Filed 12/6/23 In re A.P. CA4/2
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.
IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
DIVISION TWO
In re A.P., a Person Coming Under the Juvenile Court Law.
THE PEOPLE, E079724 Plaintiff and Respondent, (Super.Ct.No. J292403) v. OPINION A.P.,
Defendant and Appellant.
APPEAL from the Superior Court of San Bernardino County. Charles J. Umeda,
Judge. Affirmed with directions.
Alex Kreit, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant and
Appellant.
Rob Bonta, Attorney General, Lance E. Winters, Chief Assistant Attorney
General, Charles C. Ragland, Assistant Attorney General, Laura Baggett and Robin
Urbanski, Deputy Attorneys General, for Plaintiff and Respondent.
1 Appellant and defendant A.P. (minor) appeals from the juvenile court’s
dispositional order committing him to a secure youth treatment facility (SYTF) known as
Gateway to ARISE (ARISE). He argues that the court abused its discretion because its
finding that a short-term residential therapeutic program (STRTP) was unsuitable was not
supported by substantial evidence. Minor also argues that the court failed to set a
maximum term of confinement as required by Welfare and Institutions Code section 875.
(Unlabeled statutory citations are to this code.) We disagree and affirm with directions to
correct a clerical error concerning the baseline commitment term.
BACKGROUND
On February 16, 2022, while sitting in the back seat of a vehicle belonging to one
of the victims, minor and his associate produced firearms and pointed them at the victims.
Minor and his associate demanded the victims’ personal property and forcibly grabbed
the victims’ belongings. They then exited the victim’s vehicle, got into another vehicle,
and fled the scene. The victims pursued them, and minor leaned out of the passenger
window of the getaway vehicle and fired a round from a handgun, which struck the
victims’ vehicle. When minor was arrested approximately two weeks later, he was
carrying a loaded “ghost” gun.
The San Bernardino County District Attorney filed a juvenile wardship petition
under section 602, subdivision (a), alleging that minor, age 17, committed second degree
robbery (Pen. Code, § 211, count 1), assault with a firearm (Pen. Code, § 245, subd.
(a)(2), count 2), carrying a loaded, unregistered firearm (Pen. Code, § 25850, subd. (a),
count 3), and shooting at an occupied motor vehicle (Pen. Code, § 246, count 4).
2 Pursuant to the parties’ agreement, minor admitted counts 1 and 3, and the court
dismissed counts 2 and 4.
The probation department filed several reports and memoranda with the court
concerning its recommendation for minor’s placement. The probation department’s
initial report recommended that minor be committed to ARISE because he would benefit
from its programs, including aggression replacement training, anger management, life
skills, gang diversion, career and financial guidance, and academic programs.
The probation department filed a supplemental memorandum following the
juvenile court’s order that the minor be screened by the placement unit for a less-
restrictive placement than an SYTF. The memorandum indicated that minor did not
appear suitable for a less-restrictive placement “on the grounds of no medical necessity
and the youth had not had an opportunity to participate in community based programs
since 2019.” The report confirmed that minor was suitable for an SYTF commitment to
ARISE.
At a pretrial hearing, the court indicated it was unsure what the probation
department’s position was regarding whether minor needed to be screened for a less
restrictive placement. The court wanted to know whether it was probation’s
recommendation that minor did not have to be screened for a less restrictive placement.
The court requested clarification from probation and continued the matter for one week.
The probation department then filed another report with the court. The report
noted minor’s case and prior criminal history and recognized that minor had not had the
opportunity to participate in probation services or been granted any form of probation.
3 The probation department recommended that minor be declared a ward and placed on
formal probation, be screened for Wraparound services, and tested for any mental health
disorders. Probation hoped that, with therapy, probation services, and supervision minor
would refrain from further criminal activity. The probation department further
recommended that, because of the “seriousness and violent circumstances of the
offenses,” minor be released on GPS monitoring and serve an additional 14 days in
custody to allow the Department of Behavioral Health to assess him for possible
medication. The report also recommended that minor live in his mother’s home, but the
report also noted that minor’s mother stated that he was not welcome in her home and
that she had lost control over his behavior.
The court asked the probation department to clarify its placement recommendation
again, observing that the probation report indicated minor’s mother did not want him to
return home, but the recommendation was to place him on probation there.
