a warrantless search is
justified where there is imminent danger that evidence will be lost or destroyed if
a search is not immediately conducted. State v. Moore, 90 Ohio St.3d 47, 734 N.E.2d
804 (2000), citing Ker v. California, 374 U.S. 23, 41-42, 83 S.Ct. 1623, 10 L.Ed.2d
726 (1963) (exigent circumstances justified the warrantless search of an apartment
for drugs when officers feared destruction of evidence). “Because marijuana and
other narcotics are easily and quickly hidden or destroyed, a warrantless search may
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be justified to preserve evidence.” Moore at 52; see United States v. Gaitan-
Acevedo, 148 F.3d 577 (6th Cir.1998).
{¶11} The Ohio Supreme Court has held that “[t]he smell of marijuana,
alone, by a person qualified to recognize the odor, is sufficient to establish probable
cause to conduct a [warrantless] search.” Moore at 50. In challenges to warrantless
searches based on the smell of marijuana, courts have applied Moore to require
testimony regarding the officer’s qualifications, training, or experience in identifying
and detecting the smell of marijuana. State v. Birdsong, 5th Dist. Stark No. 2008 CA
00221, 2009-Ohio-1859, ¶ 16; State v. Bradley, 5th Dist. Richland No. 2003-CA-
0040, 2003-Ohio-5914, ¶ 26; State v. Howard, 1st Dist. Hamilton No. C-070174,
2008-Ohio-2706, ¶ 11.
{¶12} In the instant case, while Trooper Hess did not specifically testify to
his qualifications to recognize marijuana at the suppression hearing, the issue was
not raised in A.T.’s motion to suppress or in arguments at the hearing. Issues not
raised in the trial court may not be raised for the first time on appeal because they
are deemed waived. State v. Walker, 1st Dist. Hamilton No. C-150757, 2017-Ohio-
9255, ¶ 26, appeal not allowed, 152 Ohio St.3d 1467, 2018-Ohio-1795, 97 N.E.3d
502, ¶ 26. This waiver “applies to arguments not asserted either in a written motion
to suppress or at the suppression hearing.” Id. Additionally, Crim.R. 47 provides
that a motion shall state with particularity the grounds upon which it is made.
{¶13} In A.T.’s motion to suppress, his arguments for challenging the
constitutionality of the duration of the traffic stop and the search of A.T.’s pockets
were well-parsed. But his argument challenging the constitutionality of the
warrantless search of the car and his person was absent, stating only: “[A.T.]
submits that in the present case the State will be unable to prove that the search of
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the car or his person fell within any of the exceptions to the warrant requirement.”
This statement was not sufficient to put the state on notice that Trooper Hess’s
qualifications to recognize marijuana would be challenged. Had the issue been
raised in the motion or at the hearing, the state likely would have elicited testimony
from Trooper Hess as it did in the trial that same day. Following the suppression
hearing, Trooper Hess took the stand again for the trial and testified to his
specialized training in identifying raw marijuana and to his handling of 60 to 70
cases involving marijuana offenses.
{¶14} Once Trooper Hess stopped the vehicle and noticed the odor of
marijuana, he had reasonable suspicion of criminal activity beyond the traffic stop
and was permitted to detain the occupants longer than necessary to issue the
speeding ticket. See State v. Emmons, 1st Dist. Hamilton No. C-150636, 2016-Ohio-
5384, appeal not allowed, 149 Ohio St.3d 1406, 2017-Ohio-2822, 74 N.E.3d 464. “A
traffic stop may be prolonged upon the discovery of additional facts ‘that give rise to
a reasonable, articulable suspicion of criminal activity beyond that which prompted
the initial stop.’ ” Id. at ¶ 18, quoting State v. Batchili, 113 Ohio St.3d 403, 2007-
Ohio-2204, 865 N.E.2d 1282, ¶ 15. It is well-established that the smell of marijuana
alone, if articulable and particularized, may establish reasonable suspicion. See
State v. Steadman, 1st Dist. Hamilton No. C-110751, 2012-Ohio-3135, ¶ 8; United
States v. Ramos, 443 F.3d 304, 308 (3d Cir.2006). The driver was then lawfully
asked to step out of the vehicle, see Pennsylvania v. Mimms, 434 U.S. 106, 109-111,
98 S.Ct. 330, 54 L.Ed.2d 162 (1993), and upon questioning, admitted that a
marijuana cigar was in the car. The driver’s admission created probable cause to
believe that the vehicle in which A.T. was a passenger contained marijuana. Trooper
Hess was permitted under the automobile exception to search the vehicle. See, e.g.,
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State v. Lopez, 1st Dist. Hamilton No. C-020516, 2003-Ohio-2072, ¶ 11; State v.