Probation filed another supplemental dispositional memorandum, indicating that
the department had received a report prepared by psychological evaluator Dr. Marjorie
Graham-Howard. The report stated that minor’s brother, who lived in Arizona, was
willing to have minor live with him and was committed to helping minor succeed in
probation. The report also noted that minor said that he was in a rap group that had
videos of their music on YouTube. A probation officer watched one of the videos and
observed minor in it smoking what appeared to be marijuana and pointing a firearm at the
screen. The lyrics in the song discussed evading the police, robbing people, and shooting
people. The supplemental memorandum concluded that (1) minor “is more concerned
4 and adamant about being placed where he will have the least amount of supervision so he
can resume various negative and criminal behaviors” and (2) minor “desperately needs
supervision and various services in order to help him refrain from committing other
offenses.” The memorandum ultimately recommended that minor be declared a ward and
“retained at a suitable placement or to live with his brother in Arizona.” It further noted
that should minor “violate his probation, commit any new law offenses or abscond from
his brother’s home or placement, the Probation Department [would] seek a commitment
in Gateway to ARISE.”
As a result of Dr. Graham-Howard’s report, the probation department referred
minor to the placement unit and then filed a further supplemental memorandum. It noted
that minor “demonstrates no regard for public safety. [Minor] is gang affiliated, has been
seen in a YouTube video in possession of a firearm, and using what appeared to be
marijuana. [¶] It is noted [that minor] has spoken about refusing to take medication and
dropping out of school. Per [minor’s] interview, he does not feel he has done enough to
deserve to go to placement or be placed with his brother. In juvenile hall, he fails to
follow basic structure, is disrespectful towards staff and has poor peer interactions. [¶]
Although he has a medical necessity which makes him eligible for Placement, he is not
suitable based off of [minor’s] history. [Minor] would likely benefit more from being
placed in a secure facility as opposed to being placed in a Community Based Program.”
At the disposition hearing on May 26, 2022, the court acknowledged the different
placement recommendations that probation had made over the course of the case.
5 Because of the various recommendations, the court and the parties agreed that a contested
disposition hearing was warranted.
At the contested disposition hearing, the court heard testimony from minor’s
expert witness Dr. Graham-Howard, two probation officers, and minor’s adult brother.
Dr. Graham-Howard testified that minor had a history of being disruptive in school and
having learning disabilities. She noted that he scored in the “intellectually deficit range”
when tested. His scores on another test indicated that he was in the early to mid-
elementary school level in each assessed subject. She opined that minor would “probably
bring attitude” with juvenile hall staff who are charged with keeping structure. Dr.
Graham-Howard also testified that minor was assessed as a moderate risk for recidivism
later in adolescence. She recommended an out-of-home placement with significant
security because she believed that his biggest risk was absconding and ending up with
negative peers. She also clarified that it was her understanding that minor’s intellectual
disability diagnosis would exclude him from ARISE, but if her understanding was
incorrect, then he would be an appropriate candidate and could be properly rehabilitated
there.
Probation officer Jhora Williams testified that minor’s rehabilitation could be
accomplished better at ARISE than at another placement or through probation. She also
testified that placement at an unsecured, community-based rehabilitation facility would
not be appropriate because minor was a flight risk and because of his issues in school and
at juvenile hall, as well as the circumstances of his offense.
6 Probation officer Todd Holmes testified that ARISE is a “lockdown facility” that
can hold juveniles long term. He explained that the numerous programs at ARISE are
designed to rehabilitate the participants and reduce future criminality. Holmes testified
that ARISE had an academic program that could be tailored to each youth, and if
someone needed a program that was not available at ARISE, then ARISE would reach
out to programs at other facilities to provide those services. He also testified that learning
disabilities or disorders would not disqualify an individual from ARISE. Holmes opined
that ARISE was the most appropriate placement for minor to receive the services he
needs and that a short-term, less restrictive placement was not in minor’s best interest.
He expressed concern that minor had made a comment to staff that if he was sentenced to
ARISE, he would “‘commit a bigger crime that [would] have him on the news, and . . .
the D.A. [would] know he made a mistake.’” Holmes testified that when advised that
minor should not say such things, minor stated “he wasn’t joking and that he was okay
with going to prison.”