Simmons, 12th Dist. Warren No. CA2004-11-138, 2005-Ohio-7036.
{¶15} Turning to the search of A.T., A.T. was lawfully asked to step out of the
vehicle. Mimms at 109-111. At that point, Trooper Hess not only had probable cause
to believe that marijuana was in the car in some quantity, but also that A.T. and the
rear passenger possessed marijuana. See Maryland v. Pringle, 540 U.S. 366, 372,
124 S.Ct. 795, 157 L.Ed.2d 769 (2003) (“We think it an entirely reasonable inference
from these facts that any or all three of the occupants had knowledge of, and
exercised dominion and control over, the cocaine. Thus, a reasonable officer could
conclude that there was probable cause to believe Pringle committed the crime of
possession of cocaine, either solely or jointly.”). Because marijuana can be concealed
on a person, the search of A.T. was justified based on the driver’s admission to
marijuana being in the car. See Moore, 90 Ohio St.3d at 52, 734 N.E.2d 804.
{¶16} For Trooper Hess to obtain a warrant before searching A.T.’s person
for possible narcotics, he would have had to permit A.T. to leave the scene.
Permitting A.T. to leave the scene alone, unaccompanied by any law enforcement
officer, would have led to the “dissipation of the marijuana odor, and the possible
loss or destruction of evidence, which were compelling reasons for [Trooper Hess] to
conduct a warrantless search of [A.T.’s] person.” Id. at 52-53. Therefore, Trooper
Hess’s search of the vehicle and A.T. were exempt from the warrant requirement
under the Fourth Amendment based on the automobile exception and exigent
circumstances. A.T.’s first assignment of error is overruled.
{¶17} The dissent focuses on the lack of marijuana odor on A.T., and would
rely upon State v. Johnson, 10th Dist. Franklin No. 08AP-990, 2009-Ohio-3436, a
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plurality decision, to reverse the judgment of the trial court. This reliance is
misplaced for three reasons.
{¶18} First, the facts of Johnson are readily distinguishable from the facts
here. In Johnson, the police officer observed a marijuana blunt sitting in the console
between the front seats while no one was in the vehicle, and the driver later claimed
that the blunt was his. Here, Trooper Hess smelled an unknown quantity of
marijuana while the vehicle was occupied, and the driver claimed that the smell was
a marijuana cigar in the car but did not admit to its ownership.
{¶19} Second, the lead opinion in Johnson, which the dissent quotes, does
not conflict with our holding. The lead opinion states, “Probable cause to search one
location (the car) does not automatically result in probable cause to search another
location (Johnson’s pockets).” Johnson at ¶ 15. And later explains, “At most,
Johnson previously had access to the marijuana blunt left in the console between the
front seats of the car. Police officers had no basis for believing that Johnson had
control over it, especially after Pearson [the driver] claimed responsibility for it.” Id.
at ¶ 22. We do not suggest that probable cause to search one location automatically
extends to another. Rather, relying on Maryland v. Pringle, because an unknown
quantity of marijuana was in a vehicle with three occupants, none of whom provided
information with respect to the ownership of the marijuana, Trooper Hess had
probable cause to believe that all three occupants committed the crime of possession
of marijuana. In other words, it was reasonable for Trooper Hess to infer that all
three occupants had knowledge of, and exercised dominion and control over,
marijuana, and it was reasonable for him to search A.T. on that basis—particularly
because marijuana can be concealed on a person and A.T. was in the vehicle for 20
minutes with the marijuana prior to the search. Unlike Johnson and State v. Taylor,
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8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 94853, 2011-Ohio-1554, ¶ 24, which is also cited by the
dissent, the facts of this case support probable cause to believe that marijuana was in
the possession of the appellant. Trooper Hess did not need to articulate that a
marijuana smell was emanating from A.T. in order to search him. Compare State v.
Pulley, 1st Dist. Hamilton No. C-120444, 2013-Ohio-1624, ¶ 14 (also cited by the
dissent); State v. Moore, 90 Ohio St.3d at 47, 734 N.E.2d 804.
{¶20} Third, unlike Johnson, the state does not suggest here that Trooper
Hess had probable cause to search A.T. incident to an arrest, and we do not base our
holding on that exception to the warrant requirement. Trooper Hess had probable
cause to conduct a search of A.T.; he did not have probable cause to arrest him prior
to the search. As discussed above, the search of A.T. was justified under the exigent
circumstances exception.
The Duration of the Traffic Stop was Constitutional
{¶21} The Fourth Amendment prohibits a traffic stop from exceeding the
time needed to handle the matter for which the stop was made, absent reasonable
suspicion. Rodriguez v. United States, 135 S.Ct. 1609, 1612, 191 L.Ed.2d 492 (2015).
Once a police officer has established probable cause to search a vehicle for
contraband, the Fourth Amendment permits seizure of the property pending further
investigation. See United States v. Place, 462 U.S. 696, 701, 103 S.Ct. 2637, 77
L.Ed.2d 110 (1983); see also Chambers v. Maroney, 399 U.S. 42, 52, 90 S.Ct. 1975,
26 L.Ed.2d 419 (1970); State v. Blatchford, 2016-Ohio-8456, 79 N.E.3d 97, ¶ 40
(12th Dist.).
{¶22} Upon detecting the odor of marijuana, the detention of the occupants
of the vehicle was no longer an investigatory stop for a traffic violation. Trooper
Hess, who had reasonable suspicion of criminal activity and was awaiting the
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requested backup for his own safety, was reasonable in these circumstances. See
Emmons, 1st Dist. Hamilton No. C-150636, 2016-Ohio-5384, at ¶ 18. The prolonged
traffic stop then transformed into a warrantless search supported by probable cause
under the automobile exception and exigent circumstances. Therefore, Trooper Hess
was able to constitutionally detain A.T. beyond the traffic stop to search the vehicle
for contraband. A.T.’s second assignment of error is overruled.
Conclusion
{¶23} The search of the vehicle and A.T., and the detention of the occupants
following the traffic stop, were supported by probable cause under the Fourth
Amendment exceptions to the warrant requirement. We hold that the trial court
properly denied A.T.’s motion to suppress. Accordingly, we affirm the judgments of
the juvenile court.
Judgments affirmed.
M OCK , P.J., concurs. M YERS , J., dissents.
M YERS , J., dissenting.
{¶24} I dissent from the majority opinion and would find that the officer lacked
probable cause to search the person of A.T. Thus, I would sustain A.T.’s first assignment
of error and hold that the trial court erred in denying his motion to suppress.
{¶25} As an initial matter, I agree with the majority that the duration of the stop
was not unreasonable and that A.T. was not unlawfully detained beyond the time
necessary. I also agree with the majority that under Moore, the state must present
evidence of an officer’s qualifications in identifying and detecting the smell of marijuana
in order to establish probable cause to search an automobile based on the smell of
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marijuana. Whether or not A.T. waived this issue by not raising it below is an issue I
would not decide, because even if there was probable cause to search the car, I would
hold there was not probable cause to search A.T.
{¶26} In State v. Johnson, 10th Dist. Franklin No. 08AP-990, 2009-Ohio-3436,
the Tenth District examined a similar issue. In Johnson, an officer approached a parked
car with its windows down and smelled marijuana smoke. When he shone his flashlight
inside the car, he saw a marijuana blunt sitting in the console. The passengers of the car,
including Johnson, returned to the car. The driver admitted the car was his, apologized
for having the marijuana, and offered to throw it away. Johnson walked away from the
vehicle and was stopped by another officer since he had also been in the car. Following a
pat down search (where no weapons were found), the officer searched Johnson’s pockets
and found marijuana, cocaine and crack cocaine in a cigarette case.
{¶27} Johnson argued that the search of his person was illegal. The court
agreed. Because the search of Johnson’s person went beyond a Terry pat down, legal
justification had to be found elsewhere. The court first rejected the argument that the
motor vehicle exception to the warrant requirement applied, finding that the search was
not of a motor vehicle, but of Johnson’s pockets outside the car. The court next found
that no probable cause to believe Johnson had contraband in his pockets existed,
stating, “Probable cause to search one location (the car) does not automatically result in
probable cause to search another location (Johnson’s pockets).” Johnson at ¶ 15. And
because there was no odor of marijuana on Johnson, there was no probable cause to
believe he possessed marijuana at the time he was searched. Finally, the court
concluded there was no basis for the search to be one incident to an arrest. See State v.
Taylor, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 94853, 2011-Ohio-1554 (following Johnson and finding
no evidence that defendant herself smelled of marijuana).
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{¶28} In this case, even if there was a basis to search the car, I would find that
the officer lacked a basis to search the person of A.T. This conclusion is consistent with
our holding in State v. Pulley, 1st Dist. Hamilton No. C-120444, 2013-Ohio-1624
(probable cause existed to search car based on strong smell of marijuana and probable
cause existed to search passenger when officer continued to smell strong scent of
marijuana in his cruiser where defendant was waiting). There simply was not probable
cause to believe that marijuana would be found on the person of A.T.
{¶29} I would, therefore, sustain A.T.’s first assignment of error and reverse the
judgment of the trial court which denied his motion to suppress.
Please note:
The court has recorded its own entry on the date of the release of this opinion.