Minor’s brother testified that he lived in a small town in Arizona, and there was
“not much out [t]here.” He testified that he works from home and that when minor was
previously placed with him, minor “was headed in a better direction” and “didn’t have
access to things that he would have had back in California.”
Before announcing its ruling, the court reviewed the five criteria governing SYTF
commitments under section 875, subdivision (a)(3). First, the court considered the
severity of minor’s offenses and described the details of counts 1 and 3 of the petition.
The court stated that robbing a victim at gunpoint “is a highly serious crime. The
7 severity [of which] is greatly increased when the youth not only points the gun at the
victim, but, also, fires the gun at the victims while they are following him and [his
associate].”
Next, the court described minor’s previous delinquent history, acknowledging that
minor had previously been arrested for robbery but the allegation was rejected by the
district attorney. Thus, minor did not have a history of prior attempts at rehabilitation.
The court then considered whether the programming, treatment, and education
offered and provided at ARISE were appropriate to meet minor’s treatment and security
needs. The court found that the programming at ARISE was appropriate because it
provides gang intervention, life skills, anger management, aggression replacement
training, individual therapy, high school and community college classes, and vocational
training.
The court also considered whether the goals of rehabilitation and community
safety could be met by assigning minor to an alternative, less restrictive disposition. The
court considered placement of minor with his older brother in Arizona but had concerns
about the availability of resources there. The court also considered an STRTP but had
concerns about minor’s poor behavior in juvenile hall, which included displaying a poor
attitude toward staff and refusal to obey staff orders. Minor also threatened that he would
commit a “bigger” crime if placed at ARISE. The court believed that minor posed a
potential danger to other residents at an STRTP.
Finally, the court considered whether minor’s age, developmental maturity, mental
and emotional health, sexual orientation, gender identity or expression, and any
8 disabilities or special needs would affect the safety or suitability of committing minor to a
term of confinement at ARISE. The court considered minor’s low level of intellectual
functioning but found that ARISE could provide minor with remedial assistance for his
intellectual disability. Minor did not have any serious mental disorders, and there were
no issues relating to sexual orientation or gender identity or expression that would make
placement at ARISE unsuitable.
The court ultimately found that alternative, less restrictive dispositions were
unsuitable and that ARISE was an appropriate commitment. The court then determined
that the total custody time was three years eight months and set a baseline term of two
years. The following day, the court clerk prepared a juvenile detention disposition report
(disposition report) stating a confinement term of 32 months.
DISCUSSION
I. The Court Properly Committed Minor to an SYTF
Minor argues that the court abused its discretion by committing him to ARISE
because the record does not contain sufficient evidence to support a finding that no less
restrictive, alternative disposition would have been suitable. We disagree.
A. Standard of Review
“The appellate court reviews a commitment decision for abuse of discretion,
indulging all reasonable inferences to support the juvenile court’s decision.” (In re
Angela M. (2003) 111 Cal.App.4th 1392, 1396.) “‘A trial court abuses its discretion
when the factual findings critical to its decision find no support in the evidence.’” (In re
Khalid B. (2015) 233 Cal.App.4th 1285, 1288.) “There is no abuse of discretion where
9 the commitment is supported by substantial evidence on the record.” (In re Kevin F.
(1989) 213 Cal.App.3d 178, 186.)
B. The Evidence Supported the Court’s Commitment of Minor to ARISE
Section 875, subdivision (a)(3), authorizes the court to order a youth who is at
least 14 years old committed to an SYTF if the ward meets certain criteria and “[t]he
court has made a finding on the record that a less restrictive, alternative disposition for
the ward is unsuitable.” The court must base its determination “on all of the following
criteria: [¶] (A) The severity of the offense or offenses for which the ward has been most
recently adjudicated, including the ward’s role in the offense, the ward’s behavior, and
harm done to victims[; ¶] (B) The ward’s previous delinquent history, including the
adequacy and success of previous attempts by the juvenile court to rehabilitate the
ward[; ¶] (C) Whether the programming, treatment, and education offered and provided
in a secure youth treatment facility is appropriate to meet the treatment and security needs
of the ward[; ¶] (D) Whether the goals of rehabilitation and community safety can be met
by assigning the ward to an alternative, less restrictive disposition that is available to the
court[; ¶] (E) The ward’s age, developmental maturity, mental and emotional health,
sexual orientation, gender identity and expression, and any disabilities or special needs
affecting the safety or suitability of committing the ward to a term of confinement in a
secure youth treatment facility.” (§ 875, subd. (a)(3)(A)-(E).)
Section 727, subdivision (a)(4)(E), authorizes placement of a minor in an STRTP.
That provision notes that an STRTP is defined in section 11400, subdivision (ad), which
describes an STRTP as “a nondetention, licensed community care facility.”
10 As to the fourth factor, minor argues that the record does not contain sufficient
evidence that the goals of rehabilitation and community safety could not be met by
placement in a less restrictive setting, namely, an STRTP. We disagree. As the court
noted, minor’s offenses were “serious and violent”—he pointed a gun at the victims’
faces while robbing them, and he then fired the gun at them when they pursued him.
While in juvenile hall awaiting disposition, minor exhibited poor behavior and attitude,
and he refused to obey staff or follow staff instructions. He also threatened to commit an
even more serious crime when released, adding that “he wasn’t joking and that he was
okay with going to prison.” Williams testified that minor “would be a flight risk,” and
minor’s own retained expert testified that there was a significant risk that minor would try
to abscond from placement. Thus, the record supports a determination that a nonsecure
facility like an STRTP would not adequately serve the goals of rehabilitation and
community safety—minor would probably try to run away, thereby endangering the
public and losing the benefits of the treatment programs available at his placement. For
all of these reasons, the record amply supports the court’s findings that minor “cannot
behave in [a] non-disruptive manner that is necessary for [placement in an] STRTP
setting” and that minor “poses a potential danger to other residen[ts] at [an] STRTP.”
Minor’s arguments to the contrary are not persuasive. First, minor argues that the
record does not contain sufficient evidence of the inadequacy of an STRTP, “because the
record does not contain any evidence about the requirements for placement or
programming available at an STRTP.” The argument lacks merit. The record contains
evidence that a placement like an STRTP is an unsecured facility, as provided by statute
11 (§ 11400, subd. (ad)). Given the evidence of the seriousness of minor’s offenses, his
conduct in juvenile hall, and his risk of flight, the record contains more than sufficient
evidence to support the trial court’s finding that placement in an STRTP would be
unsuitable because it would not adequately serve the goals of rehabilitation and
community safety.
Second, minor argues that both experts “recommended the court consider a less
restrictive placement.” The argument fails because under the substantial evidence
standard of review, the trial court’s findings must be affirmed if the record contains
sufficient evidence to support them, even if the record also contains conflicting evidence.
(In re K.H. (2022) 84 Cal.App.5th 566, 601.) Thus, even if both experts had testified
unequivocally that an SYTF commitment would not be an appropriate disposition, the
trial court would not be bound by those opinions if the record also contained sufficient
evidence to support a contrary finding. Moreover, Dr. Graham-Howard believed
incorrectly that minor’s intellectual disability made him ineligible for commitment to
ARISE, and she testified that if it did not, then “he would be an appropriate candidate”
for the program.
Third, minor quotes a passage from one of the probation department’s reports and
argues that “the probation department’s stated reasons for not seeking a placement are
incompatible with section 875.” The argument fails because, regardless of the statements
in the quoted passage of the report, the record contains substantial evidence supporting
the trial court’s determination that no less restrictive, alternative placement would be
appropriate. As already discussed, Williams’s testimony explained why placement in an
12 unsecured facility like an STRTP would be inadequate, and minor’s own expert agreed
that minor “would be an appropriate candidate” for an SYTF if he is not ineligible, which
he is not.
Fourth, minor argues that the circumstances of his case “demonstrate that his
potential suitability for an alternative placement was at least plausible.” Assuming for
the sake of argument that minor’s assertion is true, his argument still fails to show any
error under the applicable standard of review. We review the commitment decision for
abuse of discretion (In re Angela M., supra, 111 Cal.App.4th at p. 1396), and we review
the trial court’s factual findings for substantial evidence (In re Nicole H. (2016) 244
Cal.App.4th 1150, 1154). Even if it was plausible that minor was potentially suitable for
a less restrictive placement, it does not follow that the trial court’s commitment decision
was irrational or arbitrary (In re Caden C. (2021) 11 Cal.5th 614, 640 [defining the abuse
of discretion standard]) or that the record does not contain substantial evidence to support
it.
Minor also argues that there was insufficient evidence that minor’s need for
remedial assistance with his intellectual disability could be met at ARISE. The argument
lacks merit. Williams testified that minor’s intellectual disability would not affect his
ability to function or benefit from the programs at ARISE. Holmes testified that ARISE
had an academic program that could be tailored to each youth, and it could reach out to
other facilities to provide a needed program that was unavailable at ARISE. Moreover, a
psychological evaluation report by Dr. Shannon Johnson explained that test results
concerning minor’s intelligence level should “not [be] considered to be an accurate
13 reflection of [minor’s] intellectual functioning.” And again, Dr. Graham-Howard agreed
that if minor’s intellectual disability diagnosis did not exclude him from ARISE, which it
does not, then he would be an appropriate candidate and could be properly rehabilitated
Finally minor cites In re Carlos J. (2018) 22 Cal.App.5th 1 in support of his
contention that the trial court abused its discretion by committing him to ARISE, but the
case is inapposite. In In re Carlos J., the record contained no evidence concerning the
programs available at the facility to which the ward was committed. (Id. at p. 4.) Here,
the record does contain such evidence—Holmes testified in detail about the programs
offered at ARISE.
For all of these reasons, minor has not shown that the court’s determination that a
less restrictive, alternative disposition was unsuitable was an abuse of discretion or was
not supported by substantial evidence.
II. The Court Properly Set a Maximum Term of Confinement
Minor argues that the court failed to set a maximum term of confinement based
upon the facts and circumstances of the case. He asserts that the court set a baseline term
of two years and also stated that the “total custody time” was three years eight months,
the court never “stated that it had decided to set three years and 8 months as the
maximum term of confinement, based upon the facts and circumstances of the case.”
Alternatively, minor points out that the disposition report erroneously lists a 32-month
commitment instead of a two-year baseline commitment with a maximum term of
14 confinement of three years eight months. We agree that the disposition report contains a
clerical error, but we otherwise reject minor’s argument.
A juvenile court has discretion to impose a period of confinement that is less than
the maximum allowed under the law. (See In re Julian R. (2009) 47 Cal.4th 487, 491-
492 (Julian R.).) Section 875, subdivision (c)(1), requires the court to “set a maximum
term of confinement for the ward based upon the facts and circumstances of the matter or
matters that brought or continued the ward under the jurisdiction of the court and as
deemed appropriate to achieve rehabilitation.” Section 875, subdivision (c)(1)(B),
provides that, “[t]he maximum term of confinement shall not exceed the middle term of
imprisonment that can be imposed upon an adult convicted of the same offense or
offenses.”
This court must presume that the juvenile court understood that it could impose a
lower maximum term of confinement if such an order was justified under the
circumstances. (See Julian R., supra, 47 Cal.4th at pp. 498-499.) The court here set the
maximum term of confinement at three years eight months. Although the court used the
words “total custody time,” we do not believe that the court’s oral pronouncement can
reasonably be interpreted as referring to something other than the maximum term of
confinement. Nothing in the record rebuts the presumption that the court understood its
discretionary authority, and the facts and circumstances of minor’s behavior amply
support the court’s decision in setting the maximum term.
Finally, minor argues that because the disposition report states a confinement term
of 32 months, we should remand for the juvenile court to correct the report to reflect a
15 baseline term of two years and a maximum term of confinement. Respondent agrees that
the clerical error should be corrected.
Clerical error occurs when a document fails to reflect the court’s intended ruling.
(People v. Clark (2021) 67 Cal.App.5th 248, 256.) Clerical errors may be corrected at
any time. (People v. Mitchell (2001) 26 Cal.4th 181, 185.) Accordingly, we will direct
the superior court to correct the disposition report to reflect the disposition of a baseline
term of two years and a maximum confinement term of three years eight months.
DISPOSITION
The superior court is directed to correct the juvenile detention disposition report to
reflect the disposition of a baseline term of two years and a maximum term of
confinement of three years eight months. In all other respects, the judgment is affirmed.
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
MENETREZ J.
We concur:
RAMIREZ P. J.
MILLER J.